清华大学本科生考试试题专用纸
... C. The cytosolic and matrix pools of CoA are distinct and separate. D. Once fatty acyl groups have entered the matrix, they are committed to oxidation to acetyl-CoA. E. All of the above are true. Answer(s): E 17. In nucleotide metabolism, all of the following are true except: A. The commitment step ...
... C. The cytosolic and matrix pools of CoA are distinct and separate. D. Once fatty acyl groups have entered the matrix, they are committed to oxidation to acetyl-CoA. E. All of the above are true. Answer(s): E 17. In nucleotide metabolism, all of the following are true except: A. The commitment step ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... • Process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 • Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than Glycolysis • Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids • Evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago • Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms • Occurs in three majo ...
... • Process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 • Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than Glycolysis • Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids • Evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago • Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms • Occurs in three majo ...
Chapter 25
... 7. Leptin not only induces synthesis of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and uncoupling protein-2 in adipocytes, but it also causes inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, resulting in a decline in fatty acid biosynthesis. This effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase, as an additional consequence, enhances fatty ...
... 7. Leptin not only induces synthesis of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and uncoupling protein-2 in adipocytes, but it also causes inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, resulting in a decline in fatty acid biosynthesis. This effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase, as an additional consequence, enhances fatty ...
0495116572_102921
... • Hydrolysis of thioester bond of acetyl CoA drives phosphorylation of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) • Succinate dehydrogenase reaction • Fumerase incorporates H2O across double bond of fumarate to form malate • Malate converted to oxaloacetate ...
... • Hydrolysis of thioester bond of acetyl CoA drives phosphorylation of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) • Succinate dehydrogenase reaction • Fumerase incorporates H2O across double bond of fumarate to form malate • Malate converted to oxaloacetate ...
395
... both structurally stable and electrically stable…….in natural state they are electrically stable but they are structurally unstable …..with vacancies in their outer shell when an atom loses or gains an electron, its balance of + and –ve is lost and it is electrically unstable and is called an ion ...
... both structurally stable and electrically stable…….in natural state they are electrically stable but they are structurally unstable …..with vacancies in their outer shell when an atom loses or gains an electron, its balance of + and –ve is lost and it is electrically unstable and is called an ion ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... Now, coming to this complex one. Now when we are talking about this complex one this complex one is NADH coenzyme Q oxidoreductase. Now, when we are talking about this complex one, we can find that this NADH dehydrogenase is playing a significant role as per as this complex one is concerned. Now wha ...
... Now, coming to this complex one. Now when we are talking about this complex one this complex one is NADH coenzyme Q oxidoreductase. Now, when we are talking about this complex one, we can find that this NADH dehydrogenase is playing a significant role as per as this complex one is concerned. Now wha ...
Quiz 2 Review Sheet
... complex III, complex IV, mitochondria, NAD+, NADH, citrate, citrate synthase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, G3P, FAD, FADH2, glycolysis, glucose, cytosol, inner mitochondrial membrane, outer mitochondrial membrane, preparatory phase, energy payoff phase, intermembrane space, ATP synthase, oxygen, ...
... complex III, complex IV, mitochondria, NAD+, NADH, citrate, citrate synthase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, G3P, FAD, FADH2, glycolysis, glucose, cytosol, inner mitochondrial membrane, outer mitochondrial membrane, preparatory phase, energy payoff phase, intermembrane space, ATP synthase, oxygen, ...
energy supply components - The Company of Biologists
... 1985). From this point on its catalytic activity would be largely maintained by PArg supplies or by metabolite modulators including reaction products (England & Baldwin, 1983). Thus both enzyme content and enzyme kinetic adaptations of CPK and APK favour high rates of ~ P transfer to ADP. However, b ...
... 1985). From this point on its catalytic activity would be largely maintained by PArg supplies or by metabolite modulators including reaction products (England & Baldwin, 1983). Thus both enzyme content and enzyme kinetic adaptations of CPK and APK favour high rates of ~ P transfer to ADP. However, b ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... • Bound to mitochondrial inner membrane – Part of Complex II in the electron-transport chain ...
... • Bound to mitochondrial inner membrane – Part of Complex II in the electron-transport chain ...
Chapter 6
... The logic: •Oxidizes NADH, generating NAD for use in further rounds of glucose breakdown •Stops short of the transition step and the TCA cycle, which together generate 5X more reducing power ...
... The logic: •Oxidizes NADH, generating NAD for use in further rounds of glucose breakdown •Stops short of the transition step and the TCA cycle, which together generate 5X more reducing power ...
Chapter 7 How Cells Make ATP: Energy
... • Each two-carbon acetyl group combines with a four-carbon compound • Two CO2 molecules are removed • Energy captured as one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 per acetyl group (These will act as energy carriers for the electron transport chain) **So… 2 acetyl groups yields 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP ...
