TCA Cycle - eCurriculum
... Catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase, enzyme directly linked to the electron transport chain. )G 0 ’= 0. Uses FAD because the free energy change is not enough to generate NADH. 7) fumarate + H2O ↔ malate Catalyzed by fumarase. )G 0 ’= 0. 8) malate + NAD + ↔ oxaloacetate + NADH Catalyzed ...
... Catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase, enzyme directly linked to the electron transport chain. )G 0 ’= 0. Uses FAD because the free energy change is not enough to generate NADH. 7) fumarate + H2O ↔ malate Catalyzed by fumarase. )G 0 ’= 0. 8) malate + NAD + ↔ oxaloacetate + NADH Catalyzed ...
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... • Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which are chemically altered and then used in the Krebs cycle • Fats are broken up and fed into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... • Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which are chemically altered and then used in the Krebs cycle • Fats are broken up and fed into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Chapter 3 – Cellular Energy Metabolism
... Mitochondria: pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA lipid conversion to acetyl-CoA amino acid conversion to acetyl-CoA or other TCA cycle intermediates TCA cycle - acetyl-CoA derived from above substrates enters it; NADH and FADH2 (reducing equivalents) are produced from NAD+ and FAD+ respiratory chain ...
... Mitochondria: pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA lipid conversion to acetyl-CoA amino acid conversion to acetyl-CoA or other TCA cycle intermediates TCA cycle - acetyl-CoA derived from above substrates enters it; NADH and FADH2 (reducing equivalents) are produced from NAD+ and FAD+ respiratory chain ...
Dr. V. Main Powerpoint
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Week 1 Pre-Lecture Slides
... What assumptions are you making in your calculation? • Why is RNA more like protein than DNA? • Why is it more like DNA than protein? • What extra work must you do to complete a Bio200 exam? • Is this a good or bad exam system? Why? ...
... What assumptions are you making in your calculation? • Why is RNA more like protein than DNA? • Why is it more like DNA than protein? • What extra work must you do to complete a Bio200 exam? • Is this a good or bad exam system? Why? ...
2. Glucogenic amino acids
... of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is catalysed by a mitochondrial enzyme, Pyruvate carboxylase. It needs the co-enzymes biotin and ATP. 2. Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase (PEPCK) In the cytoplasm, PEPCK enzyme converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate by removing a molecule of CO2. GTP donates the ...
... of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is catalysed by a mitochondrial enzyme, Pyruvate carboxylase. It needs the co-enzymes biotin and ATP. 2. Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase (PEPCK) In the cytoplasm, PEPCK enzyme converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate by removing a molecule of CO2. GTP donates the ...
video slide - yayscienceclass
... The Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) • A 3-carbon product of the Calvin cycle is phosphoglyceraldehyde (which is also called glyceraldehyde phosphate) and is commonly symbolized as PGAL or G3P in your text. Two of these will form glucose, the others will be recycled to use again in this cycle. • Note: ...
... The Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) • A 3-carbon product of the Calvin cycle is phosphoglyceraldehyde (which is also called glyceraldehyde phosphate) and is commonly symbolized as PGAL or G3P in your text. Two of these will form glucose, the others will be recycled to use again in this cycle. • Note: ...
Camp 1 - University of California, Santa Cruz
... Fatty Acids and Energy • Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form ...
... Fatty Acids and Energy • Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form ...
Overview of mitochondria and plastids function in energy conversion
... eukaryotes. Amitochondriate eukaryotes have a related organelle called hydrogenosome or mitosome The primary function of mitochondria is the oxidative phosphorylation. It is the conversion of chemical energy contain in fuel molecules (via oxidation) into a "highenergy" storage molecule (ATP). Additi ...
... eukaryotes. Amitochondriate eukaryotes have a related organelle called hydrogenosome or mitosome The primary function of mitochondria is the oxidative phosphorylation. It is the conversion of chemical energy contain in fuel molecules (via oxidation) into a "highenergy" storage molecule (ATP). Additi ...
hyde school: unit plan - science-b
... Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. ...
... Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. ...
ENERGY-PRODUCING ABILITY OF BACTERIA
... by the electron carriers helps create a proton gradient and a membrane potential. These are subsequently trapped as chemical energy in the form of ATP. Bacteriorhodopsin is both a light harvesting complex and a proton pump. Upon absorption of light, it produces a proton gradient that drives the synt ...
