detailed lecture outline
... and generates smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by mitochondria. o Because glycolysis does not require oxygen, the reactions are said to be anaerobic. The subsequent reactions, which occur in mitochondria, consume oxygen and are considered aerobic. The mitochondrial activity respo ...
... and generates smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by mitochondria. o Because glycolysis does not require oxygen, the reactions are said to be anaerobic. The subsequent reactions, which occur in mitochondria, consume oxygen and are considered aerobic. The mitochondrial activity respo ...
PPTX - Bonham Chemistry
... Cellular Respiration: the big picture • process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 ...
... Cellular Respiration: the big picture • process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 ...
Gibbs Free Energy Changes for the Glycolytic Enzymes
... GAP (unfavorable reaction with a ΔG° of about +47 kJ/mole). The reaction can be viewed as the sum of two processes: the oxidation of the aldehyde to a carboxylic acid by NAD+, and the joining of the carboxylic acid and inorganic phosphate to form the acyl-phosphate product. The key to this reaction ...
... GAP (unfavorable reaction with a ΔG° of about +47 kJ/mole). The reaction can be viewed as the sum of two processes: the oxidation of the aldehyde to a carboxylic acid by NAD+, and the joining of the carboxylic acid and inorganic phosphate to form the acyl-phosphate product. The key to this reaction ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
Chapter 9
... • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
Chapter 9
... • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
When muscular work starts, the adrenal medulla secretes a
... synthesis of more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. When a cell receives oxygen at a rate slower than needed, glycolysis can still operate, but the end product is lactate instead of pyruvate. The following reaction is the anaerobic sequence of glucose catabolism: (See figures attached!) So two ATP c ...
... synthesis of more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. When a cell receives oxygen at a rate slower than needed, glycolysis can still operate, but the end product is lactate instead of pyruvate. The following reaction is the anaerobic sequence of glucose catabolism: (See figures attached!) So two ATP c ...
Topoisomerase
... Model of DNA strand cleavage by topoisomerase I. Formation of the covalent bond involving tyrosine 723 is shown, as are other active site amino acids believed to function in the cleavage process. ...
... Model of DNA strand cleavage by topoisomerase I. Formation of the covalent bond involving tyrosine 723 is shown, as are other active site amino acids believed to function in the cleavage process. ...
The Working Cell
... Photosynthesis : Transformation of solar light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules. ...
... Photosynthesis : Transformation of solar light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules. ...
Part (II) Nitrogenous molecules metabolism
... Pro + -KG + O2 (ascorbate, Fe2+) Hydroly-Pro + succinate ...
... Pro + -KG + O2 (ascorbate, Fe2+) Hydroly-Pro + succinate ...
How Cells Obtain Energy from Food - Molecular Biology of the Cell
... acetyl group—which becomes attached to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl CoA, another activated carrier molecule (see Figure 2-62). Large amounts of acetyl CoA are also produced by the stepwise breakdown and oxidation of fatty acids derived from fats, which are carried in the bloodstream, imported in ...
... acetyl group—which becomes attached to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl CoA, another activated carrier molecule (see Figure 2-62). Large amounts of acetyl CoA are also produced by the stepwise breakdown and oxidation of fatty acids derived from fats, which are carried in the bloodstream, imported in ...
Amino Acid Synthesis
... • NADPH dependent • Chemotherapy dtarget – DHF analogs such as methotrexate ...
... • NADPH dependent • Chemotherapy dtarget – DHF analogs such as methotrexate ...
Integration of Metabolism
... a. For example, if ATP is low you need to make more ATP, so it is important to activate glycolysis i. When ATP is low, AMP will be high ii. So AMP activates glycolysis (+ sign), which leads to making more ATP b. You can sit and rationalize all of these things without memorizing XXIX. Citric Acid Cyc ...
... a. For example, if ATP is low you need to make more ATP, so it is important to activate glycolysis i. When ATP is low, AMP will be high ii. So AMP activates glycolysis (+ sign), which leads to making more ATP b. You can sit and rationalize all of these things without memorizing XXIX. Citric Acid Cyc ...
ADP
... with the four-carbon dicarboxylic acid oxaloacetate, resulting in the formation of a six-carbon tricarboxylic acid, citrate, following a series of reactions in the course of which two molecules of CO2 are released and oxaloacetate is regenerated. ② The location of TAC is mitochondria ...
