Pathways for emotions and memory
... memory suggests extended connections with several other cortices and subcortical structures, including the amygdala and the hippocampus. Here, we sought to determine the sources of the entire complement of prefrontal as well as other cortical and hypothalamic projections to the anterior nuclei. We u ...
... memory suggests extended connections with several other cortices and subcortical structures, including the amygdala and the hippocampus. Here, we sought to determine the sources of the entire complement of prefrontal as well as other cortical and hypothalamic projections to the anterior nuclei. We u ...
Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals
... mapsat three levels of cortical processing in the somatosensorycortex, and for changes that cannot be easily attributed to the relay of subcortical reorganizations. To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory a ...
... mapsat three levels of cortical processing in the somatosensorycortex, and for changes that cannot be easily attributed to the relay of subcortical reorganizations. To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory a ...
Are cortical spikes conveyed to contralateral
... method referenced to cortical spike discharges. The waveform of CCAP was characterized by a slow-rising negative potential change that preceded the cortical spike discharge and continued to increase after it occurred (Fig. 2). As shown in Fig. 4, the following common features among all 20 patients w ...
... method referenced to cortical spike discharges. The waveform of CCAP was characterized by a slow-rising negative potential change that preceded the cortical spike discharge and continued to increase after it occurred (Fig. 2). As shown in Fig. 4, the following common features among all 20 patients w ...
Long-term channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression
... Fenno et al., 2011). A critical prerequisite of optogenetics is that expression of optogenetic proteins does not, in itself, alter neural circuit function. This is a particular concern for long-term and/or high-level expression under strong promoters, which is common to achieve efficient light activ ...
... Fenno et al., 2011). A critical prerequisite of optogenetics is that expression of optogenetic proteins does not, in itself, alter neural circuit function. This is a particular concern for long-term and/or high-level expression under strong promoters, which is common to achieve efficient light activ ...
Hypothalamus
... hormones and inhibiting hormones that control the secretory activity of cells in the anterior pituitary. However, the parvocellular neurons release their secretory products into fenestrated capillaries that drain into the long portal vessels that drain into the anterior lobe. The magnocellular neuro ...
... hormones and inhibiting hormones that control the secretory activity of cells in the anterior pituitary. However, the parvocellular neurons release their secretory products into fenestrated capillaries that drain into the long portal vessels that drain into the anterior lobe. The magnocellular neuro ...
Paper
... then reconstructed into a 3D triangular mesh (Figure 1B), using the program CARET (Van Essen et al., 2001). The lateral view of this 3-dimensional model was then traced and smoothed in Illustrator, and overlaid with a 200 × 200 µm square grid, which was used as a template for plotting cells from eac ...
... then reconstructed into a 3D triangular mesh (Figure 1B), using the program CARET (Van Essen et al., 2001). The lateral view of this 3-dimensional model was then traced and smoothed in Illustrator, and overlaid with a 200 × 200 µm square grid, which was used as a template for plotting cells from eac ...
Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and
... Reader-Centric Definition of Cell Assembly I suggest that an objective identification of the cell assembly requires two key conditions: a reader-classifier and a temporal frame. Neurons come together in transient time frames to produce a composite downstream effect, which cannot be achieved by singl ...
... Reader-Centric Definition of Cell Assembly I suggest that an objective identification of the cell assembly requires two key conditions: a reader-classifier and a temporal frame. Neurons come together in transient time frames to produce a composite downstream effect, which cannot be achieved by singl ...
Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and
... activity, and respiratory activity. Furthermore, c-Fos expression occurs only after sustained stimulation of neurons and so this method cannot be used to identify cell populations activated by brief alerting stimuli. Nevertheless, even though many questions remain unanswered, recent studies have pro ...
... activity, and respiratory activity. Furthermore, c-Fos expression occurs only after sustained stimulation of neurons and so this method cannot be used to identify cell populations activated by brief alerting stimuli. Nevertheless, even though many questions remain unanswered, recent studies have pro ...
