The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... is, indeed, fundamental for the hypothesis that these neurons play a role in understanding the goal of motor acts. However, already in the early studies, some subcategories of mirror neurons, based on their specific visual properties, were identified. These subcategories included neurons showing sel ...
... is, indeed, fundamental for the hypothesis that these neurons play a role in understanding the goal of motor acts. However, already in the early studies, some subcategories of mirror neurons, based on their specific visual properties, were identified. These subcategories included neurons showing sel ...
Through the looking glass: counter
... 1995). Each observation trial was modelled by a standard haemodynamic response function. Execution trials (from the onset of action instructions to cessation of movement) were modelled by convolving a box-car function with a standard haemodynamic response function. These observation-related and exec ...
... 1995). Each observation trial was modelled by a standard haemodynamic response function. Execution trials (from the onset of action instructions to cessation of movement) were modelled by convolving a box-car function with a standard haemodynamic response function. These observation-related and exec ...
Role of Cerebral Cortex in Voluntary Movements
... Even slower movements may be executed largely in open loop mode once they have been thorougly learned through repetition. Preprogramming through practice and repetition may be an important process by which motor learning occurs. WHAT AREAS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX PARTICIPATE IN VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT? Areas ...
... Even slower movements may be executed largely in open loop mode once they have been thorougly learned through repetition. Preprogramming through practice and repetition may be an important process by which motor learning occurs. WHAT AREAS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX PARTICIPATE IN VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT? Areas ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... field potentials (LFPs) and EEG signals are often decoupled due to a variety of electrophysiological and anatomical variables (Musall et al., 2014). A widely used EEG monitor failed to reduce the incidence of intraoperative awareness (Avidan et al., 2011), highlighting the potential lack of sensitiv ...
... field potentials (LFPs) and EEG signals are often decoupled due to a variety of electrophysiological and anatomical variables (Musall et al., 2014). A widely used EEG monitor failed to reduce the incidence of intraoperative awareness (Avidan et al., 2011), highlighting the potential lack of sensitiv ...
Neural Induction in Xenopus: Requirement for Ectodermal and
... The origin of the signals that induce the differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a long-standing question in vertebrate embryology. Here we show that Xenopus neural induction starts earlier than previously thought, at the blastula stage, and requires the combined activity of two dist ...
... The origin of the signals that induce the differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a long-standing question in vertebrate embryology. Here we show that Xenopus neural induction starts earlier than previously thought, at the blastula stage, and requires the combined activity of two dist ...
Chapter 36 Locomotion
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... None of these high-level models propose underlying neural mechanisms. Creating a realistic neural model will allow us to gain a deeper understanding and make more detailed predictions. Several compelling neuron-level models have been proposed that reproduce some of the center-surround effects (Ursin ...
... None of these high-level models propose underlying neural mechanisms. Creating a realistic neural model will allow us to gain a deeper understanding and make more detailed predictions. Several compelling neuron-level models have been proposed that reproduce some of the center-surround effects (Ursin ...
Approximating Number of Hidden layer neurons in Multiple
... accuracy in determining target output can be increased. Basically when dealing with the number of neurons in the input layer, one has to analyze about the data which is trained. For example, while dealing with handwritten numeral recognition using neural network for pin code recognition [5], the box ...
... accuracy in determining target output can be increased. Basically when dealing with the number of neurons in the input layer, one has to analyze about the data which is trained. For example, while dealing with handwritten numeral recognition using neural network for pin code recognition [5], the box ...
Neural representation of object orientation: A dissociation between
... were oriented along the transverse plane, covering from the most superior point of the brain to the bottom of the middle temporal lobe. Highresolution (1 × 1 × 1 mm voxel size) magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition images with gradient echo (MPRAGE) anatomical images were also acquired for each p ...
... were oriented along the transverse plane, covering from the most superior point of the brain to the bottom of the middle temporal lobe. Highresolution (1 × 1 × 1 mm voxel size) magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition images with gradient echo (MPRAGE) anatomical images were also acquired for each p ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) play a major role in the function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and may contribute to prefrontal dysfunction in conditions such as schizophrenia. Here we report that in mouse PFC, D2Rs are selectively expressed by a subtype of layer V pyramidal neurons that have thick ...
... Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) play a major role in the function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and may contribute to prefrontal dysfunction in conditions such as schizophrenia. Here we report that in mouse PFC, D2Rs are selectively expressed by a subtype of layer V pyramidal neurons that have thick ...
Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... activity (Einhorn et al., 1988; Rahman and McBride, 2000). However, it is unresolved whether the axon terminals of the MSNs synapse onto NAc-projecting dopamine neurons or a different class of VTA neuron. The nature of the synaptic connection is also unknown. It has been proposed that the NAc projec ...
... activity (Einhorn et al., 1988; Rahman and McBride, 2000). However, it is unresolved whether the axon terminals of the MSNs synapse onto NAc-projecting dopamine neurons or a different class of VTA neuron. The nature of the synaptic connection is also unknown. It has been proposed that the NAc projec ...
Low Quality
... heart of disorders such as insomnia and narcolepsy, as discussed in “Sleep gone awry.” The third article, “Dying to sleep,” documents what happens when people go without enough sleep. Chronic sleep deprivation poses more serious health risks than many had thought, research shows. In sleep, the very ...
