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Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the

... number of additional aberrant morphological features suggesting that these neurons represent cells that were affected during their initial morphogenesis. Olfactory projection neurons with aberrant morphologies were also encountered, although less frequently (7.5% of the neurons examined), in control ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review

... which cutaneous and visceral cold and warm sensation and/or reductions or elevations in brain temperature elicit changes in thermoregulatory effector tissues to counter or protect against changes in the temperature of the brain and other critical organ tissues. The effector mechanisms for cold defen ...
Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the
Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the

... major subject of many studies (4). However, the changes that occur in the central nervous system due to long-term acid exposure in the esophagus are not well explained. In this study, the difference in NADPH-d staining in the sham, ranitidine, and chronic gastroesophageal reflux groups was studied. ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the

... lobes and in the pedunculus and form bleb-like structures in the calyces (Mobbs, 1982; Gronenberg, 1987; Rybak and Menzel, 1993), indicating postsynaptic terminals in the lobes and presynaptic endings in the calyces for these neurons. Feedback neurons, thus, would transmit information from the outpu ...
Introduction
Introduction

... event which is required for cytochrome c release in response to DNA damage in sympathetic neurons14, we anticipated that p53 deficient neurons might be resistant to apoptosis at multiple points in the apoptotic pathway. Consistent with this known premitochondrial function of p53 in neurons, while t ...
Aggregate Input-Output Models of Neuronal Populations
Aggregate Input-Output Models of Neuronal Populations

... order statistics such as cross-correlation and coherence measures are often used to gauge the relationship between the spiking activity of pairs of neurons [4], [5]. However, these are limited measures that provide snapshots of interactions between individual neurons from different regions. They she ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher

... In the first brain relay of the olfactory system, odors are encoded by combinations of glomeruli, but it is not known how glomerular signals are ultimately integrated. In Drosophila melanogaster, the majority of glomerular projections target the lateral horn. Here we show that lateral horn neurons ( ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of

... GALP is mainly produced in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and is involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and energy metabolism, with GALP-containing neurons forming networks with several feeding-regulating peptide-containing neurons. The effects of GALP on food intake and body weight are co ...
Mietzsch U, McKenna J 3rd, Reith RM, Way SW, Gambello MJ. Comparative analysis of Tsc1 and Tsc2 single and double radial glial cell mutants. J Comp Neurol. 2013 Nov. 521(16):3817-31.
Mietzsch U, McKenna J 3rd, Reith RM, Way SW, Gambello MJ. Comparative analysis of Tsc1 and Tsc2 single and double radial glial cell mutants. J Comp Neurol. 2013 Nov. 521(16):3817-31.

... TSC2 (tuberin), are responsible for most cases. Hamartin and tuberin form a heterodimer that functions as a major cellular inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase. Genotypephenotype studies suggest that TSC2 mutations are associated with a more severe neurologic phen ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1

... he postburst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) has been repeatedly demonstrated ex vivo to be reduced in hippocampal pyramidal neurons after hippocampus-dependent learning, such as the trace eyeblink conditioning (EBC) task (1). Trace EBC is a hippocampus-dependent task (2–4) that, like others (5, 6), re ...
Changes in the connections of the main olfactory bulb after mitral
Changes in the connections of the main olfactory bulb after mitral

... OR) was injected iontophoretically into the OB. The animals were first anaesthetized with a solution composed of ketamine (120 lg/g body weight [b.w.]), diazepam (8 lg/g b.w.) and atropine (0.48 lg/g b.w.) and were then fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus. After exposing the surface of the skull, the bon ...
Leptin: A metabolic signal affecting central regulation of
Leptin: A metabolic signal affecting central regulation of

... The discovery of the obesity gene and its product, leptin, it is now possible to examine the relationship between body fat and the neuroendocrine axis. A minimum percentage of body fat may be linked to onset of puberty and weaning-to-estrus interval in the pig. Adipose tissue is no longer considered ...
Chapter 13 Stress and Glucocorticoid Contributions to Normal and
Chapter 13 Stress and Glucocorticoid Contributions to Normal and

... decrements in LTP have been observed after 3 months of elevated corticosterone in middle­aged rats [60]. These studies demonstrate that GCs alone are capable of reducing plasticity in hippocampus. Adrenalectomy of adult rats reduces the ability of stress to diminish LTP [109]. Adrenalectomy also red ...
212_spring_2005_Platelets
212_spring_2005_Platelets

