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Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... density of auditory connections along the caudal to rostral axis (Figure 2; Barbas and Mesulam, 1985). Within the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex, auditory input is relatively restricted to specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981) and areas 45 and 12 in the ventrolateral ...
... density of auditory connections along the caudal to rostral axis (Figure 2; Barbas and Mesulam, 1985). Within the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex, auditory input is relatively restricted to specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981) and areas 45 and 12 in the ventrolateral ...
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... Diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is evolving into a potent tool in the examination of the central nervous system. Although it is often used for the detection of acute ischemia, evaluation of directionality in a diffusion measurement can be useful in white matter, which demonstrates strong d ...
... Diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is evolving into a potent tool in the examination of the central nervous system. Although it is often used for the detection of acute ischemia, evaluation of directionality in a diffusion measurement can be useful in white matter, which demonstrates strong d ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... (every 12th section, 360 m apart, unless a section was not counted as a result of damage), new neurons were counted exhaustively. This method of counting new neurons is more appropriate and yields a more accurate estimate than using stereological methodology in which estimates are obtained from muc ...
... (every 12th section, 360 m apart, unless a section was not counted as a result of damage), new neurons were counted exhaustively. This method of counting new neurons is more appropriate and yields a more accurate estimate than using stereological methodology in which estimates are obtained from muc ...
The Effect of Ischemia on Biogenic Amine Concentrations in
... than the posterior horn, and that an intermediate lateral gray matter region existed that was variably affected. In contrast, the white matter was always spared by as much as 1 hr of ischemia. All tissue samples were then placed in small polyethylene tubes containing 100 ix\ of ice cold 0.1 M perchl ...
... than the posterior horn, and that an intermediate lateral gray matter region existed that was variably affected. In contrast, the white matter was always spared by as much as 1 hr of ischemia. All tissue samples were then placed in small polyethylene tubes containing 100 ix\ of ice cold 0.1 M perchl ...
Sònia Najas Sales Role of DYRK1A in the development of Syndrome
... cerebral cortex that arise during prenatal and postnatal development. The Ts65Dn mouse, a well studied trisomic mouse model that recapitulates some DS phenotypes including learning and memory defects, shows abnormal embryonic neurogenesis in the dorsal and ventral telencephalon, that results in a de ...
... cerebral cortex that arise during prenatal and postnatal development. The Ts65Dn mouse, a well studied trisomic mouse model that recapitulates some DS phenotypes including learning and memory defects, shows abnormal embryonic neurogenesis in the dorsal and ventral telencephalon, that results in a de ...
hanPNAS11
... brainstem (15). Therefore, the presence of exuberant Golli-Gfp axons in the Tbr1−/− brainstem does not unequivocally indicate that the axons originated from L6 neurons. Thus, we performed retrograde axonal tracing by injecting rhodamine-conjugated latex microspheres (LMS) into the pons of Tbr1+/+ an ...
... brainstem (15). Therefore, the presence of exuberant Golli-Gfp axons in the Tbr1−/− brainstem does not unequivocally indicate that the axons originated from L6 neurons. Thus, we performed retrograde axonal tracing by injecting rhodamine-conjugated latex microspheres (LMS) into the pons of Tbr1+/+ an ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... projections activate ITC neurons, which in turn inhibit CeA output that drives freezing (Sotres-Bayon and Quirk 2010). However, an alternative is that long-range GABAergic neurons in IL decrease fear expression by directly inhibiting BLA neurons that drive freezing through CeA (see Fig. 1B). Cortica ...
... projections activate ITC neurons, which in turn inhibit CeA output that drives freezing (Sotres-Bayon and Quirk 2010). However, an alternative is that long-range GABAergic neurons in IL decrease fear expression by directly inhibiting BLA neurons that drive freezing through CeA (see Fig. 1B). Cortica ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... steps: the spinal cord had developed in worms; the brainstem in fish, amphibians, and reptiles; and the forebrain in birds and mammals. Because each level of the nervous system had developed at different times, Hughlings-Jackson assumed that each must have some functional independence. Consequently, ...