... heart of disorders such as insomnia and narcolepsy, as discussed in “Sleep gone awry.” The third article, “Dying to sleep,” documents what happens when people go without enough sleep. Chronic sleep deprivation poses more serious health risks than many had thought, research shows. In sleep, the very ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... employ low stimulation intensities, restricting the spread of the stimulation current and thus improving the spatial resolution of the stimulation procedure. Horizontal connections were activated by low-intensity stimulation applied at multiple sites in the superficial layers via a multielectrode st ...
... employ low stimulation intensities, restricting the spread of the stimulation current and thus improving the spatial resolution of the stimulation procedure. Horizontal connections were activated by low-intensity stimulation applied at multiple sites in the superficial layers via a multielectrode st ...
Anatomic Studies on the Superior Colliculus
... tree shrew,2S) 29 and monkey.30 In the monkey, the central seven degrees of the retina does not project to the superior colliculus.30 After removal of one eye, no obvious degeneration can be found in the anterior part of the colliculus either by light14-30 or electron microscopy,14 nor can significa ...
... tree shrew,2S) 29 and monkey.30 In the monkey, the central seven degrees of the retina does not project to the superior colliculus.30 After removal of one eye, no obvious degeneration can be found in the anterior part of the colliculus either by light14-30 or electron microscopy,14 nor can significa ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking
... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... high: individual interneurons can inhibit >50% of principal cells located within 100 mm and receive excitatory input from a large fraction of them (Ali et al., 1999; Fino and Yuste, 2011; Glickfeld et al., 2008; Holmgren et al., 2003; Kapfer et al., 2007; Packer and Yuste, 2011; Silberberg and Mark ...
... high: individual interneurons can inhibit >50% of principal cells located within 100 mm and receive excitatory input from a large fraction of them (Ali et al., 1999; Fino and Yuste, 2011; Glickfeld et al., 2008; Holmgren et al., 2003; Kapfer et al., 2007; Packer and Yuste, 2011; Silberberg and Mark ...
chapter 12. schizophrenia 12.4 schizophrenia
... factors play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The contributions of environmental factors have been estimated to be as much as 30 to 50 percent. Genetic modeling indicates that genes could set the threshold for liability to environmental factors. It is sobering to realize that environm ...
... factors play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The contributions of environmental factors have been estimated to be as much as 30 to 50 percent. Genetic modeling indicates that genes could set the threshold for liability to environmental factors. It is sobering to realize that environm ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
Effective connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus
... pallidus (GP) neuron inappropriately synchronise their firing in time with slow (1 Hz) or beta (13–30 Hz) oscillations in cortex. We recorded the activities of STN, Type-I GP (GP-TI) and Type-A GP (GP-TA) neurons in anaesthetised Parkinsonian rats during such oscillations to constrain a series of c ...
... pallidus (GP) neuron inappropriately synchronise their firing in time with slow (1 Hz) or beta (13–30 Hz) oscillations in cortex. We recorded the activities of STN, Type-I GP (GP-TI) and Type-A GP (GP-TA) neurons in anaesthetised Parkinsonian rats during such oscillations to constrain a series of c ...
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review
... prefrontal cortex (Peters & Sethares, 2002) also correlate significantly with the decline in cognitive behavior that occurs with increasing age in monkeys (e.g. Moss et al., 1999). It is suggested that the reason for this correlation between myelin sheath alterations and decline in cognition is beca ...
... prefrontal cortex (Peters & Sethares, 2002) also correlate significantly with the decline in cognitive behavior that occurs with increasing age in monkeys (e.g. Moss et al., 1999). It is suggested that the reason for this correlation between myelin sheath alterations and decline in cognition is beca ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images were taken with the lowest practical laser intensity and the shortest practical illumination time to limit photodynamic damage, and slices were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was ...
... extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images were taken with the lowest practical laser intensity and the shortest practical illumination time to limit photodynamic damage, and slices were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... A prerequisite for adaptive goal-directed behavior is that animals constantly evaluate action outcomes and relate them to both their antecedent behavior and to stimuli predictive of reward or non-reward. Here, we investigate whether single neurons in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a mult ...
... A prerequisite for adaptive goal-directed behavior is that animals constantly evaluate action outcomes and relate them to both their antecedent behavior and to stimuli predictive of reward or non-reward. Here, we investigate whether single neurons in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a mult ...
Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine
... and the total length of the axons analyzed was 4.8 mm. A single presynaptic bouton sometimes formed synapses with multiple postsynaptic profiles; in such cases, the number of synapses was counted as 1 irrespective of the number of active zones formed by the presynaptic bouton. To estimate the length ...
... and the total length of the axons analyzed was 4.8 mm. A single presynaptic bouton sometimes formed synapses with multiple postsynaptic profiles; in such cases, the number of synapses was counted as 1 irrespective of the number of active zones formed by the presynaptic bouton. To estimate the length ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... As reported previously (Frost and Katz, 1996), directly activating DRI using intracellular stimulation elicits the swim motor program (Fig. 2), while hyperpolarizing a single DRI prevents the nerve shock-elicited motor program. These findings satisfy the most stringent criteria for inclusion of DRI ...
... As reported previously (Frost and Katz, 1996), directly activating DRI using intracellular stimulation elicits the swim motor program (Fig. 2), while hyperpolarizing a single DRI prevents the nerve shock-elicited motor program. These findings satisfy the most stringent criteria for inclusion of DRI ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.