ENERGY
... (FFA) and glycerol and used as an energy fuel within the aerobic system. FFA are broken down into Acetyl CoA, which enters and is broken down by the Krebs Cycle and the ETC in the process termed beta-oxidation. FFA produce more Acetyl CoA and consequently produce far greater energy than the breakdow ...
... (FFA) and glycerol and used as an energy fuel within the aerobic system. FFA are broken down into Acetyl CoA, which enters and is broken down by the Krebs Cycle and the ETC in the process termed beta-oxidation. FFA produce more Acetyl CoA and consequently produce far greater energy than the breakdow ...
REVISION FOR ENERGY
... (FFA) and glycerol and used as an energy fuel within the aerobic system. FFA are broken down into Acetyl CoA, which enters and is broken down by the Krebs Cycle and the ETC in the process termed beta-oxidation. FFA produce more Acetyl CoA and consequently produce far greater energy than the breakdow ...
... (FFA) and glycerol and used as an energy fuel within the aerobic system. FFA are broken down into Acetyl CoA, which enters and is broken down by the Krebs Cycle and the ETC in the process termed beta-oxidation. FFA produce more Acetyl CoA and consequently produce far greater energy than the breakdow ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... Because both starch and glycogen also contain 1-6 bonds, the resulting digest contains isomaltose [a disaccharide in which two glucose molecules are attached by 1-6 linkage]. E. Because food remains for a short time in the mouth, digestion of starch and glycogen may be incomplete and gives a partial ...
... Because both starch and glycogen also contain 1-6 bonds, the resulting digest contains isomaltose [a disaccharide in which two glucose molecules are attached by 1-6 linkage]. E. Because food remains for a short time in the mouth, digestion of starch and glycogen may be incomplete and gives a partial ...
File
... • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
Purine Metabolism
... Nucleotides play key roles in many, many cellular processes 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA 2. Adenine nucleotides are components of three major co-enzymes, NAD, FAD, and CoA 3. Nucleotide derivatives are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (UDP-glucose, SAM) 4. Serve as metabo ...
... Nucleotides play key roles in many, many cellular processes 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA 2. Adenine nucleotides are components of three major co-enzymes, NAD, FAD, and CoA 3. Nucleotide derivatives are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (UDP-glucose, SAM) 4. Serve as metabo ...
book ppt
... which enter glycolysis. Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
... which enter glycolysis. Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
... which enter glycolysis. Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
... which enter glycolysis. Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
Lecture Presentation to accompany Principles of Life
... which enter glycolysis. Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
... which enter glycolysis. Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
1. This cartoon shows Complex I in the ETC, in its two alternative
... edge. Answers were largely correct or incorrect, but partial credit was possible if the dots were concentrated at the anterior but not properly draw for the rest of the egg. e. Bicoid protein is a transcription factor. Based on the data provided here, state a hypothesis for which genes it regulates ...
... edge. Answers were largely correct or incorrect, but partial credit was possible if the dots were concentrated at the anterior but not properly draw for the rest of the egg. e. Bicoid protein is a transcription factor. Based on the data provided here, state a hypothesis for which genes it regulates ...
You should be able to identify each of the following functional
... You should be able to identify each of the following functional groups within organic molecules: amino group within an amine molecule (both the form found at low pH and high pH) carbonyl group within an aldehyde molecule (you need to know it is within an aldehyde vs a ketone) carbonyl group within a ...
... You should be able to identify each of the following functional groups within organic molecules: amino group within an amine molecule (both the form found at low pH and high pH) carbonyl group within an aldehyde molecule (you need to know it is within an aldehyde vs a ketone) carbonyl group within a ...
Chapter 6 Cellular Energy
... which enter glycolysis. Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
... which enter glycolysis. Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
how cells obtain energy from food
... demonstrate this coupling, we examine a step in glycolysis to see exactly how such coupled reactions occur. TWo central reactions in glycolysis (steps 6 and 7) convert the three-carbon sugar intermediate glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (an aldehyde) into 3-phosphoglycerate(a carboxylic acid; seePanel2-8, ...
... demonstrate this coupling, we examine a step in glycolysis to see exactly how such coupled reactions occur. TWo central reactions in glycolysis (steps 6 and 7) convert the three-carbon sugar intermediate glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (an aldehyde) into 3-phosphoglycerate(a carboxylic acid; seePanel2-8, ...
Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
... Step 3. In step three, isocitrate is oxidized, producing a ve-carbon molecule, α-ketoglutarate, together with a molecule of CO2 and two electrons, which reduce NAD+ to NADH. This step is also regulated by negative feedback from ATP and NADH, and a positive eect of ADP. Steps 3 and 4. Steps three a ...
... Step 3. In step three, isocitrate is oxidized, producing a ve-carbon molecule, α-ketoglutarate, together with a molecule of CO2 and two electrons, which reduce NAD+ to NADH. This step is also regulated by negative feedback from ATP and NADH, and a positive eect of ADP. Steps 3 and 4. Steps three a ...
