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You Light Up My Life
You Light Up My Life

... • Carried out by certain bacteria • Electron transfer chain is in bacterial plasma membrane • Final electron acceptor is compound from environment (such as nitrate), not oxygen • ATP yield is low ...
17 photosynth 2 10 10 05
17 photosynth 2 10 10 05

... Mesophyll cells provide a means for bundle sheath cells to acquire NADPH + H+ reducing power Mesophyll cells provide carbon dioxide to bundle sheath cells at higher concentration than in air Bundle Sheath cells not making oxygen, so very little competitor with C3 reactions ...
Overview of Aerobic Respiration
Overview of Aerobic Respiration

...  Pathways that break down molecules other than carbohydrates also keep organisms alive  In humans and other mammals, the entrance of glucose and other organic compounds into an energy-releasing pathway depends on the kinds and proportions of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the diet ...
Powerpoint - Castle High School
Powerpoint - Castle High School

... Amino acids contain which two functional groups? ...
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... use. Animals use O2, whereas microorganisms are also capable of using use a variety of the lower-yield electron acceptors. ...
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... Citric acid Cycle: Structures of all intermediates, names of all intermediates, names of regulated enzymes, mechanisms presented in slides only (See worksheet) Electron transport chain: know complexes by number, mobile carriers, protons pumped Oxidative phosphorylation: evidence for chemiosmotic hyp ...
Reactive Oxygen Species
Reactive Oxygen Species

... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
Phosphorylation - Biology Junction
Phosphorylation - Biology Junction

... value of NADH & FADH2  electron carriers & H carriers  reduced molecules move electrons  reduced molecules move H+ ions  to be used in the Electron Transport Chain ...
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Cellular Energy

... – energy released from the hydrolysis of bonds is used to synthesize ATP during step 7 – NAD+ (steps 3, 5 and 10) and FAD (step 8) are reduced to NADH and FADH2 and further contributes to the H+ gradient in the mitochondria ...
1. What is the collective term for all of the chemical processes
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... 42. Which of the following is the proper order of DNA Replication/Protein Synthesis A) Transcription, Translation, Proteins to form new DNA from existing DNA B) Protein placement, Transcription, Translation C) Translation, Transcription, DNA polymerase formation D) Proteins to form new DNA from exis ...
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... Oxidation of 2 NADH (as FADH2) 4 ATP Direct ADP phosphorylation (two triose) 4 ATP 6 ATP ...
Chemistry Final Exam Study Guide
Chemistry Final Exam Study Guide

... b. Atoms of different elements always combine in one-to-one ratios. c. Atoms of the same element are always identical. d. Individual atoms can be seen with a microscope. ____ 77. Which of the following is true about subatomic particles? a. Electrons are negatively charged and are the heaviest subato ...
ATPs and - Walton High
ATPs and - Walton High

... STEP 1 - 2 phosphates are attached to glucose, forming a new 6-C compound. The phosphate groups come from 2 ATP, which are converted to ADP. (Glucose is phosphorylated!) STEP 2 - The 6-C compound formed in Step 1 is split into 2 3-C molecules of PGAL. STEP 3 - The 2 PGAL molecules are oxidized (LEO) ...
Exam Two Review Guide Chapter Five Anabolism vs. Catabolism
Exam Two Review Guide Chapter Five Anabolism vs. Catabolism

... 16. Account for all the ATP, CO2, H2O NADH+H+ and FADH2 generated by one glucose molecule, then again for one G3P molecule. 17. G3P separates the energy investment phase from the energy payoff stage of glycolysis. Why are these phases named as such? 18. We generate between 36-38 ATP in cellular resp ...
1. What is the source of our energy, and what is its fate in the body
1. What is the source of our energy, and what is its fate in the body

... ATP synthesis reactions. In these and other oxygen-consuming redox reactions, the product may not be water, but one or more of three highly reactive species. The superoxide ion, !O2- , and the hydroxyl free radical, !OH, can grab an electron from a bond in another molecule, which results in breaking ...
The Process of Cellular Respiration
The Process of Cellular Respiration

... 4 electrons, now in a high-energy state, and passes them to an electron carrier called NAD+, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Like NADP+ in photosynthesis, each NAD+ molecule accepts a pair of high-energy electrons. This molecule, now known as NADH, holds the electrons until they can be transfe ...
ACTIVE READING WORKSHEETS
ACTIVE READING WORKSHEETS

... Step 1. CO2 diffuses into the stroma from the surrounding cytosol. An enzyme combines each CO2 molecule with a five-carbon carbohydrate called RuBP. The product is a six-carbon molecule that splits immediately into a pair of three-carbon molecules known as 3-PGA. Step 2. Each molecule of 3-PGA is co ...
CELL METABOLISM
CELL METABOLISM

... 1. First ATP bonds are broken, so that we are left with ADP + Pi, which releases energy; however, most of the energy stays with the broken-off phosphate, which we can then bond to the molecule that needs the energy. The process of adding a phosphate is phosphorylation. 2. The ADP molecule can then d ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
Chapter 9
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... • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
cell metabolism
cell metabolism

... 1. First ATP bonds are broken, so that we are left with ADP + P i, which releases energy; however, most of the energy stays with the broken-off phosphate, which we can then bond to the molecule that needs the energy. The process of adding a phosphate is phosphorylation. 2. The ADP molecule can then ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is A) oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. B) the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. C) the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. ...
Document
Document

... a. In the light, plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. In the dark, they are heterotrophs. b. If plants cannot produce enough ATP in the process of photosynthesis to meet their energy needs, they can produce it in aerobic respiration. c. Sugars are produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be store ...
Exam 1 2007 - chem.uwec.edu
Exam 1 2007 - chem.uwec.edu

... 5. What two 3-carbon molecules are generated by the cleavage of fructose-1,6bisphosphate? A) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate B) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate C) pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate D) enolase and 2-phosphoglycerate E) glyceraldehyde-3-phosph ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

... Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP • The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic • Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen • Cellular respiration consumes oxygen and organic molecules and yields ATP • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all co ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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