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Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... (Cebus apella; 1.3–2.4 kg; four males and four females) (Table 1). We placed multiple injections of virus into the SMA (n ⫽ 7) or into the pre-SMA (n ⫽ 3). In most cases, the virus injection into the SMA was centered on the hand representation (e.g., fingers and wrist), but in one case, the entire a ...
... (Cebus apella; 1.3–2.4 kg; four males and four females) (Table 1). We placed multiple injections of virus into the SMA (n ⫽ 7) or into the pre-SMA (n ⫽ 3). In most cases, the virus injection into the SMA was centered on the hand representation (e.g., fingers and wrist), but in one case, the entire a ...
Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates
... found anterior to those modulated by proximal forelimb movements. These findings concur with results obtained using microstimulation ŽRefs. w149,166x; see Fig. 2C.. 2.1.2. Multiple sub-areas of monkey DMFC Based on cytoarchitectonics, Matelli et al. w159x partitioned the DMFC into four regions: F2, ...
... found anterior to those modulated by proximal forelimb movements. These findings concur with results obtained using microstimulation ŽRefs. w149,166x; see Fig. 2C.. 2.1.2. Multiple sub-areas of monkey DMFC Based on cytoarchitectonics, Matelli et al. w159x partitioned the DMFC into four regions: F2, ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... circuits. On the other hand, for systems neurophysiologists working with alert animals, who have long recorded single neurons with tremendous success in uncovering neural correlates of behavior, understanding coordinated neural population patterns in a circuit represents a new challenge. Moreover, c ...
... circuits. On the other hand, for systems neurophysiologists working with alert animals, who have long recorded single neurons with tremendous success in uncovering neural correlates of behavior, understanding coordinated neural population patterns in a circuit represents a new challenge. Moreover, c ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Topic: Genetics and Inheritance Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer: b. 21st 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? a. reliance on others to meet one’s basic needs b. mental retardation c. behavior that is modifiable through training d. an extra chromosome in the 23rd ...
... Topic: Genetics and Inheritance Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer: b. 21st 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? a. reliance on others to meet one’s basic needs b. mental retardation c. behavior that is modifiable through training d. an extra chromosome in the 23rd ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... (Purpura 1974). Studies have shown decreases in spine density in neocortical pyramidal neurons in patients with schizophrenia. One study of schizophrenics found 59 and 66% decreases in spine density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et ...
... (Purpura 1974). Studies have shown decreases in spine density in neocortical pyramidal neurons in patients with schizophrenia. One study of schizophrenics found 59 and 66% decreases in spine density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et ...
synaptic connections made by axons
... direction or position of any established long axonal projection in the adult mammalian CNS. In the mature animal, constraints on fluctuations in connectivity to the narrow range covered by dendrites and axon terminals could reflect an evolutionary need to maintain the main configuration of developme ...
... direction or position of any established long axonal projection in the adult mammalian CNS. In the mature animal, constraints on fluctuations in connectivity to the narrow range covered by dendrites and axon terminals could reflect an evolutionary need to maintain the main configuration of developme ...
Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three
... designed thereafter as striatum. This term should not be confused with the so-called ‘neostriatum’ a component of the chick ADVR (see below). The ADVR, a thickening of the lateral telencephalic wall, was initially described on morphological grounds in reptiles. The ADVR is bounded by two sulci, whic ...
... designed thereafter as striatum. This term should not be confused with the so-called ‘neostriatum’ a component of the chick ADVR (see below). The ADVR, a thickening of the lateral telencephalic wall, was initially described on morphological grounds in reptiles. The ADVR is bounded by two sulci, whic ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... compared with primary sensory and motor cortices. Similar regional and laminar distributions of CB1-IR axons were also present in the human neocortex. CB1-IR axons had more prominent varicosities in human tissue, but this difference appeared to represent a postmortem effect as similar morphological ...
... compared with primary sensory and motor cortices. Similar regional and laminar distributions of CB1-IR axons were also present in the human neocortex. CB1-IR axons had more prominent varicosities in human tissue, but this difference appeared to represent a postmortem effect as similar morphological ...