How Cells Harvest Energy from Food
... 8.4), the breaking of a chemical bond in an exergonic reaction releases enough energy to drive the formation of an ATP ...
... 8.4), the breaking of a chemical bond in an exergonic reaction releases enough energy to drive the formation of an ATP ...
cellular respiration
... Indicate if each of the following characteristics / descriptions is true of Substratelevel and Oxidative phosphorylation. ______ Produce ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP ______ Involves the direct transfer of a phosphate from an intermediate to ADP ______ Couples the addition of a phosphate to ADP w ...
... Indicate if each of the following characteristics / descriptions is true of Substratelevel and Oxidative phosphorylation. ______ Produce ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP ______ Involves the direct transfer of a phosphate from an intermediate to ADP ______ Couples the addition of a phosphate to ADP w ...
Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid
... Animals can make most of the fatty acids they need. ...
... Animals can make most of the fatty acids they need. ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Why is gluconeogenesis not just the reverse of glycolysis? The reverse of glycolysis is 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H20 a glucose +2ADP +2Pi + 2 NAD + (DG = +74 kJ/mol) This is thermodynamically unfavorable, so energetically unfavorable steps in the reverse glyolysis reaction are replaced a ...
... Why is gluconeogenesis not just the reverse of glycolysis? The reverse of glycolysis is 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H20 a glucose +2ADP +2Pi + 2 NAD + (DG = +74 kJ/mol) This is thermodynamically unfavorable, so energetically unfavorable steps in the reverse glyolysis reaction are replaced a ...
Defining the impact on yeast ATP synthase of two pathogenic
... decrease in the content of complex IV was observed also in the mutant atp6-L252P whereas the abundance of this complex was almost normal in the atp6-S250P mutant, as revealed by BN-PAGE analysis of mitochondrial protein digitonin-extracts (Fig. 2A). 3.2.2. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis/hydrolysis. We ...
... decrease in the content of complex IV was observed also in the mutant atp6-L252P whereas the abundance of this complex was almost normal in the atp6-S250P mutant, as revealed by BN-PAGE analysis of mitochondrial protein digitonin-extracts (Fig. 2A). 3.2.2. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis/hydrolysis. We ...
File
... A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X Y Z A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position away from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. 14. With respect to the enzyme that converts X to Y, substance A functions as a. a coenzyme c. the s ...
... A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X Y Z A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position away from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. 14. With respect to the enzyme that converts X to Y, substance A functions as a. a coenzyme c. the s ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿
... • A variant of TCA for plants and bacteria Acetate-based growth - net synthesis of carbohydrates and other intermediates from acetate - is not possible with TCA Glyoxylate cycle offers a solution for plants and some bacteria and algae The CO2-evolving steps are bypassed and an extra acetate is ut ...
... • A variant of TCA for plants and bacteria Acetate-based growth - net synthesis of carbohydrates and other intermediates from acetate - is not possible with TCA Glyoxylate cycle offers a solution for plants and some bacteria and algae The CO2-evolving steps are bypassed and an extra acetate is ut ...
The energetics, chemistry, and mechanics of a
... conditions the hydrolysis of ATP makes about 22 kB T units of energy available. So we have an efficiency of about 50–60% for kinesin’s conversion of chemical to mechanical energy. Motor protein efficiencies of about 50% is generally what has been reported by experimentalists (Howard, 2001). The powe ...
... conditions the hydrolysis of ATP makes about 22 kB T units of energy available. So we have an efficiency of about 50–60% for kinesin’s conversion of chemical to mechanical energy. Motor protein efficiencies of about 50% is generally what has been reported by experimentalists (Howard, 2001). The powe ...
Structure of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier in complex with
... within the pit. After construction and refinement of the peptide chain, a CATR molecule (Fig. 5a–c) could be modelled unambiguously into these maps. CATR is located deeply in the cavity, not centred on the pseudo-threefold axis (Fig. 5b), and trapped through numerous interactions (Fig. 5c, d). The d ...
... within the pit. After construction and refinement of the peptide chain, a CATR molecule (Fig. 5a–c) could be modelled unambiguously into these maps. CATR is located deeply in the cavity, not centred on the pseudo-threefold axis (Fig. 5b), and trapped through numerous interactions (Fig. 5c, d). The d ...
Fermentation PowerPoint File
... Fermentation Under anaerobic conditions, fermentation follows glycolysis. During fermentation, cells convert NADH produced by glycolysis back into the electron carrier NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP. ...
... Fermentation Under anaerobic conditions, fermentation follows glycolysis. During fermentation, cells convert NADH produced by glycolysis back into the electron carrier NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP. ...
week3-3
... It stabilizes the conformation that has a functional active site. B)- Allosteric inhibitors مثبطات: It stabilizes the conformation that lacks an active site. ...
... It stabilizes the conformation that has a functional active site. B)- Allosteric inhibitors مثبطات: It stabilizes the conformation that lacks an active site. ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.