Monoaminergic dysfunction in recreational users of
... (dAMPH) is prescribed for the treatment of ADHD, but is also frequently used in recreational settings. Preclinical studies in non-human primates however, have indicated that even clinically relevant doses of dAMPH can lead to damage of nerve terminals of DAergic neurons: the concentration of striata ...
... (dAMPH) is prescribed for the treatment of ADHD, but is also frequently used in recreational settings. Preclinical studies in non-human primates however, have indicated that even clinically relevant doses of dAMPH can lead to damage of nerve terminals of DAergic neurons: the concentration of striata ...
Neurophysiological correlates of hypnotic analgesia
... Meltzer, Townsend, Peterson and Firestone, 2002) but the interpretation of these findings is complicated by processes associated to the stimulus that are incidental to the actual sensory and emotional experience of pain. Such processes include motor inhibition, anticipation (Ploghaus, Tracey, Gati, ...
... Meltzer, Townsend, Peterson and Firestone, 2002) but the interpretation of these findings is complicated by processes associated to the stimulus that are incidental to the actual sensory and emotional experience of pain. Such processes include motor inhibition, anticipation (Ploghaus, Tracey, Gati, ...
Study of the human hypoglossal nucleus: Normal development and
... study and prevention of the unexpected perinatal death and SIDS” of the Milan University [27,28]. In particular, after fixation in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, the brainstem, where the main structures checking vital functions are located, was processed and embedded in paraffin. Transverse serial se ...
... study and prevention of the unexpected perinatal death and SIDS” of the Milan University [27,28]. In particular, after fixation in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, the brainstem, where the main structures checking vital functions are located, was processed and embedded in paraffin. Transverse serial se ...
ALS - AJNR Blog
... • Evidence of UMN degeneration by clinical examination • Progressive spread of symptoms or signs within a region or to other regions (The body is divided into four regions: cranial, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral) ...
... • Evidence of UMN degeneration by clinical examination • Progressive spread of symptoms or signs within a region or to other regions (The body is divided into four regions: cranial, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral) ...
1. Materials and Methods
... The ventral premotor cortex (area F5, Fig. 1A) of the monkey contains a class of neurons called ‘audiovisual mirror neurons’ (Kohler et al., 2002) that might shed light on this question. ‘Mirror neurons’, discharge both when a monkey makes a specific action and when it observes another individual ma ...
... The ventral premotor cortex (area F5, Fig. 1A) of the monkey contains a class of neurons called ‘audiovisual mirror neurons’ (Kohler et al., 2002) that might shed light on this question. ‘Mirror neurons’, discharge both when a monkey makes a specific action and when it observes another individual ma ...
Neural Basis of Brain Dysfunction Produced by Early Sleep Problems
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
No Direct Projection is Observed from the Substantia Nigra to the
... the SN, BDA-positive fibers were observed in the caudate putamen (Cpu), globus pallidus (GP), LC, and LH but not in the DVC. Conclusion: This study is the first to demonstrate that neurons in the SN do not directly innervate the DVC in rats. The DVC might be indirectly innervated by the SN through t ...
... the SN, BDA-positive fibers were observed in the caudate putamen (Cpu), globus pallidus (GP), LC, and LH but not in the DVC. Conclusion: This study is the first to demonstrate that neurons in the SN do not directly innervate the DVC in rats. The DVC might be indirectly innervated by the SN through t ...
Sensory Pathways and Emotional Context for Action
... the external and internal environments. The pOFC also has the most specialized connections with the amygdala and the most robust connections with the magnocellular sector of the mediodorsal (MDmc) nucleus of the thalamus. These connections set pOFC apart from other prefrontal areas, including rostra ...
... the external and internal environments. The pOFC also has the most specialized connections with the amygdala and the most robust connections with the magnocellular sector of the mediodorsal (MDmc) nucleus of the thalamus. These connections set pOFC apart from other prefrontal areas, including rostra ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... icits in both area and projection density of BF cells to the cortex. It is clear that NGF plays a role in maintaining the BF cholinergic projections to the cortex. Two key findings have also suggested the possibility that NGF can also induce immediate release of ACh. Knipper and collaborators obtain ...
