Pyruvate Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle
... ● The Krebs cycle has to be carefully monitored to remain efficient ...
... ● The Krebs cycle has to be carefully monitored to remain efficient ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... to be re-oxidised (Hydrogen removed) so that it can keep accepting Hydrogens in glycolysis • There are two ways that NAD can be reoxidised • Fungi e.g. yeast use ethanol fermentation • Animals use lactate fermentation • Neither of these produce ATP, but two are made during glycolysis ...
... to be re-oxidised (Hydrogen removed) so that it can keep accepting Hydrogens in glycolysis • There are two ways that NAD can be reoxidised • Fungi e.g. yeast use ethanol fermentation • Animals use lactate fermentation • Neither of these produce ATP, but two are made during glycolysis ...
Cellular Respiration
... - By what process does each stage occur? - What are the total results for Aerobic Respiration? ...
... - By what process does each stage occur? - What are the total results for Aerobic Respiration? ...
Metabolism: An Overview
... considered regulatory reactions because positive allosteric effectors increase the rates of these reactions and negative allosteric modulators decrease the reaction rates. There are four common themes of cellular function: 1. Cells extract energy from external sources in order to drive energy consum ...
... considered regulatory reactions because positive allosteric effectors increase the rates of these reactions and negative allosteric modulators decrease the reaction rates. There are four common themes of cellular function: 1. Cells extract energy from external sources in order to drive energy consum ...
03_Membrane rest potential. Generation and radiation action
... side of the membrane or the other. There may be an intermediate conformation in which a bound substrate is inaccessible to either ...
... side of the membrane or the other. There may be an intermediate conformation in which a bound substrate is inaccessible to either ...
AMINOACID METABOLISM
... The transfer of an amino(-NH2) group from an aminoacid to a ketoacid is Transamination. This process involves the inter-conversion of a pair of aminoacids & ketoacids, catalyzed by a group of enzymes – ...
... The transfer of an amino(-NH2) group from an aminoacid to a ketoacid is Transamination. This process involves the inter-conversion of a pair of aminoacids & ketoacids, catalyzed by a group of enzymes – ...
Ch - wlhs.wlwv.k12.or.us
... ● Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to ● Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to Fermentation and Cellular Respiration Compared: ● Both processes use glycolysis to ...
... ● Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to ● Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to Fermentation and Cellular Respiration Compared: ● Both processes use glycolysis to ...
Cellular Respiration - Valhalla High School
... different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation. Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. ...
... different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation. Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. ...
EnERGY TRANSFORMATIONS IN NATURE
... • O2 is a by-product released • The removed electrons (e -) are excited to a higher energy state and then excited again (by Photosystem I) to an even higher energy state • These electrons are then used to convert the NADP into NADPH (a carrier molecule) • Transports H+ across the thylakoid membrane ...
... • O2 is a by-product released • The removed electrons (e -) are excited to a higher energy state and then excited again (by Photosystem I) to an even higher energy state • These electrons are then used to convert the NADP into NADPH (a carrier molecule) • Transports H+ across the thylakoid membrane ...
Nucleotide Metabolism -Biosynthesis- Dr. Sooad Al
... Denovo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis The two parent purine nucleotides of nucleic acids are adenosine 5monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine 5-monophosphate (GMP). The origin of the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the purine ring system, as determined by John Buchanan using isotopic tracer experiment ...
... Denovo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis The two parent purine nucleotides of nucleic acids are adenosine 5monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine 5-monophosphate (GMP). The origin of the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the purine ring system, as determined by John Buchanan using isotopic tracer experiment ...
acid
... reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH2) and GTP. 5. The reduced co-enzymes are finally oxidized in the respiratory chain with concomitant generation of ATP. 6. One acetyl-CoA molecule is oxidized by this cycle at a time. Site Enzymes of citric acid cycle are present in mitochondrial matrix ...
... reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH2) and GTP. 5. The reduced co-enzymes are finally oxidized in the respiratory chain with concomitant generation of ATP. 6. One acetyl-CoA molecule is oxidized by this cycle at a time. Site Enzymes of citric acid cycle are present in mitochondrial matrix ...
Ch. 2-4 Review
... d. it speeds up a particular chemical reaction. e. it occurs in only one type of cell. ...
... d. it speeds up a particular chemical reaction. e. it occurs in only one type of cell. ...
