Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... (Chapman et al., 1996; Ruthazer et al., 1999). One aim of this study was to characterize further the neurons involved in the late peak of GABA-ir neurons. We have hypothesized that GABA plays a special role late in cortical development as circuits are being fine-tuned and may operate through a diffe ...
... (Chapman et al., 1996; Ruthazer et al., 1999). One aim of this study was to characterize further the neurons involved in the late peak of GABA-ir neurons. We have hypothesized that GABA plays a special role late in cortical development as circuits are being fine-tuned and may operate through a diffe ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... process signals from the periphery (Mountcastle, 1957; Mountcastle and Powell, 1959; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; for review, see Mountcastle, 1997; Rockland, 1998). One striking example of such a modular organization is the “barrel” field in the somatosensory cortex of rodents. In layer 4 of the barrel ...
... process signals from the periphery (Mountcastle, 1957; Mountcastle and Powell, 1959; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; for review, see Mountcastle, 1997; Rockland, 1998). One striking example of such a modular organization is the “barrel” field in the somatosensory cortex of rodents. In layer 4 of the barrel ...
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... 6. In a neuron, the axon _______________________, and the dendrite ___________________________. a. synthesizes neurotransmitters; receives signals from other neurons b. conducts information to other neurons; generates action potentials c. generates action potentials; receives signals from other neur ...
... 6. In a neuron, the axon _______________________, and the dendrite ___________________________. a. synthesizes neurotransmitters; receives signals from other neurons b. conducts information to other neurons; generates action potentials c. generates action potentials; receives signals from other neur ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
Methamphetamine Users in Sustained Abstinence
... cover with prolonged abstinence.16,20-25 A series of positron emission tomography studies have tracked neuronal changes as a function of methamphetamine abstinence in human methamphetamine users. In 1 of the first positron emission tomography studies, McCann et al21 reported striatal dopamine trans ...
... cover with prolonged abstinence.16,20-25 A series of positron emission tomography studies have tracked neuronal changes as a function of methamphetamine abstinence in human methamphetamine users. In 1 of the first positron emission tomography studies, McCann et al21 reported striatal dopamine trans ...
Decoding Complete Reach and Grasp Actions from Local Primary
... duration) consisted of 20 – 40 reaching and grasping actions using a single object. Each trial block was subdivided into training, validation, and testing segments. The training segment spanned the first 60% of the data for each block, whereas the validation and testing segments each included 20%. T ...
... duration) consisted of 20 – 40 reaching and grasping actions using a single object. Each trial block was subdivided into training, validation, and testing segments. The training segment spanned the first 60% of the data for each block, whereas the validation and testing segments each included 20%. T ...
Muscle networks: Connectivity analysis of EMG activity during postural control
... has been extended to investigate the organization of multiple brain regions into coherent brain networks5,6. Complex network analysis has been widely used to characterize the organization of distributed brain activity, revealing that brain networks share many features common to other complex physica ...
... has been extended to investigate the organization of multiple brain regions into coherent brain networks5,6. Complex network analysis has been widely used to characterize the organization of distributed brain activity, revealing that brain networks share many features common to other complex physica ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... terminals were immunonegative for GABA, and in the cases investigated, were found to contain glutamate immunoreactivity. In material stained for the anterograde tracer and choline acetyltransferase, a total of 63 Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin varicosities closely associated with cholinergic pro ...
... terminals were immunonegative for GABA, and in the cases investigated, were found to contain glutamate immunoreactivity. In material stained for the anterograde tracer and choline acetyltransferase, a total of 63 Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin varicosities closely associated with cholinergic pro ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... One of the most studied networks in the human brain is the basal forebrain network, which is made up of large neurons that communicate with one another using a chemical transmitter called acetylcholine. This network has a key role in cognition, and its neurons are among the first to degenerate in Al ...
... One of the most studied networks in the human brain is the basal forebrain network, which is made up of large neurons that communicate with one another using a chemical transmitter called acetylcholine. This network has a key role in cognition, and its neurons are among the first to degenerate in Al ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with the intraoral trigeminal representation in S1. However, these results did not provide a direct comparison with human cortex bec ...
... provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with the intraoral trigeminal representation in S1. However, these results did not provide a direct comparison with human cortex bec ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
Current BCI Platforms
... - A measure of the electrical activity of the brain taken from beneath the skull ...
... - A measure of the electrical activity of the brain taken from beneath the skull ...
Table of Contents
... – (CT) computerized tomography - computer enhanced Xray – (PET) positron emission tomography - radioactively tagged chemicals serve as markers of blood flow or metabolic activity in the brain that are monitored by X-ray – (MRI) magnetic resonance imaging - uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and comp ...
... – (CT) computerized tomography - computer enhanced Xray – (PET) positron emission tomography - radioactively tagged chemicals serve as markers of blood flow or metabolic activity in the brain that are monitored by X-ray – (MRI) magnetic resonance imaging - uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and comp ...