PDF
... cortex instructs primary motor cortex, which in turn instructs the spinal cord (Fulton, 1935). However, both premotor and primary motor cortex project directly to the spinal cord in complex, overlapping patterns (Dum and Strick, 1991, 1996; Maier et al., 2002), suggesting that a simple hierarchy may ...
... cortex instructs primary motor cortex, which in turn instructs the spinal cord (Fulton, 1935). However, both premotor and primary motor cortex project directly to the spinal cord in complex, overlapping patterns (Dum and Strick, 1991, 1996; Maier et al., 2002), suggesting that a simple hierarchy may ...
Document
... More in details, NGF consists of three subunits, a, b and g which interact to form a 7S complex of approximately 27 kDa in weight. The 7S complex contains two identical 118 amino acid b chains, which are solely responsible for the trophic activity of NGF. Mature b-NGF is synthesized from prepro-b NG ...
... More in details, NGF consists of three subunits, a, b and g which interact to form a 7S complex of approximately 27 kDa in weight. The 7S complex contains two identical 118 amino acid b chains, which are solely responsible for the trophic activity of NGF. Mature b-NGF is synthesized from prepro-b NG ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... salience. Here, we review studies that have addressed this issue in a number of key brain areas, all of which have been shown to exhibit neural activity modulated by expectation of appetitive and aversive stimuli when studied independently. We first review the non-human animal literature and then re ...
... salience. Here, we review studies that have addressed this issue in a number of key brain areas, all of which have been shown to exhibit neural activity modulated by expectation of appetitive and aversive stimuli when studied independently. We first review the non-human animal literature and then re ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... Concerning the nature of the face representation, several studies indicate that when examining the global functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal within the most selective face-related area (found in the posterior fusiform gyrus, known as the fusiform face area [FFA] [Kanwisher and other ...
... Concerning the nature of the face representation, several studies indicate that when examining the global functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal within the most selective face-related area (found in the posterior fusiform gyrus, known as the fusiform face area [FFA] [Kanwisher and other ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... France; and 2Faculty of Biology, Department of Physiology and Zoology, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain ...
... France; and 2Faculty of Biology, Department of Physiology and Zoology, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... The outlines of sections and the locations of injection sites, labeled processes, and tissue landmarks (e.g., blood vessels, spinal lamina, cortical cytoarchitecture) were plotted and stored using a computerized charting system (Minnesota Datametrics). This system uses optical encoders to sense x-y ...
... The outlines of sections and the locations of injection sites, labeled processes, and tissue landmarks (e.g., blood vessels, spinal lamina, cortical cytoarchitecture) were plotted and stored using a computerized charting system (Minnesota Datametrics). This system uses optical encoders to sense x-y ...
Auditory cortical processing: Binaural interaction in healthy
... A great deal of current knowledge of the structure and function of the human auditory central nervous system is based on studies of small mammals and primates. However, human anatomy and physiology differ from animals, and humans use more complicated acoustic signals than animals, e.g. speech and mu ...
... A great deal of current knowledge of the structure and function of the human auditory central nervous system is based on studies of small mammals and primates. However, human anatomy and physiology differ from animals, and humans use more complicated acoustic signals than animals, e.g. speech and mu ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... Neurons in the rat central nervous system (CNS) were examined for their content of both the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetyl-CoA, choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.16), and the transmitter-degrading enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT was localized i ...
... Neurons in the rat central nervous system (CNS) were examined for their content of both the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetyl-CoA, choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.16), and the transmitter-degrading enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT was localized i ...
Functional segregation of the temporal lobes into highly
... ON/OFF conditions, the OFF conditions are often silent resting conditions. These awake resting states can probably influence the differences between the tasks by having an own, consistent pattern of activation. Therefore, a welldefined baseline is still a matter of issue (see Gusnard et al., 2001, f ...
