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Similarities between Severe Tinnitus and Chronic Pain
Similarities between Severe Tinnitus and Chronic Pain

... thus often referred to the ear. Chronic pain is also believed to be generated in the central nervous system, thus at an anatomically different location from where the sensation is felt . Neural plasticity is believed to be involved in both severe tinnitus and chronic pain . The common denominator fo ...
Early Pharmacological Treatment of Autism: A
Early Pharmacological Treatment of Autism: A

... association studies also provide evidence of a relationship between autism and SLC25A12 (Ramoz et al 2004; Segurado et al 2005), while others do not (Rabionet et al 2006). Increased plasma levels of glutamate have been found in adults with autism relative to healthy controls and appear to correlate ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released

... Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Jessica A. Filosa, Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, CA 2092, Augusta, GA 30912. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
JAMA SIDS
JAMA SIDS

... Context The serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) neurons in the medulla oblongata project extensively to autonomic and respiratory nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord and help regulate homeostatic function. Previously, abnormalities in 5-HT receptor binding in the medullae of infants dying ...
PDF
PDF

... superior cervical ganglion (SCG) provide somatosensory and sympathetic innervation, respectively, to a diversity of structures throughout the head. The timing of neurogenesis, naturally occurring neuronal death and target field innervation and the timing of NGF dependency have been described in deta ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex

... large and one small—whose sizes were varied independently. Each part was presented at two possible sizes (1x or 2x), resulting in a total of four versions per object (see Fig. 2). Throughout, we denote these versions as v11, v12, v21, and v22 (where, e.g., v12 represents the version with the small p ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma

... is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a change has not been observed following acoustic trauma (Hei ...
PDF
PDF

... highlighting the distinct requirements for efficient morphological transformations during radial migration. These changes in morphology are thought to facilitate the initial axonal protrusion of these neurons (Noctor et al., 2004b; Tabata et al., 2009), thereby contributing to the formation of proje ...
Anatomy - Nervous System Test Chpt 9
Anatomy - Nervous System Test Chpt 9

... ____ 19. If you accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your foot to your spinal cord to your leg is called a reflex arc. _________________________ ____ 20. Spreading out from the cell body of a neuron are short, branched extensions called axons ...
Red calcium indicator
Red calcium indicator

... Note: Calibration of sfc (K+ Salt) in the cell has not been performed yet. Initial results in rat cardiac myocytes and neurons show an attenuated response at ~520 nm, with little to no response to calcium changes. In contrast, calcium changes produce a strong response at 650 nm. In our hands, as can ...
angol tézisfüzet0531
angol tézisfüzet0531

... phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and dopamine-β-hydroxilase (DBH) enzymes, which are essential for adrenaline synthesis, while the noradrenergic neurons contain only DBH, which produces noradrenaline, without the presence of PNMT, therefore the presence or lack ofthese enzymes can be us ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during

... EDTA/Tris bufferand the slideswereexaminedunderbright-fieldillumination. For immunoperoxidase staining, a second set of slides was rinsed four times for 20 min in TBS and incubated in biotinylated antirabbit IgG diluted I:2000 in TBS. After rinsing in TBS, they were incubated for 1 hr in avidin-biot ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more

... Proposed mechanisms for the silencing are (i) a direct effect of HFS on STN neuronal membranes (the depolarization block hypothesis) and (ii) ‘preferential’ activation of GABAergic inhibitory afferents to STN neurons. A depolarizing block means that the membrane is so depolarized that spikes become ...
Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons
Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons

... In vertebrates, the majority of interneurons are inhibitory and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter acting by GABA A receptors and cooperating with glutamate [12–16]. The effect ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and

... The overview is an updated survey of our current knowledge about the trigeminal primary afferent neurons involved in the somatosensory processing from the orofacial region. The types of neurons, located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), are reviewed. Critica ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of

... while only rare SCG neuronsare VIP-IR (Hokfelt et al., 1977; Sasekand Zigmond, 1989)about 60% of SCG neuronsare NPYIR (Jarvi et al., 1986). Furthermore, someneuropeptides,such asVIP and CGRP, are presentin the sameneuronswhile other peptides suchas NPY and Enk are not colocalized (Landis and Fredieu ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits

... thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) has been considered to be primarily involved in the ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets

... Glutamate receptors fall into two categories, ionotropic and metabotropic. Ionotropic receptors act by opening a cation channel after binding to the target and are thus part of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. The ligand-gated ion channel superfamily includes the ionotropic glutamate recept ...
Chapter 11 PowerPoint Slides PDF - CM
Chapter 11 PowerPoint Slides PDF - CM

... NEURONS Neurons – excitable cell type responsible for sending and receiving signals in form of action potentials; most consist of ...
PDF
PDF

... pyramidal neurons exhibited similar coincidence detection windows to each other but were narrower than in L5 cells implying these cells require more precise synaptic inputs for this effect. The bAP had the greatest relative effect on dendritic spike generation in L5 neurons however the baseline thre ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking

... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex

... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
Table of Contents - The Mind Project
Table of Contents - The Mind Project

... students to see how the research process works, on a bigger, grander scale. Students learn that there is a cellular phenomenon that scientists do not understand. Data show that Parkinson’s patients have normal neurologic function with up to 80% dopamine neuron loss. Data also show that although the ...
Lactic Acid A - Journal of Neuroscience
Lactic Acid A - Journal of Neuroscience

... a Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase-Pyruvate DehydrogenaseLactic Acid Axis Mithilesh Kumar Jha,1 Gyun Jee Song,1 Maan Gee Lee,1 Nam Ho Jeoung,2 Younghoon Go,3 Robert A. Harris,4 Dong Ho Park,5 Hyun Kook,6 In-Kyu Lee,3 and Kyoungho Suk1 ...
Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary
Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary

... Application of Q system in various tissues We expressed QF in body-wall muscles of QUAS
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Endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system is a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors in the brain that are involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory; it mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis and, broadly speaking, includes: The endogenous arachidonate-based lipids, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); these are known as ""endocannabinoids"" and are physiological ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids are all eicosanoids. The enzymes that synthesize and degrade the endocannabinoids, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacylglycerol lipase. The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, two G protein-coupled receptors that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems.The neurons, neural pathways, and other cells where these molecules, enzymes, and one or both cannabinoid receptor types are all colocalized form the endocannabinoid system.The endocannabinoid system has been studied using genetic and pharmacological methods. These studies have revealed that cannabinoids act as neuromodulators for a variety of processes, including motor learning, appetite, and pain sensation, among other cognitive and physical processes. The localization of the CB1 receptor in the endocannabinoid system has a very large degree of overlap with the orexinergic projection system, which mediates many of the same functions, both physical and cognitive. Moreover, CB1 is colocalized on orexin projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures of the orexin system, where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors physically and functionally join together to form the CB1–OX1 receptor heterodimer.
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