Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
Cell type-specific activation of p38 MAPK in the brain regions of
... strain) mice at the age of 8–10 weeks (weighing 18–22 g) at room temperature (20–22 8C). The animal protocol was approved by the University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Capital Medical University and is consistent with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH P ...
... strain) mice at the age of 8–10 weeks (weighing 18–22 g) at room temperature (20–22 8C). The animal protocol was approved by the University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Capital Medical University and is consistent with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH P ...
the functional properties of the light
... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
An unaware agenda: interictal consciousness
... epilepsies was based on behavioral observations. The first publications of the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) relied mainly on genetic and molecular profiling. Conversely, the ILAE report published in 2010 described epilepsy as a brai ...
... epilepsies was based on behavioral observations. The first publications of the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) relied mainly on genetic and molecular profiling. Conversely, the ILAE report published in 2010 described epilepsy as a brai ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... prevent ischemic or “anoxic” depolarization (AD) propagating across grey matter. Recently our laboratory became aware of a marine poison whose molecular action is well characterized but has escaped scrutiny by neuroscientists. We hypothesized that this toxin could provide insight as to how ischemia ...
... prevent ischemic or “anoxic” depolarization (AD) propagating across grey matter. Recently our laboratory became aware of a marine poison whose molecular action is well characterized but has escaped scrutiny by neuroscientists. We hypothesized that this toxin could provide insight as to how ischemia ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... Taylor and Alavi (1993). These mathematical models for spiking neurons do not provide a complete description of the extremely complex computational function of a biological neuron. Rather, like the computational units of the previous two generations of neural network models, these are simplified mod ...
... Taylor and Alavi (1993). These mathematical models for spiking neurons do not provide a complete description of the extremely complex computational function of a biological neuron. Rather, like the computational units of the previous two generations of neural network models, these are simplified mod ...
The Neurology of Music for Post-Traumatic-Stress
... Cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a shortterm treatment approach that can be done in individual or group therapy, and can last up to twenty sessions (Barlow & Durand, 2009; Truven Health Analytics Incorporated, 2014). During CBT, a client identifies negative thought ...
... Cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a shortterm treatment approach that can be done in individual or group therapy, and can last up to twenty sessions (Barlow & Durand, 2009; Truven Health Analytics Incorporated, 2014). During CBT, a client identifies negative thought ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... their responses to a block of 50 or 100 stimulus-based trials were recorded (see NEUROPHYSIOLOGY RECORDINGS). After locating an appropriate whisker-sensitive site, the tracer was iontophoretically ejected into the DLS or thalamus by applying positive current pulses in alternating on– off intervals o ...
... their responses to a block of 50 or 100 stimulus-based trials were recorded (see NEUROPHYSIOLOGY RECORDINGS). After locating an appropriate whisker-sensitive site, the tracer was iontophoretically ejected into the DLS or thalamus by applying positive current pulses in alternating on– off intervals o ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... as a generalisation of predictive coding, in which movement is considered to suppress proprioceptive prediction error. We discuss how active inference could have important implications for the organisation of the motor system, and illustrate the implicit mechanisms using the classical ‘knee-jerk’ re ...
... as a generalisation of predictive coding, in which movement is considered to suppress proprioceptive prediction error. We discuss how active inference could have important implications for the organisation of the motor system, and illustrate the implicit mechanisms using the classical ‘knee-jerk’ re ...
Target-specific differences in somatodendritic morphology of layer V
... Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing i ...
... Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing i ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... One of the old theories about the effects of ADs is increasing the catecholamine levels. The primary explanation about this effect of ADs is the direct effect of ADs on the VTA or other brain nuclei (Chenu et al. 2012). The later discoveries about the mechanisms of ADs revealed that many of these d ...
... One of the old theories about the effects of ADs is increasing the catecholamine levels. The primary explanation about this effect of ADs is the direct effect of ADs on the VTA or other brain nuclei (Chenu et al. 2012). The later discoveries about the mechanisms of ADs revealed that many of these d ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... Zhang and Delay, 2007). However, the hypothesis that these two extra-hypothalamic GnRH systems can directly modulate sensory processing in the brain has received only limited experimental testing (Kawai et al., 2010; Kinoshita et al., 2007), and little is known about how GnRH might influence other re ...
... Zhang and Delay, 2007). However, the hypothesis that these two extra-hypothalamic GnRH systems can directly modulate sensory processing in the brain has received only limited experimental testing (Kawai et al., 2010; Kinoshita et al., 2007), and little is known about how GnRH might influence other re ...
Goals of Explaining Brain Functions Underlying Anxiety Disorders
... Amygdala and Cortex • The amygdala is able to produce fear/anxiety responses without the involvement of the cortex • The amygdala can, in fact, override the cortex and influence or even control our thoughts and focus of attention • The cortex can also initiate anxiety responses by alerting the amygd ...
... Amygdala and Cortex • The amygdala is able to produce fear/anxiety responses without the involvement of the cortex • The amygdala can, in fact, override the cortex and influence or even control our thoughts and focus of attention • The cortex can also initiate anxiety responses by alerting the amygd ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... Hyperosmolality resulting from infusions of either NaCl or non-NaCl hypertonic solutions into the carotid artery also increases the rate of natriuresis from the kidney in various mammals28–32, including man33. In rats31,34 (but not in man35), this effect is mediated in part by the release of oxytoci ...