... steps: the spinal cord had developed in worms; the brainstem in fish, amphibians, and reptiles; and the forebrain in birds and mammals. Because each level of the nervous system had developed at different times, Hughlings-Jackson assumed that each must have some functional independence. Consequently, ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... Actin, spectrin and associated molecules form a periodic, sub-membrane cytoskeleton in the axons of neurons. For a better understanding of this membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), it is important to address how prevalent this structure is in different neuronal types, different subcellular c ...
... Actin, spectrin and associated molecules form a periodic, sub-membrane cytoskeleton in the axons of neurons. For a better understanding of this membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), it is important to address how prevalent this structure is in different neuronal types, different subcellular c ...
PROGRAMME and ABSTRACTS
... Symposium XIV: Advanced Methods of Brain Signal Analysis Organizer and Chair: Katarzyna Blinowska (Warsaw University, Faculty of Physics, Warszawa, Poland) Fabrizio De Vico Fallani (University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy) The use of high resolution EEG methods for brain computer interface appli ...
... Symposium XIV: Advanced Methods of Brain Signal Analysis Organizer and Chair: Katarzyna Blinowska (Warsaw University, Faculty of Physics, Warszawa, Poland) Fabrizio De Vico Fallani (University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy) The use of high resolution EEG methods for brain computer interface appli ...
The Big Picture File
... Consists of cranial and spinal nerves - connected to the central nervous system 12 pairs of cranial nerves arising from the base of the brain (I, II, III, IV… XII) 31 pairs of spinal nerves, numbered according to the level of the spinal cord from which it arises Cranial and spinal nerves form a netw ...
... Consists of cranial and spinal nerves - connected to the central nervous system 12 pairs of cranial nerves arising from the base of the brain (I, II, III, IV… XII) 31 pairs of spinal nerves, numbered according to the level of the spinal cord from which it arises Cranial and spinal nerves form a netw ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... is due to a mirror mechanism, it is equally possible that it reflects motor preparation. In support of this interpretation are single-neuron data from monkeys showing that these areas are involved in covert motor preparation22–23. As for the superior parietal lobule, although its activation is typic ...
... is due to a mirror mechanism, it is equally possible that it reflects motor preparation. In support of this interpretation are single-neuron data from monkeys showing that these areas are involved in covert motor preparation22–23. As for the superior parietal lobule, although its activation is typic ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... neocortical areas involved in seizure, did not express strongly synchronized fast runs. 2) Both RE and TC cells were hyperpolarized during seizure episodes with SW/PSW complexes and relatively depolarized during the fast runs. As known, hyperpolarization of thalamic neurons deinactivates a low-thres ...
... neocortical areas involved in seizure, did not express strongly synchronized fast runs. 2) Both RE and TC cells were hyperpolarized during seizure episodes with SW/PSW complexes and relatively depolarized during the fast runs. As known, hyperpolarization of thalamic neurons deinactivates a low-thres ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... 1. Introduction Plasticity has long been known to be a property of developing nervous systems. Although originally considered to be a developmental phenomenon, plasticity extends into adulthood as well, underlying a variety of processes, including learning and memory as well as recovery from injury. ...
... 1. Introduction Plasticity has long been known to be a property of developing nervous systems. Although originally considered to be a developmental phenomenon, plasticity extends into adulthood as well, underlying a variety of processes, including learning and memory as well as recovery from injury. ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... that headless planarian body fragments and planarians that had specifically lost neural activity following regeneration-dependent conditional gene knockdown (Readyknock) of synaptotagmin in the brain lost both chemotactic and thigmotactic behaviors, suggesting that neural activity in the brain is re ...
... that headless planarian body fragments and planarians that had specifically lost neural activity following regeneration-dependent conditional gene knockdown (Readyknock) of synaptotagmin in the brain lost both chemotactic and thigmotactic behaviors, suggesting that neural activity in the brain is re ...
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
... can be visualized by staining for AChE (Robertson et al. 1991; Broide et al. 1996). In the auditory system, AChE is expressed by neurons in the ventral division of the MG (MGv) and delineates the extent of their terminal arbors in the middle layers of primary auditory cortex (Robertson et al. 1991). ...
... can be visualized by staining for AChE (Robertson et al. 1991; Broide et al. 1996). In the auditory system, AChE is expressed by neurons in the ventral division of the MG (MGv) and delineates the extent of their terminal arbors in the middle layers of primary auditory cortex (Robertson et al. 1991). ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... may arise overwhelmingly from the upper layers (II–III) of one area, mostly from the deep layers (V–VI) of another area, or in different laminar proportions in other areas. The axons of the various projection areas also terminate in different layers of the cortex of destination. Some areas innervate ...
