Glycolysis and the Catabolism of Hexoses
... • The phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the direct transfer of the anhydride phosphate in 1,3-BPG to an ADP to generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. • The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of ...
... • The phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the direct transfer of the anhydride phosphate in 1,3-BPG to an ADP to generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. • The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of ...
Chapter 6
... – Prokaryotes generate H+ gradients across their plasma membrane. • They can use this proton-motive force not only to generate ATP but also to pump nutrients and waste products across the membrane and to rotate their flagella. ...
... – Prokaryotes generate H+ gradients across their plasma membrane. • They can use this proton-motive force not only to generate ATP but also to pump nutrients and waste products across the membrane and to rotate their flagella. ...
AP Biology
... Hint: review the concept check questions – these are great quick quiz questions! 1. Define the two catabolic pathways: a. Fermentation b. Cellular respiration 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. 3. Why is bein ...
... Hint: review the concept check questions – these are great quick quiz questions! 1. Define the two catabolic pathways: a. Fermentation b. Cellular respiration 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. 3. Why is bein ...
Student Book (Unit 1 Module 4) - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges
... contain any free oxygen. The earliest forms of life on Earth used various metabolic pathways to obtain energy from chemicals in their environment. After about 1500 million years, cyanobacteria evolved that could trap sunlight energy for the process of photosynthesis. They used water as a source of e ...
... contain any free oxygen. The earliest forms of life on Earth used various metabolic pathways to obtain energy from chemicals in their environment. After about 1500 million years, cyanobacteria evolved that could trap sunlight energy for the process of photosynthesis. They used water as a source of e ...
Translation - The Citadel
... Translation Termination: When the "stop codon" of the mRNA gets to the ribosome, translation stops. mRNA is released from the ribosome; tRNA is released; newly synthesized protein is released. How does the mRNA sequence of nucleotides direct a ribosome to connect the proper protein sequence of amino ...
... Translation Termination: When the "stop codon" of the mRNA gets to the ribosome, translation stops. mRNA is released from the ribosome; tRNA is released; newly synthesized protein is released. How does the mRNA sequence of nucleotides direct a ribosome to connect the proper protein sequence of amino ...
What is respiration?
... contain any free oxygen. The earliest forms of life on Earth used various metabolic pathways to obtain energy from chemicals in their environment. After about 1500 million years, cyanobacteria evolved that could trap sunlight energy for the process of photosynthesis. They used water as a source of e ...
... contain any free oxygen. The earliest forms of life on Earth used various metabolic pathways to obtain energy from chemicals in their environment. After about 1500 million years, cyanobacteria evolved that could trap sunlight energy for the process of photosynthesis. They used water as a source of e ...
Immobilised Enzymes
... • Extra energy is also added as there is an extra bond between the last two phosphate groups. • Addition of a phosphate group like this is called: Phosphorylation • ATP is rich in energy and stores this energy carrying it around in the cell i.e. Energy Carrier. ...
... • Extra energy is also added as there is an extra bond between the last two phosphate groups. • Addition of a phosphate group like this is called: Phosphorylation • ATP is rich in energy and stores this energy carrying it around in the cell i.e. Energy Carrier. ...
intermediary metabolism
... to these reactions as “metabolism”, we must not think of cell metabolism in terms of a membrane-surrounded bag of randomly acting enzymes. Metabolism is a highly coordinated and purposeful cell activity, in which many multienzyme systems cooperate. Metabolism has four specific functions: 1. To obtai ...
... to these reactions as “metabolism”, we must not think of cell metabolism in terms of a membrane-surrounded bag of randomly acting enzymes. Metabolism is a highly coordinated and purposeful cell activity, in which many multienzyme systems cooperate. Metabolism has four specific functions: 1. To obtai ...
annotated slides Power Point
... • b-oxidation occurs pretty much as w/ even chain fatty acids until the final thiolase cleavage which results in a 3 carbon acyl-CoA (propionyl-CoA) • Special set of 3 enzymes are required to further oxidize propionyl-CoA • Final Product succinyl-CoA enters ...
... • b-oxidation occurs pretty much as w/ even chain fatty acids until the final thiolase cleavage which results in a 3 carbon acyl-CoA (propionyl-CoA) • Special set of 3 enzymes are required to further oxidize propionyl-CoA • Final Product succinyl-CoA enters ...
