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Responses to irrational actions in action
... Overall, these three studies report three different patterns of results, with the MZN activated (Brass et al., 2007), deactivated (Marsh and Hamilton, 2011) or not engaged (Jastorff et al., 2010). AON activation was also only reported in one previous study (Marsh and Hamilton, 2011). Some of the dif ...
... Overall, these three studies report three different patterns of results, with the MZN activated (Brass et al., 2007), deactivated (Marsh and Hamilton, 2011) or not engaged (Jastorff et al., 2010). AON activation was also only reported in one previous study (Marsh and Hamilton, 2011). Some of the dif ...
A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain
... nucleus was based on the presence of a plexus of calbindin-immunostained axons. The identification of central nervous system nuclei is usually based on cytoarchitecture, rather than on fiber architecture, although the patterns of connections of a nucleus are obviously important. A major problem is t ...
... nucleus was based on the presence of a plexus of calbindin-immunostained axons. The identification of central nervous system nuclei is usually based on cytoarchitecture, rather than on fiber architecture, although the patterns of connections of a nucleus are obviously important. A major problem is t ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... which vary among areas and give each area its unique architectonic signature. Architectonic differences can be seen in Nissl-stained sections, which show all neurons, or in tissue stained for markers that label distinct groups of pyramidal neurons or inhibitory interneurons (e.g., Ref. 3). The finge ...
... which vary among areas and give each area its unique architectonic signature. Architectonic differences can be seen in Nissl-stained sections, which show all neurons, or in tissue stained for markers that label distinct groups of pyramidal neurons or inhibitory interneurons (e.g., Ref. 3). The finge ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... 1999). In-vivo pharmacological manipulation of the GABAergic system indicates that GABAergic function is potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. For example, blockade of GABA receptors with picrotoxin in the prefrontal cortex of rats impairs sensorimotor gating, an effect that ...
... 1999). In-vivo pharmacological manipulation of the GABAergic system indicates that GABAergic function is potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. For example, blockade of GABA receptors with picrotoxin in the prefrontal cortex of rats impairs sensorimotor gating, an effect that ...
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder. According to the World Health Organization, epilepsy affects approximately 4 million people in North America and Europe. Worldwide, 40 million people are believed to have epilepsy. [1] Epilepsy can start at any age, but is most common among ...
... Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder. According to the World Health Organization, epilepsy affects approximately 4 million people in North America and Europe. Worldwide, 40 million people are believed to have epilepsy. [1] Epilepsy can start at any age, but is most common among ...
31 Relating the Activity of Sensory Neurons to Perception
... By far, the best-established connection between sensory neurons and perception is the one studied by Newsome and colleagues (figure 31.1B) between direction-selective neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) and performance in a motion-direction discrimination task. To our knowledge, this is ...
... By far, the best-established connection between sensory neurons and perception is the one studied by Newsome and colleagues (figure 31.1B) between direction-selective neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) and performance in a motion-direction discrimination task. To our knowledge, this is ...
Aberrant changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brain of a
... following manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration of RNA was measured by spectrophotometer to make sure a A260/A280 ratio close to 1.8–2.0. Equal amount of RNA (500 ng) from each sample was used for cDNA synthesis in a volume of 10 µl according to the guideline in Takara RT reagent kit (Takar ...
... following manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration of RNA was measured by spectrophotometer to make sure a A260/A280 ratio close to 1.8–2.0. Equal amount of RNA (500 ng) from each sample was used for cDNA synthesis in a volume of 10 µl according to the guideline in Takara RT reagent kit (Takar ...
Imagery and Perception Share Cortical
... a position either 6 left or right of fixation (Fig. 1B,C) in pseudorandom order. In the imagery condition, participants received auditory cues that indicated the location at which to imagine an object (left or right of fixation) and which of the objects to imagine (Fig. 1B,C). Participants had 4 s to ...
... a position either 6 left or right of fixation (Fig. 1B,C) in pseudorandom order. In the imagery condition, participants received auditory cues that indicated the location at which to imagine an object (left or right of fixation) and which of the objects to imagine (Fig. 1B,C). Participants had 4 s to ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... are fairly uniform and have been thoroughly characterized from recordings in anaesthetized or awake animals and from numerous recordings of ganglionic neurons in awake humans19,21,23 (FIG. 2). Barosensitive efferents are subject to numerous reflex regulations that operate as either feedback or feedf ...
... are fairly uniform and have been thoroughly characterized from recordings in anaesthetized or awake animals and from numerous recordings of ganglionic neurons in awake humans19,21,23 (FIG. 2). Barosensitive efferents are subject to numerous reflex regulations that operate as either feedback or feedf ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... Connections between areas in these two pathways are lamina-specific, and contrasting patterns of laminar origin and termination of pathways have been used to arrange visual areas into anatomical hierarchies (Rockland and Pandya, 1979; Wong-Riley, 1979a; Tigges et al., 1981; Maunsell and Van Essen, 1 ...
... Connections between areas in these two pathways are lamina-specific, and contrasting patterns of laminar origin and termination of pathways have been used to arrange visual areas into anatomical hierarchies (Rockland and Pandya, 1979; Wong-Riley, 1979a; Tigges et al., 1981; Maunsell and Van Essen, 1 ...
100 The Molecular and Structural Basis of Amblyopia
... Although the work of Hubel and Wiesel clearly implicated plasticity of geniculocortical synapses, this could be a consequence rather than a primary cause of deprived-eye depression. Recent studies in mouse have indicated, however, that depression of thalamocortical synaptic transmission after MD is ...