... • Exposure of flowing blood and platelets to subendothelial components • Platelets bind to the subendothelial collagen bound to von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is secreted from endothelial cells directly into the subendothelial space or adsorbed from plasma following endothelial cell secretion • ...
6 slides per sheet
6 slides per sheet

... to the differentiated state (adult neuron). 3. Neuronal induction requires specific contact between groups of cells; embryonic morphogenesis allows this to occur. 4. Positional information is created early by asymmetric distribution of molecules. These form axes (Animal/Veg, D/V, Ant/Post) that guid ...
- TestbankU
- TestbankU

... Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons. 2.1-34. A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells. a. phagocyte b. Schwann c. microglia d. astrocyte e. microtubule Difficulty: 1 Questi ...
Pathophys - Endocrine
Pathophys - Endocrine

... 3) Premature peripheral vascular disease 4) Palmar Xanthomas (in palmar crease) = pathognomonic 5) Tuberous or tuberoeruptive xanthoma – common, less specific 6) Tendon xanthomas and xanthelesmas (eyelid) 1) Exacerbating secondary factor 2) TG↑↑pancreatitis, eruptive xanthomas 3) Assoc. w obese and ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy

... pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and reorganization of extracellular matrix leading to changes in neuronal networks. Many of these features are normally regulated by neurotrophic growth factors, especially brain-deriv ...
Fein A (2012) Nociceptors and the Perception of Pain.
Fein A (2012) Nociceptors and the Perception of Pain.

... Pain is an unpleasant feeling that is an essential component of the body’s defense system. It provides a rapid warning to the nervous system to initiate a motor response to minimize physical harm. Lack of the ability to experience pain, as in the rare condition congenital insensitivity to pain with ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory

... layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the ear ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review

... candidates discussed here in Fig. 1. At the top level shown in the figure are symptom lists and criteria for diagnosis. These do not identify etiology, pathophysiology, or the neural systems involved. However, they have been the basis of defining study populations for research into ADHD mechanisms. At ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation

... chorda tympani (CT) inputs (J. B. Travers & Smith, 1979). Although there is considerable variability in both firing frequency and breadth of tuning within populations of peripheral afferents and central rNST neurons, there is a clear tendency for taste responses to become both faster and more broadl ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally

... immunoreactivities transiently or not at all. Experimental studies have shown that both right and left homologuesare capable of manifesting the mature AS phenotype and suggestthat there is a determinative interaction betweenthese 2 neurons that is responsiblefor their asymmetricdifferentiation (Mart ...
Dopamine and adaptive memory - Shohamy Lab
Dopamine and adaptive memory - Shohamy Lab

... dopamine on the hippocampus, interactions among a wider network of brain regions provide additional mechanisms by which motivation can affect learning and memory. Dopaminergic projections to the striatum and to the amygdala have been strongly implicated in learning and both have been demonstrated to ...
Wasp uses venom cocktail to manipulate the behavior F. Libersat
Wasp uses venom cocktail to manipulate the behavior F. Libersat

... within a few minutes (Fouad et al. 1994). Because this first sting prevents the cockroach from using its forelegs to fight off the wasp, it presumably facilitates the subsequent sting into the head of the cockroach. This second sting induces roughly 30 min of grooming behavior, followed by a long-te ...
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Endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system is a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors in the brain that are involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory; it mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis and, broadly speaking, includes: The endogenous arachidonate-based lipids, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); these are known as ""endocannabinoids"" and are physiological ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids are all eicosanoids. The enzymes that synthesize and degrade the endocannabinoids, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacylglycerol lipase. The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, two G protein-coupled receptors that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems.The neurons, neural pathways, and other cells where these molecules, enzymes, and one or both cannabinoid receptor types are all colocalized form the endocannabinoid system.The endocannabinoid system has been studied using genetic and pharmacological methods. These studies have revealed that cannabinoids act as neuromodulators for a variety of processes, including motor learning, appetite, and pain sensation, among other cognitive and physical processes. The localization of the CB1 receptor in the endocannabinoid system has a very large degree of overlap with the orexinergic projection system, which mediates many of the same functions, both physical and cognitive. Moreover, CB1 is colocalized on orexin projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures of the orexin system, where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors physically and functionally join together to form the CB1–OX1 receptor heterodimer.
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