... ON/OFF conditions, the OFF conditions are often silent resting conditions. These awake resting states can probably influence the differences between the tasks by having an own, consistent pattern of activation. Therefore, a welldefined baseline is still a matter of issue (see Gusnard et al., 2001, f ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Topic: Genetics and Inheritance Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer: b. 21st 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? a. reliance on others to meet one’s basic needs b. mental retardation c. behavior that is modifiable through training d. an extra chromosome in the 23rd ...
... Topic: Genetics and Inheritance Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer: b. 21st 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? a. reliance on others to meet one’s basic needs b. mental retardation c. behavior that is modifiable through training d. an extra chromosome in the 23rd ...
Sample
... Topic: Genetics and Inheritance Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer: b. 21st 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? a. reliance on others to meet one’s basic needs b. mental retardation c. behavior that is modifiable through training d. an extra chromosome in the 23rd ...
... Topic: Genetics and Inheritance Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer: b. 21st 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? a. reliance on others to meet one’s basic needs b. mental retardation c. behavior that is modifiable through training d. an extra chromosome in the 23rd ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... It has now been widely agreed that the PPN is composed by a mixture of neurons of different sizes, of different neurochemical phenotype and with distinct connectivity. Cholinergic neurons represent a minority of the neurons in the PPN and are intermingled amongst a large number of GABAergic and glut ...
... It has now been widely agreed that the PPN is composed by a mixture of neurons of different sizes, of different neurochemical phenotype and with distinct connectivity. Cholinergic neurons represent a minority of the neurons in the PPN and are intermingled amongst a large number of GABAergic and glut ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... biological neurons. The power consumed by the software implementations are up to 500 billion times more and neo-cortical simulator result is half of the biological data. An obvious reason for such error in the simulation is lack of physical interconnections that shall account for significant power c ...
... biological neurons. The power consumed by the software implementations are up to 500 billion times more and neo-cortical simulator result is half of the biological data. An obvious reason for such error in the simulation is lack of physical interconnections that shall account for significant power c ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... of coordination with the other two neurons during one or more of the three stimuli (airjet 1 or airjet 2 or combined airjet stimulation), but not necessarily in response to the same stimulus. After applying these criteria to our sample of 360 neuronal trios, we identified 26 trios that showed signif ...
... of coordination with the other two neurons during one or more of the three stimuli (airjet 1 or airjet 2 or combined airjet stimulation), but not necessarily in response to the same stimulus. After applying these criteria to our sample of 360 neuronal trios, we identified 26 trios that showed signif ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... of the central nervous system innervated by the magnocellular BFCNs (4). NGF promotes the differentiation of BFCNs (5), ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), and reverses atrophy of BFCNs (7) and spatial memory impairments in aged rats (8–10). A decline in the integrity of the ...
... of the central nervous system innervated by the magnocellular BFCNs (4). NGF promotes the differentiation of BFCNs (5), ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), and reverses atrophy of BFCNs (7) and spatial memory impairments in aged rats (8–10). A decline in the integrity of the ...
Point-Light Biological Motion Perception Activates Human Premotor
... spherical surface were applied. We performed simulations with a set of surfaces and a set of points on the cortex and found this to correspond approximately to a Gaussian filter with a full-width at half-maximum of 7 mm, along the cortical surface (A. P. Saygin and D. J. Hagler, unpublished simulati ...
... spherical surface were applied. We performed simulations with a set of surfaces and a set of points on the cortex and found this to correspond approximately to a Gaussian filter with a full-width at half-maximum of 7 mm, along the cortical surface (A. P. Saygin and D. J. Hagler, unpublished simulati ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... 1917). In the 1930s Penfield found a topographically organized representation of the entire body in human M1 ("homunculus"), where the lips and tongue, thumb and hand receive a disproportionally large representation (Penfield and Boldrey, 1937). A homologous map was found in monkeys (Woolsey et al. ...
... 1917). In the 1930s Penfield found a topographically organized representation of the entire body in human M1 ("homunculus"), where the lips and tongue, thumb and hand receive a disproportionally large representation (Penfield and Boldrey, 1937). A homologous map was found in monkeys (Woolsey et al. ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.