Functional organization of inferior parietal lobule convexity in the
... IPL. Only sites located between the cortical surface and a depth of 3000 lm were included in the database. This depth was chosen in order to include the cortex lying inside the dimples present in the IPL convexity (mainly in PF and PFG, see Fig. 1A). Thus, seven was the maximum number of recording s ...
... IPL. Only sites located between the cortical surface and a depth of 3000 lm were included in the database. This depth was chosen in order to include the cortex lying inside the dimples present in the IPL convexity (mainly in PF and PFG, see Fig. 1A). Thus, seven was the maximum number of recording s ...
Reticular formation,sleep and wakefulness
... Lesions in the raphe nuclei lead to high state of wakefulness; ...
... Lesions in the raphe nuclei lead to high state of wakefulness; ...
Sensing Limb Movements in the Motor Cortex: How Humans Sense
... excites the muscle spindle afferents of the vibrated muscles and elicits an illusory limb movement. If we measure the brain activity while totally relaxed subjects experience illusory limb movements, we may detect brain areas that receive and process the kinesthetic afferent inputs. By taking advant ...
... excites the muscle spindle afferents of the vibrated muscles and elicits an illusory limb movement. If we measure the brain activity while totally relaxed subjects experience illusory limb movements, we may detect brain areas that receive and process the kinesthetic afferent inputs. By taking advant ...
A neural theory of speech acquisition and production
... commands to the primary motor cortex. It is this feedforward control of speech sounds via neurons in the speech sound map that we liken to the activity of mirror neurons during action production. In addition to driving the complex articulator movements required to produce speech sounds, neurons in t ...
... commands to the primary motor cortex. It is this feedforward control of speech sounds via neurons in the speech sound map that we liken to the activity of mirror neurons during action production. In addition to driving the complex articulator movements required to produce speech sounds, neurons in t ...
Encoding of Movement Fragments in the Motor Cortex
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
Convergent grey and white matter evidence of
... patients with FTD and found a difference in the performance of the Go/No-go and Alternate Tapping subtests of the Frontal Assessment Battery. Using a short version of a Go/No-go paradigm, Torralva et al. (2009) found a significant difference between behavioural variant FTD and Alzheimer’s disease. I ...
... patients with FTD and found a difference in the performance of the Go/No-go and Alternate Tapping subtests of the Frontal Assessment Battery. Using a short version of a Go/No-go paradigm, Torralva et al. (2009) found a significant difference between behavioural variant FTD and Alzheimer’s disease. I ...
19 CORTICAL PROJECTIONS FROM TWO PRESTRIATE AREAS IN
... Fig. 2. Diagrams of sections, taken at the levels indicated, from brain AM 20 with a punctate lesion at the striate-prestriate boundary (region of representation of the vertical meridian in area 18). The arrow on the surface view of the brain points to the lesion. The diagrams show the degeneration ...
... Fig. 2. Diagrams of sections, taken at the levels indicated, from brain AM 20 with a punctate lesion at the striate-prestriate boundary (region of representation of the vertical meridian in area 18). The arrow on the surface view of the brain points to the lesion. The diagrams show the degeneration ...
PDF - Folia Biologica
... thinking, planning and other cognitive functions that significantly differentiate human beings from other mammals. Mammalian neocortex consists of a plethora of neuronal types, each exhibiting specific structural, molecular and functional features (Ramón y Cajal, ...
... thinking, planning and other cognitive functions that significantly differentiate human beings from other mammals. Mammalian neocortex consists of a plethora of neuronal types, each exhibiting specific structural, molecular and functional features (Ramón y Cajal, ...
cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... release in the dopaminergic system5 as well as addiction.6 Previous cross-sectional studies have revealed that children who play large amounts of videogame and professional online gamers exhibited increased cortical thickness and regional gray matter volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC ...
... release in the dopaminergic system5 as well as addiction.6 Previous cross-sectional studies have revealed that children who play large amounts of videogame and professional online gamers exhibited increased cortical thickness and regional gray matter volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... Ion trafficking across biological membranes is mediated by channels and transporters, and these two types of molecules form the basis of electrical signaling in the nervous system. However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been ...
... Ion trafficking across biological membranes is mediated by channels and transporters, and these two types of molecules form the basis of electrical signaling in the nervous system. However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been ...
“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... with each other via reciprocal connections, so that optimal information processing is achieved at each local processor distributively [7]. This architecture was supported by a number of experimental findings, including the involvement of multiple, rather than a single, brain areas in visual-vestibul ...
... with each other via reciprocal connections, so that optimal information processing is achieved at each local processor distributively [7]. This architecture was supported by a number of experimental findings, including the involvement of multiple, rather than a single, brain areas in visual-vestibul ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.