Chapter 18
... effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs immediately after a response occurs. If the reinforcing stimulus is delayed, it becomes considerably less effective. The reason for this fact is found by examining the function of instrumental conditioning: learning about the consequen ...
... effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs immediately after a response occurs. If the reinforcing stimulus is delayed, it becomes considerably less effective. The reason for this fact is found by examining the function of instrumental conditioning: learning about the consequen ...
Negative Reinforcement
... effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs immediately after a response occurs. If the reinforcing stimulus is delayed, it becomes considerably less effective. The reason for this fact is found by examining the function of instrumental conditioning: learning about the consequen ...
... effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs immediately after a response occurs. If the reinforcing stimulus is delayed, it becomes considerably less effective. The reason for this fact is found by examining the function of instrumental conditioning: learning about the consequen ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward projections originate from the V1 neurons and terminate on both excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the V2 region. The output weights extending from one V1 neuron take on a Gaussian pattern which is identical for ...
... All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward projections originate from the V1 neurons and terminate on both excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the V2 region. The output weights extending from one V1 neuron take on a Gaussian pattern which is identical for ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
... the right synapses at the right time, if DA is released globally to many synapses? In this paper, we show how the credit assignment problem can be solved in a simulated network of cortical spiking neurons with DA-modulated plasticity. An important aspect of DA modulation of synaptic plasticity is it ...
... the right synapses at the right time, if DA is released globally to many synapses? In this paper, we show how the credit assignment problem can be solved in a simulated network of cortical spiking neurons with DA-modulated plasticity. An important aspect of DA modulation of synaptic plasticity is it ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be crucial for expression and likely storage of long-term memory. However, little is known about how ACC activity is influenced by hippocampal ripple activity during sleep. We report here about coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripple activity and ...
... cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be crucial for expression and likely storage of long-term memory. However, little is known about how ACC activity is influenced by hippocampal ripple activity during sleep. We report here about coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripple activity and ...
Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)
... almost completely blocked by either lesions of the serotonin system or blockade of serotonin (5-HT) neuron activity by a combination of 5-HT1A plus 5-HT1B receptor agonists (Carta et al., 2007). These findings suggested that L-DOPA-derived DA, released as a “false transmitter” from serotonin termina ...
... almost completely blocked by either lesions of the serotonin system or blockade of serotonin (5-HT) neuron activity by a combination of 5-HT1A plus 5-HT1B receptor agonists (Carta et al., 2007). These findings suggested that L-DOPA-derived DA, released as a “false transmitter” from serotonin termina ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... cares about small constant factors in the size of networks, or one wants to model the actual architecture of cortical circuits (see Douglas et al., 1995; Shepherd, 1990). It is mathematically more convenient to assume that the potential Pv has value 0 in the absence of postsynaptic potentials, and t ...
... cares about small constant factors in the size of networks, or one wants to model the actual architecture of cortical circuits (see Douglas et al., 1995; Shepherd, 1990). It is mathematically more convenient to assume that the potential Pv has value 0 in the absence of postsynaptic potentials, and t ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... the central pattern-generating networks that control rhythmic movements of the foregut (Harris-Warrick et al., 1992). One of the most remarkable features of this nervous system is the richness and diversity of its neuromodulatory control systems. Specifically, although the stomatogastric ganglion (S ...
... the central pattern-generating networks that control rhythmic movements of the foregut (Harris-Warrick et al., 1992). One of the most remarkable features of this nervous system is the richness and diversity of its neuromodulatory control systems. Specifically, although the stomatogastric ganglion (S ...
- Atherosclerosis
... between groups (Table 2). Animals had a good nutritional development, as documented by weight gain and serum protein levels (Table 2). No differences were seen in serum total protein and albumin levels (Table 2). No differences were seen in total serum cholesterol at the beginning and sixth week of ...
... between groups (Table 2). Animals had a good nutritional development, as documented by weight gain and serum protein levels (Table 2). No differences were seen in serum total protein and albumin levels (Table 2). No differences were seen in total serum cholesterol at the beginning and sixth week of ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... glial cells that often wrap Purkinje cell dendrites. Purkinje cells were easily identified on the basis of their large size and distinctive morphology. Purkinje cells in the vermis were used for these experiments. Distance of the dendrite from which the patch was formed was measured from the center ...
... glial cells that often wrap Purkinje cell dendrites. Purkinje cells were easily identified on the basis of their large size and distinctive morphology. Purkinje cells in the vermis were used for these experiments. Distance of the dendrite from which the patch was formed was measured from the center ...
Fasting induces ketoacidosis and hypothermia in PDHK2/PDHK4
... many tissues by fasting and diabetes [12] and transcription of its gene is regulated by insulin, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormone and fatty acids [16,17]. Inactivation of the PDH complex by phosphorylation helps to maintain euglycaemia during fasting, but contributes to hyperglycaemia in Type 2 diab ...
