![Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/006358467_1-e1797e308d0441d345f4e804f1ee8a6b-300x300.png)
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... holes were drilled in the skull overlying the head of the caudate-putamen on each side. The areas in and around the wound were thoroughly infiltrated with lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine, with epinephrine) by subcutaneous injections around the wound and by topical administration to all cut edges. ...
... holes were drilled in the skull overlying the head of the caudate-putamen on each side. The areas in and around the wound were thoroughly infiltrated with lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine, with epinephrine) by subcutaneous injections around the wound and by topical administration to all cut edges. ...
The cortical connections of area V6: an occipito
... tissue and the location of tracer injection. The tracks of previous microelectrode penetrations and the approximate location of each recording site were reconstructed on the basis of marking lesions and several other cues, such as the coordinates of the penetrations within the recording chamber, the ...
... tissue and the location of tracer injection. The tracks of previous microelectrode penetrations and the approximate location of each recording site were reconstructed on the basis of marking lesions and several other cues, such as the coordinates of the penetrations within the recording chamber, the ...
Words in the Brain`s Language
... active at the same time strengthen their connections. If a neuron, call it L, sends one connection to a second neuron, M, their synapse will strengthen when both are repeatedly active together, so that L will later have a stronger influence on M. Because this effect may last for many hours or days, ...
... active at the same time strengthen their connections. If a neuron, call it L, sends one connection to a second neuron, M, their synapse will strengthen when both are repeatedly active together, so that L will later have a stronger influence on M. Because this effect may last for many hours or days, ...
Insights into Rapid Modulation of Neuroplasticity by Brain Estrogens
... observed in females but have also been consistently reported to occur in males as well, albeit in a sexually dimorphic manner in certain cases (Gillies and McArthur, 2010). The emerging notion that estrogens can act in multiple areas of the brain has been accompanied by clinical and basic scientific ...
... observed in females but have also been consistently reported to occur in males as well, albeit in a sexually dimorphic manner in certain cases (Gillies and McArthur, 2010). The emerging notion that estrogens can act in multiple areas of the brain has been accompanied by clinical and basic scientific ...
6 slides per sheet
... distribution of molecules. These form axes (Animal/Veg, D/V, Ant/Post) that guide the movement of embryonic cells. ...
... distribution of molecules. These form axes (Animal/Veg, D/V, Ant/Post) that guide the movement of embryonic cells. ...
Ciccarelli 2: The Biological Perspective
... LO 2.1 What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? ...
... LO 2.1 What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... The processing of sensory information, and most other aspects of brain function, relies on the specificity with which connections are formed between neurons in the central nervous system. Studies of the visual system in particular have shown that several mechanisms are used during development to gui ...
... The processing of sensory information, and most other aspects of brain function, relies on the specificity with which connections are formed between neurons in the central nervous system. Studies of the visual system in particular have shown that several mechanisms are used during development to gui ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... n1, n2, …, n7 have different axonal conduction delays arranged such that the network forms two functional subnetworks, red and black, corresponding to two distinct PNGs, consisting of the same neurons. Firing of neurons n1 and n2 can trigger the whole red or black PNG: (B) If neuron n1 fires followe ...
... n1, n2, …, n7 have different axonal conduction delays arranged such that the network forms two functional subnetworks, red and black, corresponding to two distinct PNGs, consisting of the same neurons. Firing of neurons n1 and n2 can trigger the whole red or black PNG: (B) If neuron n1 fires followe ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... responses are shown. Each subject was run with a random order of the different EV trial sets. (b) The percentage of choices to the right as a function of the EV on the right (mean ± standard error of mean across all the subjects for the last 10 trials in a set). The EV for a left choice was 9 pence, ...
... responses are shown. Each subject was run with a random order of the different EV trial sets. (b) The percentage of choices to the right as a function of the EV on the right (mean ± standard error of mean across all the subjects for the last 10 trials in a set). The EV for a left choice was 9 pence, ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... hypothalamic area and tuberomammillary nucleus (Fig. 1C, DA, TM), the perifornical nucleus (Fig. 1D, Pef), and the fields of Forel (Fig. 1E, FF). Axons originating in prefrontal area 12 also reached the lateral hypothalamic area (LA), anterior hypothalamic area, and posterior hypothalamic area. In t ...
... hypothalamic area and tuberomammillary nucleus (Fig. 1C, DA, TM), the perifornical nucleus (Fig. 1D, Pef), and the fields of Forel (Fig. 1E, FF). Axons originating in prefrontal area 12 also reached the lateral hypothalamic area (LA), anterior hypothalamic area, and posterior hypothalamic area. In t ...
Exposure to As-, Cd-, and Pb-Mixture Induces Ab, Amyloidogenic
... Environmental pollutants act as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mainly affecting the aging population. We investigated early manifestations of AD-like pathology by a mixture of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), reported to impair neurodevelopment. We treated rats with AsþCdþPb at ...
... Environmental pollutants act as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mainly affecting the aging population. We investigated early manifestations of AD-like pathology by a mixture of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), reported to impair neurodevelopment. We treated rats with AsþCdþPb at ...
Altered cortical and subcortical connectivity due to infrasound
... activity causes fluctuations of the blood oxygen dependent (BOLD) signal, which can then be visualized using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). The fact that these brain regions consistently show a decrease in activity during task performance and an increase during fixatio ...
... activity causes fluctuations of the blood oxygen dependent (BOLD) signal, which can then be visualized using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). The fact that these brain regions consistently show a decrease in activity during task performance and an increase during fixatio ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
Wager, T. D., Kang, J., Johnson, T. D., Nichols, T. E., Satpute, A. B.
