THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... and more ATP can be made by oxidative phosphorylation. The oxidation of pyruvate: is catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase; is complex; is essentially irreversible under intracellular conditions; occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. ...
... and more ATP can be made by oxidative phosphorylation. The oxidation of pyruvate: is catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase; is complex; is essentially irreversible under intracellular conditions; occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. ...
18 Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA to Krebs Cycle A/P
... energy macromolecules (such as sugar, lipid, and protein). Pyruvate can be converted to lactic acid in bacteria and man when oxygen is in short supply or not available. The build up of lactic acid causes some interesting effects. 1.) Lactic acid build up is a way to temporarily store a high-energy h ...
... energy macromolecules (such as sugar, lipid, and protein). Pyruvate can be converted to lactic acid in bacteria and man when oxygen is in short supply or not available. The build up of lactic acid causes some interesting effects. 1.) Lactic acid build up is a way to temporarily store a high-energy h ...
Water`s polar covalent bonds create charged regions. Oxygen is
... Cholesterol is a crucial molecule in animals. It is a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized ...
... Cholesterol is a crucial molecule in animals. It is a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized ...
Citrate Cycle
... to NAD+ to form NADH, and in the process, releasing CO2, it is activated by ADP and Ca2+ and inhibited by NADH and ATP. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - functionally similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase in that it is a multisubunit complex, requires the same five coenzymes and catalyzes an oxidative dec ...
... to NAD+ to form NADH, and in the process, releasing CO2, it is activated by ADP and Ca2+ and inhibited by NADH and ATP. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - functionally similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase in that it is a multisubunit complex, requires the same five coenzymes and catalyzes an oxidative dec ...
Enzyme Regulation Strategies
... 1. As something binds more to the R, the T shifts more to the R and causes the Aspartate to move and the Asparagine to come in so that more phosphate can bind iv. Question from student: Whether or not the T and the R are conformational changes? 1. In the causal model, when the substrate binds, it ca ...
... 1. As something binds more to the R, the T shifts more to the R and causes the Aspartate to move and the Asparagine to come in so that more phosphate can bind iv. Question from student: Whether or not the T and the R are conformational changes? 1. In the causal model, when the substrate binds, it ca ...
GOALS FOR LECTURE 9:
... ∆G, hexokinase (or glucokinase) for step 1, phosphofructokinase for step 3, and pyruvate kinase for step 10, are the primary steps for allosteric enzyme regulation. Generally, enzymes that catalyze essentially irreversible steps in metabolic pathways are potential sites for regulatory control. Usual ...
... ∆G, hexokinase (or glucokinase) for step 1, phosphofructokinase for step 3, and pyruvate kinase for step 10, are the primary steps for allosteric enzyme regulation. Generally, enzymes that catalyze essentially irreversible steps in metabolic pathways are potential sites for regulatory control. Usual ...
Cellular Respiration Notes (8.3)
... glucose and oxygen. B. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. C. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. D. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. ...
... glucose and oxygen. B. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. C. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. D. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. ...
CHAPTER 6
... ATP Serves in a Cellular Energy Cycle • ATP is the energy currency of cells • Phototrophs transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP • In heterotrophs, catabolism produces ATP, which drives activities of cells • Energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi • ATP cycle carries ...
... ATP Serves in a Cellular Energy Cycle • ATP is the energy currency of cells • Phototrophs transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP • In heterotrophs, catabolism produces ATP, which drives activities of cells • Energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi • ATP cycle carries ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Products from One Turn of the Cycle Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O 2CO2 +3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+ • One acetyl enters in a form of Acetyl-CoA • Carbon is oxidized to CO2 • Electrons from oxidation are captured on 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 • Production of one GTP (ATP) ...
... Products from One Turn of the Cycle Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O 2CO2 +3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+ • One acetyl enters in a form of Acetyl-CoA • Carbon is oxidized to CO2 • Electrons from oxidation are captured on 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 • Production of one GTP (ATP) ...
Lecture_12
... Branched pathways are regulated by one of several different methods. 1. Feedback inhibition and activation: If two pathways have an initial common step, one pathway is inhibited by its own product and stimulated by the product of the other pathway. Threonine deaminase illustrates this type of regu ...
... Branched pathways are regulated by one of several different methods. 1. Feedback inhibition and activation: If two pathways have an initial common step, one pathway is inhibited by its own product and stimulated by the product of the other pathway. Threonine deaminase illustrates this type of regu ...
A2 Physiology Revision Exam Questions
... Using your knowledge of energy systems, outline and explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic ...
... Using your knowledge of energy systems, outline and explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic ...
Glycolysis and Anaerobic Respiration Lecture Notes
... • Most of the ATP produced by cells uses a complex electron transport chain in which oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Because the process uses oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration. • When cells are forced to work without enough oxygen they can produce ATP and continue working for short per ...
... • Most of the ATP produced by cells uses a complex electron transport chain in which oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Because the process uses oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration. • When cells are forced to work without enough oxygen they can produce ATP and continue working for short per ...
Learning Objectives
... Six principles – name them and describe something about them (an example, etc.) Glycolysis - know ALL the details for the QUIZ, including net reaction, ATP/NAD used and made Know importance of phosphorylated intermediates What are the three nonequilibrium steps? How are each regulated? Hexokinase Ph ...