... many tissues by fasting and diabetes [12] and transcription of its gene is regulated by insulin, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormone and fatty acids [16,17]. Inactivation of the PDH complex by phosphorylation helps to maintain euglycaemia during fasting, but contributes to hyperglycaemia in Type 2 diab ...
Ch. 2 - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... If action potentials are all or none, how does the nervous system code differences in sensory stimulus amplitudes? What property (or properties) of ion channels makes them selective to only one ion such as K+, and not another such as Na+? Is it the size of the channel, other factors, or a combinatio ...
... If action potentials are all or none, how does the nervous system code differences in sensory stimulus amplitudes? What property (or properties) of ion channels makes them selective to only one ion such as K+, and not another such as Na+? Is it the size of the channel, other factors, or a combinatio ...
Hypothalamus
... as well as in basal forebrain neurons with diffuse cortical projections. Similarly, this manipulation reduces motor activity, metabolic function and respiratory rate, suggesting that the compensatory responses to thermal stress may be expressed through the same circuitry involved in the initiation of ...
... as well as in basal forebrain neurons with diffuse cortical projections. Similarly, this manipulation reduces motor activity, metabolic function and respiratory rate, suggesting that the compensatory responses to thermal stress may be expressed through the same circuitry involved in the initiation of ...
Gap Junctions in the Ventral Hippocampal-Medial
... Correspondence should be addressed to Elizabeth Gould, Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
... Correspondence should be addressed to Elizabeth Gould, Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
Degeneration and impaired regeneration of gray matter
... oligodendrocytes, is markedly altered in the spinal cord of a mouse model of ALS (SOD1 (G93A))5,6. By end stage of disease, NG2+ cells exhibit the highest rate of proliferation of any cell type in the spinal cord of these mice, and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes is markedly enhanced5, s ...
... oligodendrocytes, is markedly altered in the spinal cord of a mouse model of ALS (SOD1 (G93A))5,6. By end stage of disease, NG2+ cells exhibit the highest rate of proliferation of any cell type in the spinal cord of these mice, and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes is markedly enhanced5, s ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... demonstrate that ATP13A2 is localized to intracellular acidic vesicular compartments in cultured neurons. In the human brain, ATP13A2 is localized to pyramidal neurons within the cerebral cortex and dopaminergic and cortical pyramidal neurons of Parkinson’s disease brains compared to normal control ...
... demonstrate that ATP13A2 is localized to intracellular acidic vesicular compartments in cultured neurons. In the human brain, ATP13A2 is localized to pyramidal neurons within the cerebral cortex and dopaminergic and cortical pyramidal neurons of Parkinson’s disease brains compared to normal control ...
Table of Contents
... are mediated by the GABAA receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel (Schofield et al., 1987). In vertebrate neurons, chloride ions are pumped out of the cell; thus, activation of GABA receptors will permit chloride to diffuse into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of t ...
... are mediated by the GABAA receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel (Schofield et al., 1987). In vertebrate neurons, chloride ions are pumped out of the cell; thus, activation of GABA receptors will permit chloride to diffuse into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of t ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... (Barish, 1986; O’Dowd et al., 1988; Spitzer and Ribera, 1998). In Xenopus, Kv2.2 transcripts are present in the spinal cord during the period when action potentials mature from long-duration calcium-dependent impulses to brief sodium-driven spikes (Gurantz et al., 1996; Ribera and Burger, 1996). Kv2 ...
... (Barish, 1986; O’Dowd et al., 1988; Spitzer and Ribera, 1998). In Xenopus, Kv2.2 transcripts are present in the spinal cord during the period when action potentials mature from long-duration calcium-dependent impulses to brief sodium-driven spikes (Gurantz et al., 1996; Ribera and Burger, 1996). Kv2 ...
Interaction between calmodulin and ER
... Calmodulin and ER ◇Interaction between calmodulin and ER (iv) Ca2+/calmodulin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of ER (v) association of calmodulin with activated estrogen-ER complex increases the interaction of the complex with ERE (vi) calmodulin is required for the formation of ...
... Calmodulin and ER ◇Interaction between calmodulin and ER (iv) Ca2+/calmodulin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of ER (v) association of calmodulin with activated estrogen-ER complex increases the interaction of the complex with ERE (vi) calmodulin is required for the formation of ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
Synaptic Targets of Medial Septal Projections in the Hippocampus
... or dendrites immunopositive for interneuron cell-type molecular markers, such as parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, N-terminal EFhand calcium-binding protein 1, cholecystokinin, reelin, or a combination of these molecules. Electron microscopic observations revealed septal boutons forming axosomatic ...
... or dendrites immunopositive for interneuron cell-type molecular markers, such as parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, N-terminal EFhand calcium-binding protein 1, cholecystokinin, reelin, or a combination of these molecules. Electron microscopic observations revealed septal boutons forming axosomatic ...