... with the four-carbon dicarboxylic acid oxaloacetate, resulting in the formation of a six-carbon tricarboxylic acid, citrate, following a series of reactions in the course of which two molecules of CO2 are released and oxaloacetate is regenerated. ② The location of TAC is mitochondria ...
... The conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle is indirectly coupled to citrate formation. The activation of fatty acids is indirectly coupled to the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. The reactions in gluconeogenesis are indirectly coupled to the hydrolysis of F1,6 P and G6-P 8. (6 pts) i) Whi ...
BSU Reading Guide Chapter 7 Respiration
... third protein complex called the bc1complex (the purple structure), which again acts as a proton pump. The electrons are then shuttled by another carrier C to a fourth protein complex called cytochrome oxidase(the light blue structure). This complex uses each of these electrons both to pump another ...
... third protein complex called the bc1complex (the purple structure), which again acts as a proton pump. The electrons are then shuttled by another carrier C to a fourth protein complex called cytochrome oxidase(the light blue structure). This complex uses each of these electrons both to pump another ...
Muscle Metabolism - White Plains Public Schools
... nutrient energy fuels by aerobic pathway. This pathway uses oxygen released from myoglobin or delivered in the blood by hemoglobin. When it ends, the oxygen deficit is paid back. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... nutrient energy fuels by aerobic pathway. This pathway uses oxygen released from myoglobin or delivered in the blood by hemoglobin. When it ends, the oxygen deficit is paid back. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Nucleotide Synthesis Nucleotides Origin of Atoms Nucleotide
... • thymine nucleotides are found in DNA • uracil nucleotides are found in RNA • rapidly dividing cells must replicate DNA rapidly and require rapid production of thymine nucleotides • by preventing formation of thymine nucleotides, rapidly dividing cells are killed ...
... • thymine nucleotides are found in DNA • uracil nucleotides are found in RNA • rapidly dividing cells must replicate DNA rapidly and require rapid production of thymine nucleotides • by preventing formation of thymine nucleotides, rapidly dividing cells are killed ...
Metabolism and Glycolysis
... glyceraldehyde-3-P is present in lower concentration. It is more manageable to control a small pool than a huge one. This “strategy” is used by other pathways. That is the active metabolite is scarce. ...
... glyceraldehyde-3-P is present in lower concentration. It is more manageable to control a small pool than a huge one. This “strategy” is used by other pathways. That is the active metabolite is scarce. ...
Section 8-1
... 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works? They convert light energy into electrical energy. 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make fo ...
... 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works? They convert light energy into electrical energy. 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make fo ...
ppt file/carboxilase
... b.) malate-aspartate shuttle can export cytoplasmic glycolytic NADH hydrogen to mitochondrial matrix to electron transport chain alpha-ketoglutarate-malate and aspartate-glutamate(+H+) antiporters take part In PC deficiency the NAD/NADH ratio is abnormal, mitochondrial membrane potential is disrupt ...
... b.) malate-aspartate shuttle can export cytoplasmic glycolytic NADH hydrogen to mitochondrial matrix to electron transport chain alpha-ketoglutarate-malate and aspartate-glutamate(+H+) antiporters take part In PC deficiency the NAD/NADH ratio is abnormal, mitochondrial membrane potential is disrupt ...
Chapter 8 Section 3 Notes
... The plant uses the sugars produced by the Calvin cycle to meet its energy needs and to build macromolecules needed for growth and development. When other organisms eat plants, they can use the energy and raw materials stored in these compounds. ...
... The plant uses the sugars produced by the Calvin cycle to meet its energy needs and to build macromolecules needed for growth and development. When other organisms eat plants, they can use the energy and raw materials stored in these compounds. ...
1. Introduction
... permeability: most important is the role of membrane proteins in regulating yeast nutrition, such as uptake of carbohydrates, nitrogenous compounds or ions and the extrusion of molecules hazardous to the cell [3]. Like other membranes, it is a lipid bilayer with proteins inserted into this layer or ...
... permeability: most important is the role of membrane proteins in regulating yeast nutrition, such as uptake of carbohydrates, nitrogenous compounds or ions and the extrusion of molecules hazardous to the cell [3]. Like other membranes, it is a lipid bilayer with proteins inserted into this layer or ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.