... Six principles – name them and describe something about them (an example, etc.) Glycolysis - know ALL the details for the QUIZ, including net reaction, ATP/NAD used and made Know importance of phosphorylated intermediates What are the three nonequilibrium steps? How are each regulated? Hexokinase Ph ...
Complex III
... The bH heme is part of the Qi site where a molecule of Q is reduced to QH2 in a two-step reaction that involves a semiquinone intermediate. A single electron is transported from bL(at the site) to bH(at the site) to Q to produce the semiquinone. Then, a second electron is transferred to reduce the ...
... The bH heme is part of the Qi site where a molecule of Q is reduced to QH2 in a two-step reaction that involves a semiquinone intermediate. A single electron is transported from bL(at the site) to bH(at the site) to Q to produce the semiquinone. Then, a second electron is transferred to reduce the ...
Work and Energy in Muscles
... conditioning period and then took muscle biopsies. The most striking finding here was that one trained up the aerobic system; phosphofructokinase activity was relatively unaffected following the training period. Citrate synthase and carnitine-palmitoyl transferase activities were approximately doubl ...
... conditioning period and then took muscle biopsies. The most striking finding here was that one trained up the aerobic system; phosphofructokinase activity was relatively unaffected following the training period. Citrate synthase and carnitine-palmitoyl transferase activities were approximately doubl ...
Student notes in ppt
... Glucokinase (hexokinase IV) catalyzes reaction 1 in the glycolytic pathway in liver and pancreas cells when blood glucose levels are high. Unlike hexokinase I, glucokinase as a very low affinity for glucose and is not inhibited by glucose6P. Therefore after a meal, the liver accumulates glucose for ...
... Glucokinase (hexokinase IV) catalyzes reaction 1 in the glycolytic pathway in liver and pancreas cells when blood glucose levels are high. Unlike hexokinase I, glucokinase as a very low affinity for glucose and is not inhibited by glucose6P. Therefore after a meal, the liver accumulates glucose for ...
You should be able to identify each of the following functional
... You should be able to identify each of the following functional groups within organic molecules: amino group within an amine molecule (both the form found at low pH and high pH) carbonyl group within an aldehyde molecule (you need to know it is within an aldehyde vs a ketone) carbonyl group within a ...
... You should be able to identify each of the following functional groups within organic molecules: amino group within an amine molecule (both the form found at low pH and high pH) carbonyl group within an aldehyde molecule (you need to know it is within an aldehyde vs a ketone) carbonyl group within a ...
Structure-Guided Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Bacterial ATP
... Abstract Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds that provide the energy needed for many cellular processes. F-type ATP synthase is found in bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria, having a conserved function to catalyze the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP. ATP syn ...
... Abstract Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds that provide the energy needed for many cellular processes. F-type ATP synthase is found in bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria, having a conserved function to catalyze the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP. ATP syn ...
Key area 2 * Cellular respiration
... Each acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form a molecule called citrate (6C). Citrate then goes through a series of enzymecatalysed reactions back to oxaloacetate. As each carbon is lost from the citrate molecule a carbon dioxide molecule and hydrogen ions are released CFE Higher Biol ...
... Each acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form a molecule called citrate (6C). Citrate then goes through a series of enzymecatalysed reactions back to oxaloacetate. As each carbon is lost from the citrate molecule a carbon dioxide molecule and hydrogen ions are released CFE Higher Biol ...
Chapter 24_CHEM 131
... of amino groups to -ketoglutarate. The carbon skeleton remains behind and is transformed into a new -keto acid: ...
... of amino groups to -ketoglutarate. The carbon skeleton remains behind and is transformed into a new -keto acid: ...
2015
... B) The reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. C) The substrate is held by the lipoyl-lysine “swinging arm.” D) Biotin participates in the decarboxylation. E) Two different cofactors containing —SH groups participate. Circle the correct answer. 3. [4 points] In the citric acid cycle, we encount ...
... B) The reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. C) The substrate is held by the lipoyl-lysine “swinging arm.” D) Biotin participates in the decarboxylation. E) Two different cofactors containing —SH groups participate. Circle the correct answer. 3. [4 points] In the citric acid cycle, we encount ...
sbs-017 basic biochemistry - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... a medical (or other) certificate is required. In genuine cases the first practical missed in each semester will be awarded a mark which is the mean of the marks for other coursework on that module. The second piece of coursework that is missed for good reason will be awarded a maximum of 40%. All ot ...
... a medical (or other) certificate is required. In genuine cases the first practical missed in each semester will be awarded a mark which is the mean of the marks for other coursework on that module. The second piece of coursework that is missed for good reason will be awarded a maximum of 40%. All ot ...
Chapter 19
... 1. Lipid hydrolysis • Fatty acids in phospholipids are hydrolytically cleaved by various phospholipases. • Triacylglycerol in adipose cells is hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol by triacylglycerol lipase which is activated by a phosphorylation through the hormone-trans-signal cascade. • Phosphol ...
... 1. Lipid hydrolysis • Fatty acids in phospholipids are hydrolytically cleaved by various phospholipases. • Triacylglycerol in adipose cells is hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol by triacylglycerol lipase which is activated by a phosphorylation through the hormone-trans-signal cascade. • Phosphol ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.