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22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... of their studies on the structure of the nervous system. In fact, their approach provided for the first time the notion of the neuron as the basic unit of the nervous system. Regionally specific features of the central brain region were described by Betz (1874), making one of the first steps toward ...
... of their studies on the structure of the nervous system. In fact, their approach provided for the first time the notion of the neuron as the basic unit of the nervous system. Regionally specific features of the central brain region were described by Betz (1874), making one of the first steps toward ...
PII: S0006-8993(97) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... In adult monkeys with dorsal rhizotomies extending from the second cervical ŽC 2 . to the fifth thoracic ŽT5 . vertebrae, cortex deprived of its normal inputs regained responsiveness to inputs conveyed by intact peripheral afferents from the face wT.P. Pons, P.E. Garraghty, A.K. Ommaya, J.H. Kaas, E ...
... In adult monkeys with dorsal rhizotomies extending from the second cervical ŽC 2 . to the fifth thoracic ŽT5 . vertebrae, cortex deprived of its normal inputs regained responsiveness to inputs conveyed by intact peripheral afferents from the face wT.P. Pons, P.E. Garraghty, A.K. Ommaya, J.H. Kaas, E ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... and Barbas, 1994). In case AF, anterograde label in AM was seen at the dorsomedial part at the central and caudal extent of the nucleus (Fig. 3, top, A–D, case AF). The labeled axonal terminals were clustered in several patches. Projections from the cortex were more widely distributed than the label ...
... and Barbas, 1994). In case AF, anterograde label in AM was seen at the dorsomedial part at the central and caudal extent of the nucleus (Fig. 3, top, A–D, case AF). The labeled axonal terminals were clustered in several patches. Projections from the cortex were more widely distributed than the label ...
Cerebral blood flow and gray matter volume covariance patterns of
... Abstract: Advancing age results in altered cognitive and neuroimaging-derived markers of neural integrity. Whether cognitive changes are the result of variations in brain measures remains unclear and relating the two across the lifespan poses a unique set of problems. It must be determined whether s ...
... Abstract: Advancing age results in altered cognitive and neuroimaging-derived markers of neural integrity. Whether cognitive changes are the result of variations in brain measures remains unclear and relating the two across the lifespan poses a unique set of problems. It must be determined whether s ...
How microglia kill neurons
... Microglia, the brain's main resident macrophages, are the predominant immune cells in the healthy brain, and main regulators of brain inflammation (Block et al., 2007; Ransohoff and Perry, 2009). The healthy, non-inflamed brain contains almost entirely ‘resting’ microglia, which are highly ramified, wi ...
... Microglia, the brain's main resident macrophages, are the predominant immune cells in the healthy brain, and main regulators of brain inflammation (Block et al., 2007; Ransohoff and Perry, 2009). The healthy, non-inflamed brain contains almost entirely ‘resting’ microglia, which are highly ramified, wi ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... Sexually reproducing animals exhibit sex-typical displays of social behaviours, such as mating and aggression. Such sexual dimorphisms in behaviour can be qualitative or quantitative in nature, and they arise from sexually differentiated neural circuits, which in turn are shaped by the varying hormo ...
... Sexually reproducing animals exhibit sex-typical displays of social behaviours, such as mating and aggression. Such sexual dimorphisms in behaviour can be qualitative or quantitative in nature, and they arise from sexually differentiated neural circuits, which in turn are shaped by the varying hormo ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... ----The Snellen Eye Chart (the one with the The pupil in the eye of the giant cuttlefish (a letter E pointed in different directions) was invented by Dr. Hermann Snellen in 1862. squid-like animal) is rectangular. ...
... ----The Snellen Eye Chart (the one with the The pupil in the eye of the giant cuttlefish (a letter E pointed in different directions) was invented by Dr. Hermann Snellen in 1862. squid-like animal) is rectangular. ...
memory systems in the brain
... A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a reward, such as a pleasant touch, praise, or winning a large sum of money; another example is fear produced by the sight of a painful stimulus. Frustration, anger ...
... A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a reward, such as a pleasant touch, praise, or winning a large sum of money; another example is fear produced by the sight of a painful stimulus. Frustration, anger ...
PDF file
... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associated with an object (e.g., HAIR = combed). The authors found a greater signal for the color knowledg ...
... whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associated with an object (e.g., HAIR = combed). The authors found a greater signal for the color knowledg ...
Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking
... with an action than by the potential of gains. In other words, from a normative perspective, individuals tend to be riskaverse. Thus, it is important to understand maladaptive (excessive or deficient) risk-taking behavior because it often characterizes groups of individuals with vulnerabilities for ...
... with an action than by the potential of gains. In other words, from a normative perspective, individuals tend to be riskaverse. Thus, it is important to understand maladaptive (excessive or deficient) risk-taking behavior because it often characterizes groups of individuals with vulnerabilities for ...
Nature template
... 12. C. M. Gray, W. Singer, Stimulus specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 1698-1702 (1989). 13. W. Singer, C. M. Gray, Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation ...
... 12. C. M. Gray, W. Singer, Stimulus specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 1698-1702 (1989). 13. W. Singer, C. M. Gray, Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation ...