... • Each two-carbon acetyl group combines with a four-carbon compound • Two CO2 molecules are removed • Energy captured as one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 per acetyl group (These will act as energy carriers for the electron transport chain) **So… 2 acetyl groups yields 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP ...
Translation: A Four
... • Translation is inhibitable, next slide. That very fact makes it of significance to any one going into health care as many micro-organisms are capable of being killed by translation inhibitors such as chloramphenicol (C), tetracycline (T), streptomycin (S), lincomycin (L) and erythromycin (E) to n ...
... • Translation is inhibitable, next slide. That very fact makes it of significance to any one going into health care as many micro-organisms are capable of being killed by translation inhibitors such as chloramphenicol (C), tetracycline (T), streptomycin (S), lincomycin (L) and erythromycin (E) to n ...
ATP - RCSD
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO ...
ppt
... GK mutations decrease glucose homeostasis • >200 human GK mutations have been isolated • (25-30% glycolysis in Beta cells: 5mM blood G) • Loss-of-function mutations: much more G needed to reach glycolytic activity level. Elevated blood G. ...
... GK mutations decrease glucose homeostasis • >200 human GK mutations have been isolated • (25-30% glycolysis in Beta cells: 5mM blood G) • Loss-of-function mutations: much more G needed to reach glycolytic activity level. Elevated blood G. ...
Kinetic mechanism of the dimeric ATP sulfurylase from plants
... supply methionine, glutathione, iron–sulfur clusters, vitamin cofactors such as biotin and thiamin, and multiple specialized metabolites such as glucosinolates [1,2,5,6]. The first enzymatic reaction in the sulfur assimilation pathway of plants is the non-reductive adenylation of sulfate catalysed b ...
... supply methionine, glutathione, iron–sulfur clusters, vitamin cofactors such as biotin and thiamin, and multiple specialized metabolites such as glucosinolates [1,2,5,6]. The first enzymatic reaction in the sulfur assimilation pathway of plants is the non-reductive adenylation of sulfate catalysed b ...
Program Overview
... triphosphate) molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates. The wavy lines connecting the last two phosphates represent high-energy chemical bonds. ...
... triphosphate) molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates. The wavy lines connecting the last two phosphates represent high-energy chemical bonds. ...
Final Review - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... Oxidative phosphorylation - this process occurs in the mitochondria, and uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the bulk of usable energy for the cell What happens in glycolysis? Over the course of several steps, glycolysis breaks down one glucose molecule into two molecules of another co ...
... Oxidative phosphorylation - this process occurs in the mitochondria, and uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the bulk of usable energy for the cell What happens in glycolysis? Over the course of several steps, glycolysis breaks down one glucose molecule into two molecules of another co ...
Hormonal regulation and pathologies of carbohydrate metabolism
... phosphofructokinase 1 in the liver lowering its affinity for fructose 6-phosphate. AMP reverses the inhibitory action of ATP, and so the activity of the enzyme increases when the ATP/AMP ratio is lowered (glycolysis is stimulated as the energy charge falls). A fall in pH also inhibits phosphofructok ...
... phosphofructokinase 1 in the liver lowering its affinity for fructose 6-phosphate. AMP reverses the inhibitory action of ATP, and so the activity of the enzyme increases when the ATP/AMP ratio is lowered (glycolysis is stimulated as the energy charge falls). A fall in pH also inhibits phosphofructok ...
Comparison With Photosynthesis
... • As electron pairs pass down the ETC, H+ ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space. • The electrochemical gradient of H+ ions across the inner membrane constitutes the driving g force for the ATP-ase ((ATP synthase) catalyzed phosphorylation ...
... • As electron pairs pass down the ETC, H+ ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space. • The electrochemical gradient of H+ ions across the inner membrane constitutes the driving g force for the ATP-ase ((ATP synthase) catalyzed phosphorylation ...
Chapter 21 Biosynthetic Pathways
... • The biosynthesis of other di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides also uses this common activation step to form an appropriate UDP derivative. ...
... • The biosynthesis of other di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides also uses this common activation step to form an appropriate UDP derivative. ...
Cellular physiology ATP and Biological Energy
... surrounding) reactions that would not occur spontaneously, such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency or coin of the cell, transfers energy from chemical bonds to endergonic (energy absorbing) reactions within the cell. Structurally, ATP consis ...
... surrounding) reactions that would not occur spontaneously, such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency or coin of the cell, transfers energy from chemical bonds to endergonic (energy absorbing) reactions within the cell. Structurally, ATP consis ...
1- Glycolysis
... organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, (ATP.) In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent N ...
... organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, (ATP.) In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent N ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.