Dopamine in Schizophrenia
... accumbens (NAC)] and reverse amphetamine-induced activity, mediated primarily by the mesolimbic DA system (Pijnenburg et al. 1975; Staton and Solomon 1984) but not stereotypy (mediated primarily by the mesostriatal DA system; Staton and Solomon 1984). In addition, Fos immunohistochemistry studies ha ...
... accumbens (NAC)] and reverse amphetamine-induced activity, mediated primarily by the mesolimbic DA system (Pijnenburg et al. 1975; Staton and Solomon 1984) but not stereotypy (mediated primarily by the mesostriatal DA system; Staton and Solomon 1984). In addition, Fos immunohistochemistry studies ha ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... Restricting deletion of NgR1 to either cortical interneurons or a subclass of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons alters intralaminar synaptic connectivity in visual cortex and prevents closure of the critical period for OD plasticity. However, loss of NgR1 in PV neurons does not rescue deficits ...
... Restricting deletion of NgR1 to either cortical interneurons or a subclass of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons alters intralaminar synaptic connectivity in visual cortex and prevents closure of the critical period for OD plasticity. However, loss of NgR1 in PV neurons does not rescue deficits ...
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... restore normal pH and PCO2. Tac1-Pet1 axonal boutons were found localized to brainstem areas implicated in respiratory modulation, with highest density in motor regions. These findings demonstrate that the activity of a Pet1 neuron subtype with the potential to release both 5-HT and substance P is n ...
... restore normal pH and PCO2. Tac1-Pet1 axonal boutons were found localized to brainstem areas implicated in respiratory modulation, with highest density in motor regions. These findings demonstrate that the activity of a Pet1 neuron subtype with the potential to release both 5-HT and substance P is n ...
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide
... an immunosuppressive signalling pathway, although binding to PAC1 also involves intracellular calcium increase, phospholipase D, and protein kinase C signalling [8-10]. VIP IN NORMAL ADULT BRAIN PHYSIOLOGY VIP and its receptors are widely expressed in numerous brain regions [3] (Fig. 1), suggesting ...
... an immunosuppressive signalling pathway, although binding to PAC1 also involves intracellular calcium increase, phospholipase D, and protein kinase C signalling [8-10]. VIP IN NORMAL ADULT BRAIN PHYSIOLOGY VIP and its receptors are widely expressed in numerous brain regions [3] (Fig. 1), suggesting ...
GPR91: expanding the frontiers of Krebs cycle intermediates
... into succinate [7, 8], (Fig. 1). Thus, succinate is an important intermediate metabolite of the citric acid cycle that can be generated by different pathways within the mitochondria. In conditions linked to insufficient blood supply, such as ischemia, succinate is generated through a pathway distinc ...
... into succinate [7, 8], (Fig. 1). Thus, succinate is an important intermediate metabolite of the citric acid cycle that can be generated by different pathways within the mitochondria. In conditions linked to insufficient blood supply, such as ischemia, succinate is generated through a pathway distinc ...
Functional Specialization Within the Cat Red Nucleus
... single units do not need to be isolated for a prolonged averaging period. A second advantage is that stimulation has a relatively strong effect on muscle activation because more than one neuron is activated by the stimulus pulse. These advantages allow more data to be collected from each subject; th ...
... single units do not need to be isolated for a prolonged averaging period. A second advantage is that stimulation has a relatively strong effect on muscle activation because more than one neuron is activated by the stimulus pulse. These advantages allow more data to be collected from each subject; th ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... those to isobutyraldehyde and androstenone. It, however, was the first reported form of specific anosmia. ...
... those to isobutyraldehyde and androstenone. It, however, was the first reported form of specific anosmia. ...
Action Potential Riddle Quiz
... I’m the ion that starts it all at the presynaptic ending!!! As soon as my channel opens, I diffuse into the axon terminal. I tell the synaptic vesicles to head toward the cell membrane to let their contents into the synapse through exocytosis so the message can be passed to the next neuron. ...
... I’m the ion that starts it all at the presynaptic ending!!! As soon as my channel opens, I diffuse into the axon terminal. I tell the synaptic vesicles to head toward the cell membrane to let their contents into the synapse through exocytosis so the message can be passed to the next neuron. ...
Single Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons Form Widely Spread
... nuclei of the basal ganglia circuit. Furthermore, the neostriatum is known to have a mosaic organization and be composed of patch/striosome and matrix compartments which are distinguishable from each other by the expression of neurochemical markers and by input– output organization (Graybiel and Rag ...
... nuclei of the basal ganglia circuit. Furthermore, the neostriatum is known to have a mosaic organization and be composed of patch/striosome and matrix compartments which are distinguishable from each other by the expression of neurochemical markers and by input– output organization (Graybiel and Rag ...
Massive normalization of olfactory bulb output in mice with a
... These patterns are the building blocks that allow smells to be recognized and if necessary, acted upon – by not eating food that smells rancid, for example. In 2008, researchers genetically engineered mice so that nearly all of their olfactory sensory neurons produced the same type of olfactory rece ...
... These patterns are the building blocks that allow smells to be recognized and if necessary, acted upon – by not eating food that smells rancid, for example. In 2008, researchers genetically engineered mice so that nearly all of their olfactory sensory neurons produced the same type of olfactory rece ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... projections, inhibition of Ce would be an efficient way of dampening multiple fear responses after extinction (Royer and Paré, 2002). It is not known, however, whether mPFC neurons can influence Ce excitability. To address this, we recorded the responses of Ce output neurons to cortical and basolat ...