... Although the work of Hubel and Wiesel clearly implicated plasticity of geniculocortical synapses, this could be a consequence rather than a primary cause of deprived-eye depression. Recent studies in mouse have indicated, however, that depression of thalamocortical synaptic transmission after MD is ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... reward signals themselves might be best met by studying the activity of single neurons in behaving animals, and it is this approach that forms the basis of this article. Here, I describe how neurons detect rewards, learn to predict future rewards from past experience and use reward information to le ...
... reward signals themselves might be best met by studying the activity of single neurons in behaving animals, and it is this approach that forms the basis of this article. Here, I describe how neurons detect rewards, learn to predict future rewards from past experience and use reward information to le ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
... On the basis of learning and game theories, we can conceptualise how individual neurons can process rewards for maximal use by using behavioural tasks that are commonly employed by experimenters for investigating specific brain structures and behavioural processes, such as delayed response tasks for ...
... On the basis of learning and game theories, we can conceptualise how individual neurons can process rewards for maximal use by using behavioural tasks that are commonly employed by experimenters for investigating specific brain structures and behavioural processes, such as delayed response tasks for ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... for action observation. Therefore, a close inspection of the results presented in this study does not seem to support ‘mirror’ properties within the human brain. Grezes, Armony, Rowe, and Passingham (2003) conducted an fMRI study specifically designed to test ‘mirror’ activity within the human brain. ...
... for action observation. Therefore, a close inspection of the results presented in this study does not seem to support ‘mirror’ properties within the human brain. Grezes, Armony, Rowe, and Passingham (2003) conducted an fMRI study specifically designed to test ‘mirror’ activity within the human brain. ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
Mediation and the Brain: The Neuropsychology of
... The Art of Peace does not rely on weapons or brute force to succeed; instead we put ourselves in tune with the universe, maintain peace in our own realms, nurture life, and prevent death and destruction. The true meaning of the term samurai is one who serves and adheres to the power of love.” ...
... The Art of Peace does not rely on weapons or brute force to succeed; instead we put ourselves in tune with the universe, maintain peace in our own realms, nurture life, and prevent death and destruction. The true meaning of the term samurai is one who serves and adheres to the power of love.” ...
Vigneau et al.
... The meta-analysis included 67 studies on semantic processing. Within these studies, 111 contrasts led to 145 frontal peaks of activation and to the detection of 177 temporal and parietal peaks of activation. Semantic tasks (Table 2) called either for simple access to meaning (word reading, word list ...
... The meta-analysis included 67 studies on semantic processing. Within these studies, 111 contrasts led to 145 frontal peaks of activation and to the detection of 177 temporal and parietal peaks of activation. Semantic tasks (Table 2) called either for simple access to meaning (word reading, word list ...
Time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial oxidative damage and
... indicative of mitochondrial permeability transition. Consistent with this finding, cortical mitochondrial calcium-buffering capacity was severely compromised by 3 h after injury, and accompanied by significant increases in mitochondrial protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. A possible causative ...
... indicative of mitochondrial permeability transition. Consistent with this finding, cortical mitochondrial calcium-buffering capacity was severely compromised by 3 h after injury, and accompanied by significant increases in mitochondrial protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. A possible causative ...
Fading memory and kernel properties of generic cortical microcircuit
... general improve if the algorithm is allowed to run longer (we refer to [30] for more precise definitions of various notions from computation theory that are relevant for analyzing brain-style computing). Furthermore biological data suggest that cortical microcircuits can support several computational ...
... general improve if the algorithm is allowed to run longer (we refer to [30] for more precise definitions of various notions from computation theory that are relevant for analyzing brain-style computing). Furthermore biological data suggest that cortical microcircuits can support several computational ...
Fine-scale specificity of cortical networks depends on inhibitory cell
... Most recently, it has been found that even neighboring neurons of the same anatomical type can, nevertheless, receive input from different sources22,23. This ‘fine-scale’ specificity has been demonstrated using methods that allow differences in input to neighboring neurons to be probed with high res ...
... Most recently, it has been found that even neighboring neurons of the same anatomical type can, nevertheless, receive input from different sources22,23. This ‘fine-scale’ specificity has been demonstrated using methods that allow differences in input to neighboring neurons to be probed with high res ...
Unusual ultrastructural findings in dendrites of pyramidal
... virus. However, knowledge about the fine structure of dendrites in rabies infection is scarce. This work had the aim of studying the ultrastructure of dendrites in cortical pyramidal neurons of rabies-infected mice. Mice were inoculated intramuscularly with a street rabies virus of canine origin. Th ...
... virus. However, knowledge about the fine structure of dendrites in rabies infection is scarce. This work had the aim of studying the ultrastructure of dendrites in cortical pyramidal neurons of rabies-infected mice. Mice were inoculated intramuscularly with a street rabies virus of canine origin. Th ...
Physiological patterns in the hippocampo
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... time-course of their vestibular compensation. The results show that the monoaminergic changes are different in the two rat strains. In the MVN of albino rats, there was a bilateral increase of MHPG and an ipsilateral increase of dopamine suggesting activation of norepinephrine synthesis and metaboli ...
... time-course of their vestibular compensation. The results show that the monoaminergic changes are different in the two rat strains. In the MVN of albino rats, there was a bilateral increase of MHPG and an ipsilateral increase of dopamine suggesting activation of norepinephrine synthesis and metaboli ...
Distinct core thalamocortical pathways to central and dorsal primary
... Accepted 30 November 2010 Available online 8 December 2010 ...
... Accepted 30 November 2010 Available online 8 December 2010 ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.