... by the electron carriers helps create a proton gradient and a membrane potential. These are subsequently trapped as chemical energy in the form of ATP. Bacteriorhodopsin is both a light harvesting complex and a proton pump. Upon absorption of light, it produces a proton gradient that drives the synt ...
Chapter 6 2015 - Franklin College
... How is D G determined for a reaction? FE of products –FE of reactants. • a. If D G is negative (the free energy of the reactants is > fe of products), the reaction is spontaneous (downhill). • b. If D G is positive (the fe of the reactants is < fe of products), the reaction is not spontaneous (uphi ...
... How is D G determined for a reaction? FE of products –FE of reactants. • a. If D G is negative (the free energy of the reactants is > fe of products), the reaction is spontaneous (downhill). • b. If D G is positive (the fe of the reactants is < fe of products), the reaction is not spontaneous (uphi ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
... • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
Excitation of Rat Locus Coeruleus Neurons by Adenosine 5
... lO-30% of the peak amplitude (Fig. 1). The current declined during 1S-20 set when the ATP application was discontinued. The peak amplitude of the inward current depended on the concentration of ATP in the range of l-300 PM (see below). In most cells, a small outward current flowed for 2-5 min after ...
... lO-30% of the peak amplitude (Fig. 1). The current declined during 1S-20 set when the ATP application was discontinued. The peak amplitude of the inward current depended on the concentration of ATP in the range of l-300 PM (see below). In most cells, a small outward current flowed for 2-5 min after ...
chap16
... that are converted to acetyl CoA, you also produce 2 NADHs the PDH complex requires 3 enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E2, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase E3) and 5 coenzymes (TPP, FAD, CoA-SH, NAD, and lipoate) fig. 16-6 shows basically everything that you need to kn ...
... that are converted to acetyl CoA, you also produce 2 NADHs the PDH complex requires 3 enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E2, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase E3) and 5 coenzymes (TPP, FAD, CoA-SH, NAD, and lipoate) fig. 16-6 shows basically everything that you need to kn ...
Nutrition
... pumps that will release energy as an electron is transferred from one to another B) NADH and FADH2 drop off their hydrogen atoms to the chain of electron acceptors C) As the H are dropped off they lose their electrons which travel “down the chain” ...
... pumps that will release energy as an electron is transferred from one to another B) NADH and FADH2 drop off their hydrogen atoms to the chain of electron acceptors C) As the H are dropped off they lose their electrons which travel “down the chain” ...
LIPID METABOLISM
... 1- β-Oxidation (knoop’s oxidation): Removal of 2 carbon fragment at a time form Acyl CoA (active FA). ...
... 1- β-Oxidation (knoop’s oxidation): Removal of 2 carbon fragment at a time form Acyl CoA (active FA). ...
Chapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS Living cells require a
... ) and ADP is phosphorylated to ATP by the addition of Pi. Since oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is associated with the synthesis of ATP, it is called ‘Oxidative Phosphorylation’(Fig.14.3). Oxidation of one NADH and one FADH2 yields three and two ATP molecules respectively. The hydrogen atom (H+ ) and th ...
... ) and ADP is phosphorylated to ATP by the addition of Pi. Since oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is associated with the synthesis of ATP, it is called ‘Oxidative Phosphorylation’(Fig.14.3). Oxidation of one NADH and one FADH2 yields three and two ATP molecules respectively. The hydrogen atom (H+ ) and th ...
16-18 Cellular respiration
... The process is exergonic (ΔG = -140 kcal/mol or -586 kJ/mol); most of the energy harnessed is conserved in the high-energy electrons of NADH and in the phosphate bonds of ATP. ...
... The process is exergonic (ΔG = -140 kcal/mol or -586 kJ/mol); most of the energy harnessed is conserved in the high-energy electrons of NADH and in the phosphate bonds of ATP. ...
Metabolism Review - Local.brookings.k12.sd.us
... If no oxygen is available these organic compounds are metabolized by which process found in the cytoplasm? FERMENTATION Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. b. Heterotrophs capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by othe ...
... If no oxygen is available these organic compounds are metabolized by which process found in the cytoplasm? FERMENTATION Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. b. Heterotrophs capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by othe ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.