17. Amino acids are precursors of many specialized biomolecules
... thymidylate synthase, an enzyme using N5, N10methylene-tetrahydrofolate as the donor of both onecarbon unit and electrons. • Degradation of purines and pyrimidines produces uric acid and citric acid cycle intermediate/fatty acid synthesis precursor, respectively. • Purine and pyrimidine bases can be ...
... thymidylate synthase, an enzyme using N5, N10methylene-tetrahydrofolate as the donor of both onecarbon unit and electrons. • Degradation of purines and pyrimidines produces uric acid and citric acid cycle intermediate/fatty acid synthesis precursor, respectively. • Purine and pyrimidine bases can be ...
Bio1A - Lec 9 slides File
... • Anaerobic respiration - similar, but consumes compounds other than O2 ...
... • Anaerobic respiration - similar, but consumes compounds other than O2 ...
Lesson Overview - Midland Park School
... production of ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does. During exercise, the body will use the energy in glycogen (stored form of glucose). These glycogen stores are enough to last for 15 to 20 minutes of activity. After that, the body begins to break down other s ...
... production of ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does. During exercise, the body will use the energy in glycogen (stored form of glucose). These glycogen stores are enough to last for 15 to 20 minutes of activity. After that, the body begins to break down other s ...
Chapter 24 Metabolism
... fibers, etc. metabolize free fatty acids • Excess dietary glycerol and fatty acids undergo lipogenesis to form triglycerides for storage • Glucose is easily converted into fat since acetyl ...
... fibers, etc. metabolize free fatty acids • Excess dietary glycerol and fatty acids undergo lipogenesis to form triglycerides for storage • Glucose is easily converted into fat since acetyl ...
Chapter 25
... mostly rich in C-H and C-C bonds. In the body, these are broken down and turned into C-O bonds that are then breathed out as carbon dioxide. In the process, some of the energy released by breaking those bonds is captured to make ATP ...
... mostly rich in C-H and C-C bonds. In the body, these are broken down and turned into C-O bonds that are then breathed out as carbon dioxide. In the process, some of the energy released by breaking those bonds is captured to make ATP ...
Details of the scope analysis for each organism
... Reed et al. [25] (http://gcrg.ucsd.edu/organisms/ecoli/ecoli_reactions.html) was used as is. ...
... Reed et al. [25] (http://gcrg.ucsd.edu/organisms/ecoli/ecoli_reactions.html) was used as is. ...
ATP as a Signaling Molecule: the Exocrine Focus
... defect and secretion can be restored by activation of a Ca2+dependent Cl conductance. Due to their effects on Cl transport, nucleotides were proposed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of CF (13). Similar luminal effects of ATP/UTP via P2Y2, and other P2Y receptors, on Ca2+-activated Cl tran ...
... defect and secretion can be restored by activation of a Ca2+dependent Cl conductance. Due to their effects on Cl transport, nucleotides were proposed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of CF (13). Similar luminal effects of ATP/UTP via P2Y2, and other P2Y receptors, on Ca2+-activated Cl tran ...
Chapter 3: Energy for Cells
... Visible light is a fairly narrow band within this spectrum, ranging from wavelengths of about ...
... Visible light is a fairly narrow band within this spectrum, ranging from wavelengths of about ...
2.277 December 2004 Final Exam
... Malate would be oxidized, NAD+ would be reduced. Malate would be oxidized would be oxidized, NADH + H+would be unchanged Oxaloacetate and malate would be oxidized; NAD+ and NADH + H+would be reduced. Oxaloacetate would be reduced, NADH + H+ would be oxidized. No reaction would occur, because all rea ...
... Malate would be oxidized, NAD+ would be reduced. Malate would be oxidized would be oxidized, NADH + H+would be unchanged Oxaloacetate and malate would be oxidized; NAD+ and NADH + H+would be reduced. Oxaloacetate would be reduced, NADH + H+ would be oxidized. No reaction would occur, because all rea ...
Chapter 8 Review Sheet
... cell? Etc… What cofactor does hemoglobin require to function? Explain why if you do not get enough iron in your diet, you will become anemic (have a reduced ability to carry oxygen in your blood) on the molecular level. 57. When you eat, you are basically eating for monomers to build with (biosynthe ...
... cell? Etc… What cofactor does hemoglobin require to function? Explain why if you do not get enough iron in your diet, you will become anemic (have a reduced ability to carry oxygen in your blood) on the molecular level. 57. When you eat, you are basically eating for monomers to build with (biosynthe ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.