GRADE 11F: Biology 1
... mechanisms for the movement of substances into and out of cells. 11F.6.1 Describe the role of ATP as the universal energy currency in all living ...
... mechanisms for the movement of substances into and out of cells. 11F.6.1 Describe the role of ATP as the universal energy currency in all living ...
Cellular Respiration
... • The main energy foods, carbohydrates and fats are reservoirs of electrons associated with hydrogen. Only the barrier of activation energy holds back the flood of electrons to a lower energy state. Without this barrier, a food substance like glucose would combine almost instantaneously with O2. • W ...
... • The main energy foods, carbohydrates and fats are reservoirs of electrons associated with hydrogen. Only the barrier of activation energy holds back the flood of electrons to a lower energy state. Without this barrier, a food substance like glucose would combine almost instantaneously with O2. • W ...
Topic 7 - FSU Biology
... Rates of reactions. For a chemical reaction like A B the rate of the reaction is a function of the concentrations of reactants and products. Thus, the principle of chemical mass action tells us that we can increase the rate of A B by increasing [A], decreasing [B] or both. However, biological sy ...
... Rates of reactions. For a chemical reaction like A B the rate of the reaction is a function of the concentrations of reactants and products. Thus, the principle of chemical mass action tells us that we can increase the rate of A B by increasing [A], decreasing [B] or both. However, biological sy ...
Topic 7: METABOLISM: THERMODYNAMICS, CHEMICAL
... fig. 6.8- ATP is very unstable and is spontaneously hydrolyzed by water; this reaction, however, can be coupled to another reaction as shown in fig. 6.9 ( glutamine formation). ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of cells; it is constantly being utilized to drive endergonic processes. In ...
... fig. 6.8- ATP is very unstable and is spontaneously hydrolyzed by water; this reaction, however, can be coupled to another reaction as shown in fig. 6.9 ( glutamine formation). ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of cells; it is constantly being utilized to drive endergonic processes. In ...
(ATP). - WordPress.com
... In stage 3 of catabolism, the citric acid cycle is a series of reactions connects the intermediate acetyl CoA from the metabolic pathways in stages 1 and 2 with electron transport and the synthesis of ATP in stage 3 operates under aerobic conditions only oxidizes the two-carbon acetyl group ...
... In stage 3 of catabolism, the citric acid cycle is a series of reactions connects the intermediate acetyl CoA from the metabolic pathways in stages 1 and 2 with electron transport and the synthesis of ATP in stage 3 operates under aerobic conditions only oxidizes the two-carbon acetyl group ...
Lh6Ch14aGlycolPPP
... But, is that all…what about REALITY? EOC Problem 10: A look at modifying Glycolysis, could it work? ...
... But, is that all…what about REALITY? EOC Problem 10: A look at modifying Glycolysis, could it work? ...
video slide - Jackson County School District
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic fl ...
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic fl ...
AQA Biology: Energy transfers and changes in
... 5 Substrate level phosphorylation is when ATP is formed as one intermediate is converted to another; oxidative phosphorylation is when ATP is produced using oxygen/as electrons pass through electron transfer chain. Examples: for substrate level, any from glycolysis/link reaction/Krebs cycle; and for ...
... 5 Substrate level phosphorylation is when ATP is formed as one intermediate is converted to another; oxidative phosphorylation is when ATP is produced using oxygen/as electrons pass through electron transfer chain. Examples: for substrate level, any from glycolysis/link reaction/Krebs cycle; and for ...
Enzymes, ATP and Bioenergetics
... Though ATP is the most common form of nucleoside triphosphate, it is not the only one. Nucleotides containing the bases guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil can also take on extra phosphate groups to form high-energy compounds. Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) may contain either ribose or and are s ...
... Though ATP is the most common form of nucleoside triphosphate, it is not the only one. Nucleotides containing the bases guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil can also take on extra phosphate groups to form high-energy compounds. Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) may contain either ribose or and are s ...
Enzyme Inhibition
... 2. Non-competitive: These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site Examples Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes cytochrome oxidase Heavy metals, Ag or Hg, combine with –SH groups. These can be ...
... 2. Non-competitive: These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site Examples Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes cytochrome oxidase Heavy metals, Ag or Hg, combine with –SH groups. These can be ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.