07.11 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... Attempts to map cerebellar and basal ganglia projections to the cerebral cortex with conventional tracers have been hindered by a number of technical limitations. Chief among these is the multisynaptic nature of these pathways and the general inability of conventional tracers to label more than the ...
... Attempts to map cerebellar and basal ganglia projections to the cerebral cortex with conventional tracers have been hindered by a number of technical limitations. Chief among these is the multisynaptic nature of these pathways and the general inability of conventional tracers to label more than the ...
Ch. 49
... • The circuits in the brain are more complex than the most powerful computers • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to construct a 3-D map of brain activity • The vertebrate brain is organized into regions with different functions ...
... • The circuits in the brain are more complex than the most powerful computers • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to construct a 3-D map of brain activity • The vertebrate brain is organized into regions with different functions ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... axons with TH-I were found within groups of other labeled and unlabeled axons and terminals (Figs. 2C, 4A, 5c). At least 2 types of TH-I terminals were morphologically distinguishable. These 2 types are described separately as they appear in micrographs of single sections; however, they may represen ...
... axons with TH-I were found within groups of other labeled and unlabeled axons and terminals (Figs. 2C, 4A, 5c). At least 2 types of TH-I terminals were morphologically distinguishable. These 2 types are described separately as they appear in micrographs of single sections; however, they may represen ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
... When we are awake and alert, most of the neurons in our brain – especially those in our forebrain – are active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we hav ...
... When we are awake and alert, most of the neurons in our brain – especially those in our forebrain – are active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we hav ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... populations in the vibrissal motor cortex (vM1) while mice learned a sensorimotor task involving whisking and object detection, followed by licking for a water reward. The vM1 is a subdivision of the primary motor cortex in which low-intensity stimulation evokes whisker movements8,16–18. Pyramidal-t ...
... populations in the vibrissal motor cortex (vM1) while mice learned a sensorimotor task involving whisking and object detection, followed by licking for a water reward. The vM1 is a subdivision of the primary motor cortex in which low-intensity stimulation evokes whisker movements8,16–18. Pyramidal-t ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... spontaneous discharge of cortical neurons under some conditions. Intracellular recordings in vivo from anesthetized rats indicate that the initial response of barrel neurons to whisker deflection is typically an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) (Carvell and Simons 1988; Moore and Nelson 1998 ...
... spontaneous discharge of cortical neurons under some conditions. Intracellular recordings in vivo from anesthetized rats indicate that the initial response of barrel neurons to whisker deflection is typically an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) (Carvell and Simons 1988; Moore and Nelson 1998 ...
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning
... By studying NR-driven synaptic modification in the framework of associative memory networks, we show that NR prunes the weaker synapses and modifies the remaining synapses in a sigmoidal manner. The critical variables that govern the pruning process are the degradation dimension and the upper synapt ...
... By studying NR-driven synaptic modification in the framework of associative memory networks, we show that NR prunes the weaker synapses and modifies the remaining synapses in a sigmoidal manner. The critical variables that govern the pruning process are the degradation dimension and the upper synapt ...
Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and
... receptive fields, indicating a greater degree of integration of visual information. It differs from lower-order sensory areas in that it has strong connections with diverse cortical structures such as limbic cortical regions believed to be important for emotions and drives, ventral temporal lobe are ...
... receptive fields, indicating a greater degree of integration of visual information. It differs from lower-order sensory areas in that it has strong connections with diverse cortical structures such as limbic cortical regions believed to be important for emotions and drives, ventral temporal lobe are ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... whether the unique localization of NOS in rat brain is species specific or might be generalized, we have mapped NOS immunoreactivity throughout monkey brain. In all regions examined, the cell and fiber groups stained are the same as in rat (data not shown). In certain areas of monkey brain we haveco ...
... whether the unique localization of NOS in rat brain is species specific or might be generalized, we have mapped NOS immunoreactivity throughout monkey brain. In all regions examined, the cell and fiber groups stained are the same as in rat (data not shown). In certain areas of monkey brain we haveco ...
Cortical Motor Organization, Mirror Neurons, and
... that, in the left hemisphere, correspond to Broca’s area (the ‘speech’ area) (see for ...
... that, in the left hemisphere, correspond to Broca’s area (the ‘speech’ area) (see for ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... (two STN and three GP neurons) when robust modulation could not be achieved, the position of the recorded unit was marked by a discrete extracellular deposit of neurobiotin (100 nA anodal current; 1 sec (50%) duty cycle for 30 – 60 min). After the experiment, the animals were given a lethal dose of ...
... (two STN and three GP neurons) when robust modulation could not be achieved, the position of the recorded unit was marked by a discrete extracellular deposit of neurobiotin (100 nA anodal current; 1 sec (50%) duty cycle for 30 – 60 min). After the experiment, the animals were given a lethal dose of ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... The Drosophila optic lobe contains four neuropils, each representing a different stage of visual processing: the lamina, medulla, lobula, and lobula plate (Morante and Desplan, 2004). Starting with the compound eye, visual signals are transmitted through a twodimensional array of modular longitudina ...
... The Drosophila optic lobe contains four neuropils, each representing a different stage of visual processing: the lamina, medulla, lobula, and lobula plate (Morante and Desplan, 2004). Starting with the compound eye, visual signals are transmitted through a twodimensional array of modular longitudina ...
donepezil dose-dependently inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.