... icits in both area and projection density of BF cells to the cortex. It is clear that NGF plays a role in maintaining the BF cholinergic projections to the cortex. Two key findings have also suggested the possibility that NGF can also induce immediate release of ACh. Knipper and collaborators obtain ...
Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... known to be under the control of the basal ganglia, which have a critical role in voluntary motor behavior in general25–28. Neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), an output structure of the basal ganglia, send GABAergic projections to principal cells in the superior colliculus and exhibi ...
... known to be under the control of the basal ganglia, which have a critical role in voluntary motor behavior in general25–28. Neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), an output structure of the basal ganglia, send GABAergic projections to principal cells in the superior colliculus and exhibi ...
Greater Cortical Gray Matter Density in Lithium
... Alan G. Mallinger, Ellen Frank, David J. Kupfer, and Jair C. Soares Background: The neurobiological underpinnings of bipolar disorder are not well understood. Previous neuroimaging findings have been inconsistent; however, new methods for three-dimensional (3-D) computational image analysis may bett ...
... Alan G. Mallinger, Ellen Frank, David J. Kupfer, and Jair C. Soares Background: The neurobiological underpinnings of bipolar disorder are not well understood. Previous neuroimaging findings have been inconsistent; however, new methods for three-dimensional (3-D) computational image analysis may bett ...
Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping
... belong to one object and to segregate them from other objects and the background. This review provides a conceptual framework of how perceptual grouping may be implemented in the visual cortex. According to this framework, two mechanisms are responsible for perceptual grouping: base-grouping and inc ...
... belong to one object and to segregate them from other objects and the background. This review provides a conceptual framework of how perceptual grouping may be implemented in the visual cortex. According to this framework, two mechanisms are responsible for perceptual grouping: base-grouping and inc ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... findings of the primary investigator. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated by having each of the 3 investigators independently make 21 pairwise comparisons of the density of TH-immunoreactive fibers in 7 different cytoarchitectonic areas. In 60 of the resulting 63 comparisons, these ratings agreed ...
... findings of the primary investigator. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated by having each of the 3 investigators independently make 21 pairwise comparisons of the density of TH-immunoreactive fibers in 7 different cytoarchitectonic areas. In 60 of the resulting 63 comparisons, these ratings agreed ...
PDF file
... vector) states and learns the skills conditioned on each state, so that one skill learned from a particular context sequence can be correctly transfer to infinitely many equivalent context sequences in the future without a need for explicit learning. TCM Properties: The new work here proves a series ...
... vector) states and learns the skills conditioned on each state, so that one skill learned from a particular context sequence can be correctly transfer to infinitely many equivalent context sequences in the future without a need for explicit learning. TCM Properties: The new work here proves a series ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
... • The synapse is the junction between an axon terminal and an adjacent dendrite • Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal in response to an action potential into the synapse – The molecules diffuse across the synapse – NT molecules interact with receptors to alter the potential of the ...
... • The synapse is the junction between an axon terminal and an adjacent dendrite • Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal in response to an action potential into the synapse – The molecules diffuse across the synapse – NT molecules interact with receptors to alter the potential of the ...
PhD Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... early ex-utero micro-surgical manipulations of this structure and the entire CNS. Opossum have been also largely employed as an ideal substrate for regenerative studies, since the pup is able to regenerate connections between neurons of the cerebral cortex and spinal cord upon experimental trauma. M ...
... early ex-utero micro-surgical manipulations of this structure and the entire CNS. Opossum have been also largely employed as an ideal substrate for regenerative studies, since the pup is able to regenerate connections between neurons of the cerebral cortex and spinal cord upon experimental trauma. M ...
Spontaneous activity in developing sensory circuits
... with fMRI or EEG during ‘rest’, i.e. in the absence of directed goals, has revealed multiple independent networks linked to sensory processing, movement, and higher functions such as attention. Perhaps most striking is the discovery of ‘default-mode’ networks inversely correlated with directed behav ...
... with fMRI or EEG during ‘rest’, i.e. in the absence of directed goals, has revealed multiple independent networks linked to sensory processing, movement, and higher functions such as attention. Perhaps most striking is the discovery of ‘default-mode’ networks inversely correlated with directed behav ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.