... projections, inhibition of Ce would be an efficient way of dampening multiple fear responses after extinction (Royer and Paré, 2002). It is not known, however, whether mPFC neurons can influence Ce excitability. To address this, we recorded the responses of Ce output neurons to cortical and basolat ...
Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during
... ELMs were identified by antidromic activation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and by expiratory-related depolarization (Barillot et al., 1990; Shiba et al., 1999). For each ELM, the membrane potential was defined as the difference between the intracellular and extracellular potentials, using a si ...
... ELMs were identified by antidromic activation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and by expiratory-related depolarization (Barillot et al., 1990; Shiba et al., 1999). For each ELM, the membrane potential was defined as the difference between the intracellular and extracellular potentials, using a si ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia
... cloned from mouse and initially named Necab. It encodes a 389aa (NECAB2) (24). NECAB2 was identified as a downstream target of Pax6 in mouse retina, which is involved in retinal development (24, 25), as well as being a binding partner for the adenosine A2A receptor (22). Furthermore, an interaction ...
... cloned from mouse and initially named Necab. It encodes a 389aa (NECAB2) (24). NECAB2 was identified as a downstream target of Pax6 in mouse retina, which is involved in retinal development (24, 25), as well as being a binding partner for the adenosine A2A receptor (22). Furthermore, an interaction ...
Central Topography of Cranial Motor Nuclei Controlled by
... features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellu ...
... features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellu ...
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats
... Topographic Map of the Whiskers and Columnar Organization To visualize the organization of the mouse somatosensory cortex, Woolsey and van der Loos45 separated the cerebral cortex from the underlying structures. Then, they flattened the curved cortex between two slides and sectioned the slab in a ta ...
... Topographic Map of the Whiskers and Columnar Organization To visualize the organization of the mouse somatosensory cortex, Woolsey and van der Loos45 separated the cerebral cortex from the underlying structures. Then, they flattened the curved cortex between two slides and sectioned the slab in a ta ...
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
... factor (BDNF)–tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), GABAergic and glutamatergic ligand-receptor systems. We then summarize how such approaches might help to inform our understanding of PTSD and other stress-related disorders and provide insight to new pharmacological avenues of treatment of PTSD. ...
... factor (BDNF)–tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), GABAergic and glutamatergic ligand-receptor systems. We then summarize how such approaches might help to inform our understanding of PTSD and other stress-related disorders and provide insight to new pharmacological avenues of treatment of PTSD. ...
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
... How do organs and other structures enable the nervous system to function? You smell a delicious aroma. You walk into the kitchen and see a bag of popcorn in the microwave. You hear some kernels still popping. Then you think to yourself, “Snack time!” Which body systems enabled you to smell, walk, se ...
... How do organs and other structures enable the nervous system to function? You smell a delicious aroma. You walk into the kitchen and see a bag of popcorn in the microwave. You hear some kernels still popping. Then you think to yourself, “Snack time!” Which body systems enabled you to smell, walk, se ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... hindlimb levels and form medial (LMCm) and lateral (LMCl) divisional subtypes which project to ventral and dorsal muscles in the limb, respectively (Landmesser, 1978; Hollyday, 1980a,b; Tosney and Landmesser, 1985a,b). Individual motor columns and divisions can be molecularly defined by the combinat ...
... hindlimb levels and form medial (LMCm) and lateral (LMCl) divisional subtypes which project to ventral and dorsal muscles in the limb, respectively (Landmesser, 1978; Hollyday, 1980a,b; Tosney and Landmesser, 1985a,b). Individual motor columns and divisions can be molecularly defined by the combinat ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... amplitude of V~t(f) per unit amplitude of Vw~(f ). The characteristic curve represents nonlinear aspects of synaptic transmission well (see Results), but is less effective in analyzing the dynamic aspects. By contrast, linear transfer function represents well the dynamic aspects of synaptic transmis ...
... amplitude of V~t(f) per unit amplitude of Vw~(f ). The characteristic curve represents nonlinear aspects of synaptic transmission well (see Results), but is less effective in analyzing the dynamic aspects. By contrast, linear transfer function represents well the dynamic aspects of synaptic transmis ...
Review Article Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the
... distinct from most actin-based subcellular structures such as microvilli or synapses. In the nervous system, there is no evidence that neuronal cilia process any synaptic structure. Apparently, the structural features of neuronal cilia do not allow them to harbor any synaptic connections. Neverthele ...
... distinct from most actin-based subcellular structures such as microvilli or synapses. In the nervous system, there is no evidence that neuronal cilia process any synaptic structure. Apparently, the structural features of neuronal cilia do not allow them to harbor any synaptic connections. Neverthele ...
FREE Sample Here
... a. protein molecules. b. vesicle remnants. c. a double layer of lipid molecules. d. cytoplasm. e. a single layer of lipid molecules interfaced with a layer of protein molecules. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1-15 Page Ref: 31 Topic: Neurons Skill: Factual Answer: c. a double layer of lipid molecules. ...
... a. protein molecules. b. vesicle remnants. c. a double layer of lipid molecules. d. cytoplasm. e. a single layer of lipid molecules interfaced with a layer of protein molecules. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1-15 Page Ref: 31 Topic: Neurons Skill: Factual Answer: c. a double layer of lipid molecules. ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5, and 8Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom ...
... Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5, and 8Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom ...
E45021924
... Oxytocin released by the suckling stimulus during lactation causes ejection of milk by contracting the myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands. As will be discussed below, other suckling - induced behavioral, physiological and endocrinological changes occurring during lactation also may be caused ...
... Oxytocin released by the suckling stimulus during lactation causes ejection of milk by contracting the myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands. As will be discussed below, other suckling - induced behavioral, physiological and endocrinological changes occurring during lactation also may be caused ...