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Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... Some biophysical mechanisms responsible for the bidirectional and multiplicative properties of synaptic scaling are understood. Direct application of glutamate4 and fluorescent labeling of receptors5,6 show that synaptic scaling is due to a postsynaptic change in the number of functional glutamate r ...
... Some biophysical mechanisms responsible for the bidirectional and multiplicative properties of synaptic scaling are understood. Direct application of glutamate4 and fluorescent labeling of receptors5,6 show that synaptic scaling is due to a postsynaptic change in the number of functional glutamate r ...
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... C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) They are initiated when the axon is depolarized sufficiently. E) They are followed by a refractory period. ANS: B REF: 41 MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain Which of the following does NOT occur during ...
... C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) They are initiated when the axon is depolarized sufficiently. E) They are followed by a refractory period. ANS: B REF: 41 MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain Which of the following does NOT occur during ...
Seminar Chronic disorders of consciousness
... high-technology treatment to preserve or restore brain function, the primary aim of therapeutics. Management of a patient in a vegetative state or a minimally conscious state requires carefully reaching the correct diagnosis, pronouncing an evidence-based prognosis, and thoughtfully considering the ...
... high-technology treatment to preserve or restore brain function, the primary aim of therapeutics. Management of a patient in a vegetative state or a minimally conscious state requires carefully reaching the correct diagnosis, pronouncing an evidence-based prognosis, and thoughtfully considering the ...
Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Behavior MULTIPLE CHOICE 1
... MSC: TYPE: Medium 14. According to the theory of evolution: a. different species arose from different ancestors b. humans belong to their own, unique family tree c. present day humans descended from a creature related to apes d. humans and chimps share only 1% of their DNA ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's ...
... MSC: TYPE: Medium 14. According to the theory of evolution: a. different species arose from different ancestors b. humans belong to their own, unique family tree c. present day humans descended from a creature related to apes d. humans and chimps share only 1% of their DNA ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's ...
disparity detection from stereo
... correspondence problem have been explored using area-based, feature-based, pixel-based, and phase-based as well as Bayesian approaches [8]. While those approaches have obtained limited success in special problems, it is becoming increasingly clear that they are not robust against wide variations in ...
... correspondence problem have been explored using area-based, feature-based, pixel-based, and phase-based as well as Bayesian approaches [8]. While those approaches have obtained limited success in special problems, it is becoming increasingly clear that they are not robust against wide variations in ...
Spatiotemporal Profiles of Proprioception Processed by
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation
... maximally integrated and differentiated and that supports a restful but alert attentional state with itself as its object, while only minimally perturbed by external sensory influences (Josephson 1978). By this accord, we would expect this functional core to involve structures in several spatially d ...
... maximally integrated and differentiated and that supports a restful but alert attentional state with itself as its object, while only minimally perturbed by external sensory influences (Josephson 1978). By this accord, we would expect this functional core to involve structures in several spatially d ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... and in this focal plane gives rise to four primary dendrites. The dendrites are initially spine free and then become densely laden with spines, usually after the first bifurcation. An individual MSN possesses 10 000–15 000 spines, each of which receives a glutamatergic input at its head (see Figure ...
... and in this focal plane gives rise to four primary dendrites. The dendrites are initially spine free and then become densely laden with spines, usually after the first bifurcation. An individual MSN possesses 10 000–15 000 spines, each of which receives a glutamatergic input at its head (see Figure ...
Measurement of Corpus Callosum in Sudanese Population Using MRI
... The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by three layers of tissue called meninges. From the outermost layer inward they are: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is a strong, thick membrane that closely lines the inside of the skull; its two layers, the perioste ...
... The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by three layers of tissue called meninges. From the outermost layer inward they are: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is a strong, thick membrane that closely lines the inside of the skull; its two layers, the perioste ...
Layer III Neurons Control Synchronized Waves in the Immature
... different directions may carry different information content (Roland et al., 2006; Rubino et al., 2006; Takahashi et al., 2011a). Previous studies have focused mainly on the macroscopic behavior of waves, and little is known about how the waves emerge, propagate, terminate, or reflect at the microci ...
... different directions may carry different information content (Roland et al., 2006; Rubino et al., 2006; Takahashi et al., 2011a). Previous studies have focused mainly on the macroscopic behavior of waves, and little is known about how the waves emerge, propagate, terminate, or reflect at the microci ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... normal as assessed by histological stainings (Gallyas for myelinated fiber tracts; Golgi for random labeling of individual neurons) and marker expression (NeuN for differentiated neurons; Ctip2 for layer 5/6 projection neurons) (Fig. 1a– d). Neither microglia activation nor astrogliosis was observed ...
... normal as assessed by histological stainings (Gallyas for myelinated fiber tracts; Golgi for random labeling of individual neurons) and marker expression (NeuN for differentiated neurons; Ctip2 for layer 5/6 projection neurons) (Fig. 1a– d). Neither microglia activation nor astrogliosis was observed ...
Age-related changes in processing speed: unique contributions of
... networks appear to share topological features with functional networks (He et al., 2007; Honey et al., 2007), due in part to underlying long and short range fiber connections between regions (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009). As a consequence, structural and functional networks can be affected in conditio ...
... networks appear to share topological features with functional networks (He et al., 2007; Honey et al., 2007), due in part to underlying long and short range fiber connections between regions (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009). As a consequence, structural and functional networks can be affected in conditio ...
Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... AMG grains shown in the sections developed around bismuth ions. Data proving that the catalytic bismuth compounds were bismuth sulfide/selenide clusters have been published previously (15). It has been demonstrated that bismuth can penetrate the blood barrier (4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 18), and bismuth has ...
... AMG grains shown in the sections developed around bismuth ions. Data proving that the catalytic bismuth compounds were bismuth sulfide/selenide clusters have been published previously (15). It has been demonstrated that bismuth can penetrate the blood barrier (4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 18), and bismuth has ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... controls and in both groups of experimental animals. Thus, mouse NGF profoundly influences the process of axotomyinduced retrograde degeneration in cholinergic BFMC neurons in primates. The in vivo effectiveness of mouse NGF on primate BFMC neurons suggests that mouse or human recombinant NGF may be ...
... controls and in both groups of experimental animals. Thus, mouse NGF profoundly influences the process of axotomyinduced retrograde degeneration in cholinergic BFMC neurons in primates. The in vivo effectiveness of mouse NGF on primate BFMC neurons suggests that mouse or human recombinant NGF may be ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
Carlisi_preprint_revisions2
... fMRI TD task in inferior frontal cortex (IFC), insula, striatal and cerebellar regions (Rubia et al., 2009) and significantly weaker correlations between better TD and activation during delayed choices in IFC, superior temporal lobes, insula, supplementary motor area and cerebellum (Chantiluke et al ...
... fMRI TD task in inferior frontal cortex (IFC), insula, striatal and cerebellar regions (Rubia et al., 2009) and significantly weaker correlations between better TD and activation during delayed choices in IFC, superior temporal lobes, insula, supplementary motor area and cerebellum (Chantiluke et al ...
Galanin in Alzheimer s disease: Neuroinhibitory or neuroprotective?
... injury. Along these lines, GAL is dramatically upregulated following several experimental injury paradigms in the rat central and peripheral nervous systems, including olfactory bulbectomy [50], hypophysectomy [51], neurochemical dorsal raphe lesions [52], immunotoxic basal forebrain lesions [53], p ...
... injury. Along these lines, GAL is dramatically upregulated following several experimental injury paradigms in the rat central and peripheral nervous systems, including olfactory bulbectomy [50], hypophysectomy [51], neurochemical dorsal raphe lesions [52], immunotoxic basal forebrain lesions [53], p ...
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... and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Define/Describe 15. Regarding the nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye. b. The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c. There are ...
... and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Define/Describe 15. Regarding the nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye. b. The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c. There are ...
body proportions in infancy and early childhood
... – Brain cells that are specialized to communicate with one another to make it possible for people to sense the world, think, move their body, and carry out their lives ...
... – Brain cells that are specialized to communicate with one another to make it possible for people to sense the world, think, move their body, and carry out their lives ...
Reward-Related Responses in the Human Striatum
... signal during affective outcomes. First, while activation in both dorsal and ventral striatum was observed during delivery of rewards and punishments in the card-guessing game, the intensity of the fMRI signal was higher in the dorsal striatum, predominantly the head of the caudate nucleus.36 This w ...
... signal during affective outcomes. First, while activation in both dorsal and ventral striatum was observed during delivery of rewards and punishments in the card-guessing game, the intensity of the fMRI signal was higher in the dorsal striatum, predominantly the head of the caudate nucleus.36 This w ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... tended to “concentrate in ascending and descending dorsoventral bundles”. However, he was not able to determine how far the fibers continued. Today we know that the fibers of DRN target a multitude of regions, both close to and far from the DRN itself, throughout the brain and spinal cord. Some of t ...
... tended to “concentrate in ascending and descending dorsoventral bundles”. However, he was not able to determine how far the fibers continued. Today we know that the fibers of DRN target a multitude of regions, both close to and far from the DRN itself, throughout the brain and spinal cord. Some of t ...
Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self
... to consider the particular research question which RPE is being used to assess when administering RPE scales. Within sports science research RPE is often taken as a secondary measure in order to vaguely describe one’s sensations during exercise. As such, it is plausible that the primary research mea ...
... to consider the particular research question which RPE is being used to assess when administering RPE scales. Within sports science research RPE is often taken as a secondary measure in order to vaguely describe one’s sensations during exercise. As such, it is plausible that the primary research mea ...
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... When analyzing architectonic organization in the PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observ ...
... When analyzing architectonic organization in the PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observ ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... hippocampus, piriform cortex, neocortex and thalamus (Krnjevic and Phillis, 1963; Krjnevic et al., 1971; see review in Hasselmo, 1995). Here the review will focus on data regarding cholinergic modulation in the hippocampus and piriform cortex, but data from the neocortex suggests similar principles ...
... hippocampus, piriform cortex, neocortex and thalamus (Krnjevic and Phillis, 1963; Krjnevic et al., 1971; see review in Hasselmo, 1995). Here the review will focus on data regarding cholinergic modulation in the hippocampus and piriform cortex, but data from the neocortex suggests similar principles ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... definition but recent studies indicate that it is excitatory and possibly glutamatergic 6'7. The neurotransmitter of SNc neurons is dopamine (DA). The striatum is primarily composed of projection neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collatera ...
... definition but recent studies indicate that it is excitatory and possibly glutamatergic 6'7. The neurotransmitter of SNc neurons is dopamine (DA). The striatum is primarily composed of projection neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collatera ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.