... one emotion type from another, it is not clear that these findings are reliable enough (with sufficiently large effects) or generalizable enough across studies to meaningfully use brain information to infer what type of emotion was experienced. Recently, studies have begun to take a pattern-based vi ...
... one emotion type from another, it is not clear that these findings are reliable enough (with sufficiently large effects) or generalizable enough across studies to meaningfully use brain information to infer what type of emotion was experienced. Recently, studies have begun to take a pattern-based vi ...
View PDF - e-Science Central
... from diagnostic groups, until the measures described above were no longer significantly different from one another. Table 1 provides details of these characteristics. Since chronic depression has been shown to impact the brain [42], we identified participants with a diagnosis of a recurrent Major De ...
... from diagnostic groups, until the measures described above were no longer significantly different from one another. Table 1 provides details of these characteristics. Since chronic depression has been shown to impact the brain [42], we identified participants with a diagnosis of a recurrent Major De ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons that regulate dopamine neuron activity and have projection targets similar to those of dopamine neurons. Additionally, t ...
... in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons that regulate dopamine neuron activity and have projection targets similar to those of dopamine neurons. Additionally, t ...
Cross-Modal Transfer of Information between the Tactile
... modality. Nevertheless, in a review on cross-modal abilities in nonhuman primates, Ettlinger and Wilson (1990) concluded that there is no polysensory cross-modal area, no cross-modal region “in which representations formed in one sense would reside and be accessed by another sense,” but suggested in ...
... modality. Nevertheless, in a review on cross-modal abilities in nonhuman primates, Ettlinger and Wilson (1990) concluded that there is no polysensory cross-modal area, no cross-modal region “in which representations formed in one sense would reside and be accessed by another sense,” but suggested in ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... of increased GnRH secretion at puberty28,29. Despite these identified genetic mechanisms, we are extremely cautious about designating any of these genes to be a master regulator of puberty. Rather than being part of a developmental clock, they may simply act as downstream mechanisms governing GnRH s ...
... of increased GnRH secretion at puberty28,29. Despite these identified genetic mechanisms, we are extremely cautious about designating any of these genes to be a master regulator of puberty. Rather than being part of a developmental clock, they may simply act as downstream mechanisms governing GnRH s ...
PDF file - Izhikevich
... where a describes slow, activity-independent increase of synaptic weight. The value a = 10–6 results in augmentation of the strength of all synapses even when the postsynaptic neuron i is quiescent. The small parameter 10–4 causes the synaptic plasticity in the model to be slow and long-term. Each s ...
... where a describes slow, activity-independent increase of synaptic weight. The value a = 10–6 results in augmentation of the strength of all synapses even when the postsynaptic neuron i is quiescent. The small parameter 10–4 causes the synaptic plasticity in the model to be slow and long-term. Each s ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a less efficient air exchange apparatus than the lungs of higher vertebrates. Amphibians rely on a subcutaneous bed of blood vessels to absorb oxygen from the air and expel carbon dioxide. Ha ...
... develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a less efficient air exchange apparatus than the lungs of higher vertebrates. Amphibians rely on a subcutaneous bed of blood vessels to absorb oxygen from the air and expel carbon dioxide. Ha ...
Toward a Unified Theory of Visual Area V4
... domains in V4, we propose that the unifying function of V4 circuitry is to enable selective extraction of specific functional domain-based networks, whether it be by bottom-up specification of object features or by topdown attentionally driven selection. Area V4 is a midtier visual cortical area in th ...
... domains in V4, we propose that the unifying function of V4 circuitry is to enable selective extraction of specific functional domain-based networks, whether it be by bottom-up specification of object features or by topdown attentionally driven selection. Area V4 is a midtier visual cortical area in th ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... spider monkey may weigh up to 9 kg, and the wooly spider monkey, 12 kg. There are some advantages to small size in arboreal animals, since the terminal branches of trees cannot bear heavy weight. Larger New World simians, such as spider monkeys, use their long arms, legs and prehensile tails to dist ...
... spider monkey may weigh up to 9 kg, and the wooly spider monkey, 12 kg. There are some advantages to small size in arboreal animals, since the terminal branches of trees cannot bear heavy weight. Larger New World simians, such as spider monkeys, use their long arms, legs and prehensile tails to dist ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... fix interstimulus interval (24 sec) was used. The 2 sec CS was followed by a 1 sec trace interval (trace conditioning). This was followed by the US (12 sec). During the experimental session 50-50 CS1-US1 and CS2-US2 parings were presented pseudorandomly. After conditioning data from totally 24 exper ...
... fix interstimulus interval (24 sec) was used. The 2 sec CS was followed by a 1 sec trace interval (trace conditioning). This was followed by the US (12 sec). During the experimental session 50-50 CS1-US1 and CS2-US2 parings were presented pseudorandomly. After conditioning data from totally 24 exper ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... process signals from the periphery (Mountcastle, 1957; Mountcastle and Powell, 1959; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; for review, see Mountcastle, 1997; Rockland, 1998). One striking example of such a modular organization is the “barrel” field in the somatosensory cortex of rodents. In layer 4 of the barrel ...
... process signals from the periphery (Mountcastle, 1957; Mountcastle and Powell, 1959; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; for review, see Mountcastle, 1997; Rockland, 1998). One striking example of such a modular organization is the “barrel” field in the somatosensory cortex of rodents. In layer 4 of the barrel ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.