... Hyperosmolality resulting from infusions of either NaCl or non-NaCl hypertonic solutions into the carotid artery also increases the rate of natriuresis from the kidney in various mammals28–32, including man33. In rats31,34 (but not in man35), this effect is mediated in part by the release of oxytoci ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... modulation supports different dynamics in the two modes. We will therefore discuss the distinct functions of encoding and retrieval separately, even though they alternate continuously during a simulated task. The modulating rhythm also serves to insure that activity in different simulated brain regi ...
... modulation supports different dynamics in the two modes. We will therefore discuss the distinct functions of encoding and retrieval separately, even though they alternate continuously during a simulated task. The modulating rhythm also serves to insure that activity in different simulated brain regi ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... The retrosplenial cortex is situated at the crossroads between the hippocampal formation and many areas of the neocortex, but few studies have examined the connections between the hippocampal formation and the retrosplenial cortex in detail. Each subdivision of the retrosplenial cortex projects to a ...
... The retrosplenial cortex is situated at the crossroads between the hippocampal formation and many areas of the neocortex, but few studies have examined the connections between the hippocampal formation and the retrosplenial cortex in detail. Each subdivision of the retrosplenial cortex projects to a ...
CEREBRAL ACTIVATION DURING THERMAL
... changes result in increased magnetic signal and create a brighter image in the area of activation. [26] Maps of brain activation are developed by extensive processing and ...
... changes result in increased magnetic signal and create a brighter image in the area of activation. [26] Maps of brain activation are developed by extensive processing and ...
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... level, information is encoded in the spiking of neurons and there is much debate about the level of precision that is important [1,2]. At the cellular level important processes have been hypothesized to be dependent on the timing of input and output such as spike-timing dependent plasticity ‘‘STDP’’ ...
... level, information is encoded in the spiking of neurons and there is much debate about the level of precision that is important [1,2]. At the cellular level important processes have been hypothesized to be dependent on the timing of input and output such as spike-timing dependent plasticity ‘‘STDP’’ ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... laminae I1 and I11 of area 17 some periodic variations in the density of GAD containing. cell bodies and terminals can be observed. This pattern of periodic dots (puffs) is identical with that shown for cytochrom oxidase and for 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) labeling. This suggests that the rows of GAD posit ...
... laminae I1 and I11 of area 17 some periodic variations in the density of GAD containing. cell bodies and terminals can be observed. This pattern of periodic dots (puffs) is identical with that shown for cytochrom oxidase and for 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) labeling. This suggests that the rows of GAD posit ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... the tone are “blocked” in subjects with a history of light-shock pairings. This blocking phenomenon has been regarded as one of the most significant observations in Pavlovian conditioning (Fanselow 1998). In addition, recent findings (Jones et al. 1997) showing that schizophrenics lack the developme ...
... the tone are “blocked” in subjects with a history of light-shock pairings. This blocking phenomenon has been regarded as one of the most significant observations in Pavlovian conditioning (Fanselow 1998). In addition, recent findings (Jones et al. 1997) showing that schizophrenics lack the developme ...
The influence of James and Darwin on Cajal and his
... distinguished inherent or instinctive habits from variable or acquired habits — with this second category of human beings’ habit being acquired by education or learning. James begins his considerations on the changes that occur in organisms by analyzing the physical world. The particles in the physi ...
... distinguished inherent or instinctive habits from variable or acquired habits — with this second category of human beings’ habit being acquired by education or learning. James begins his considerations on the changes that occur in organisms by analyzing the physical world. The particles in the physi ...
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... These observations raised the possibility that though an exercise factor may be derived from Fndc5 to augment BDNF expression, there may be other factors aside from irisin [54, 55]. Another caveat was that a loss in BDNF induction in response to exercise was not observed in the absence of Fndc5. The ...
... These observations raised the possibility that though an exercise factor may be derived from Fndc5 to augment BDNF expression, there may be other factors aside from irisin [54, 55]. Another caveat was that a loss in BDNF induction in response to exercise was not observed in the absence of Fndc5. The ...
gross_neuroanatomy-1
... surface of the brain. Unlike other sulci that delineate lobes, TO is much more variable between individuals and it is not easy to identify • The functional overlap between posterior temporal and occipital cortices is also reflected by the lack of one or more sulci that divide the temporal from the ...
... surface of the brain. Unlike other sulci that delineate lobes, TO is much more variable between individuals and it is not easy to identify • The functional overlap between posterior temporal and occipital cortices is also reflected by the lack of one or more sulci that divide the temporal from the ...
Neurochemical organization of chimpanzee inferior pulvinar complex
... Povinelli, 2000). These studies make it clear that although humans share many features of brain organization and function with apes and monkeys, there are important differences as well. Documenting the patterns of similarities and difference is essential for understanding how results derived from no ...
... Povinelli, 2000). These studies make it clear that although humans share many features of brain organization and function with apes and monkeys, there are important differences as well. Documenting the patterns of similarities and difference is essential for understanding how results derived from no ...
Linking form and motion in the primate brain
... activated more strongly by point-light animations depicting human actions than by the same animations presented upside down, scrambled sequences of dots moving in sinusoidal trajectories typical of biological movements, dots translating or defining rotating 3D shapes [19–22]. hMT+/V5 has also been s ...
... activated more strongly by point-light animations depicting human actions than by the same animations presented upside down, scrambled sequences of dots moving in sinusoidal trajectories typical of biological movements, dots translating or defining rotating 3D shapes [19–22]. hMT+/V5 has also been s ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.