... may arise overwhelmingly from the upper layers (II–III) of one area, mostly from the deep layers (V–VI) of another area, or in different laminar proportions in other areas. The axons of the various projection areas also terminate in different layers of the cortex of destination. Some areas innervate ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... algorithm, the method of temporal differences, that has previously been used by others to describe the activity of the mesencephalic dopamine system. Within this framework, we propose that the ERN is elicited when a neural system first detects that the consequences of an action are worse than expect ...
... algorithm, the method of temporal differences, that has previously been used by others to describe the activity of the mesencephalic dopamine system. Within this framework, we propose that the ERN is elicited when a neural system first detects that the consequences of an action are worse than expect ...
Identity-specific coding of future rewards in the human orbitofrontal
... value levels) (Fig. 1C). These odors were then used as unconditioned stimuli (US) in a classical conditioning procedure on the first day of the experiment, wherein each odor was paired with two unique visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (Fig. 1D). Subjects underwent fMRI scanning on the next 2 days of t ...
... value levels) (Fig. 1C). These odors were then used as unconditioned stimuli (US) in a classical conditioning procedure on the first day of the experiment, wherein each odor was paired with two unique visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (Fig. 1D). Subjects underwent fMRI scanning on the next 2 days of t ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus (STN).1 The globus pallidus is further divided into the external segment (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi); the substantia nigra is divided into the pars reticulata (SNr) and pars compacta (SNc). The CD and PUT are the two input stations, ...
... globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus (STN).1 The globus pallidus is further divided into the external segment (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi); the substantia nigra is divided into the pars reticulata (SNr) and pars compacta (SNc). The CD and PUT are the two input stations, ...
α7 and β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Form
... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
Morphometric changes of the central nervous system of
... The cortex volume in the subesophageal ganglia also differentiated the studied groups (F2.27 = 15.81, P<0.0001). In the control group, the average cortex volume in the subesophageal ganglia was significantly higher than in both experimental groups (post-hoc). The volume of the neuropil in the subeso ...
... The cortex volume in the subesophageal ganglia also differentiated the studied groups (F2.27 = 15.81, P<0.0001). In the control group, the average cortex volume in the subesophageal ganglia was significantly higher than in both experimental groups (post-hoc). The volume of the neuropil in the subeso ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... humans holds a privileged position within the nervous system with regard to thought and reason. This view stems, in part, from the classic neurological literature which has provided evidence that the frontal cortex, and its anterior (prefrontal) component, in particular, has a role in cognitive proc ...
... humans holds a privileged position within the nervous system with regard to thought and reason. This view stems, in part, from the classic neurological literature which has provided evidence that the frontal cortex, and its anterior (prefrontal) component, in particular, has a role in cognitive proc ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... RP (Morrison et al. 1999). Since neurons throughout VMM have large dendritic arbors that cross cytoarchitectonic boundaries (Edwards et al. 1987; Fox et al. 1976; Gao and Mason 1997; Leontovich and Zhukova 1963; Maciewicz et al. 1984; Mason et al. 1990; Newman 1985; Potrebic and Mason 1993; Ramon-Mo ...
... RP (Morrison et al. 1999). Since neurons throughout VMM have large dendritic arbors that cross cytoarchitectonic boundaries (Edwards et al. 1987; Fox et al. 1976; Gao and Mason 1997; Leontovich and Zhukova 1963; Maciewicz et al. 1984; Mason et al. 1990; Newman 1985; Potrebic and Mason 1993; Ramon-Mo ...
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... (area 3b). However, hand use rapidly improves over the first post-lesion weeks, and much of the hand representational territory in contralateral area 3b is reactivated by inputs from the hand in roughly a normal somatotopic pattern. Quantitative measures of single neuron response properties reveal t ...
... (area 3b). However, hand use rapidly improves over the first post-lesion weeks, and much of the hand representational territory in contralateral area 3b is reactivated by inputs from the hand in roughly a normal somatotopic pattern. Quantitative measures of single neuron response properties reveal t ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.