CO 2
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s) • completes the oxidation of or ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s) • completes the oxidation of or ...
AP Review
... mitochondrion, each pyruvate is first converted to a molecule of acetyl CoA (2C) - another NAD+ is reduced to NADH ...
... mitochondrion, each pyruvate is first converted to a molecule of acetyl CoA (2C) - another NAD+ is reduced to NADH ...
CHAPTER 6
... with N5,N10-methylene-THF. Normally, free enzyme is regenerated following release of the hydrogen at C-5 as a proton. Because release of fluorine as F+ cannot occur, the ternary (three-part) complex of [enzyme: flourouridylate:methylene-THF] is stable and persists, preventing enzyme turnover. (The N ...
... with N5,N10-methylene-THF. Normally, free enzyme is regenerated following release of the hydrogen at C-5 as a proton. Because release of fluorine as F+ cannot occur, the ternary (three-part) complex of [enzyme: flourouridylate:methylene-THF] is stable and persists, preventing enzyme turnover. (The N ...
Biochemistry of cell organelles
... • OXPHOS is the metabolic pathway in which mitochondria use energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to perfom ATP; • Most of the energy liberated during oxidation of nutrients is fixed in form of two reducing equivalents: NADH, FADH2; • Succinate, glycerol-3-phosphate, and activated fatty acid ...
... • OXPHOS is the metabolic pathway in which mitochondria use energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to perfom ATP; • Most of the energy liberated during oxidation of nutrients is fixed in form of two reducing equivalents: NADH, FADH2; • Succinate, glycerol-3-phosphate, and activated fatty acid ...
Control of metabolism
... – Is subject to control by metabolites other than its substrates, – Often positioned as the first committed step of a pathway, directly after major branch points, or at the last step of a “multiinput” pathway. – Needs confirmation of the in vivo concentrations of the enzyme’s substrate(s) and produc ...
... – Is subject to control by metabolites other than its substrates, – Often positioned as the first committed step of a pathway, directly after major branch points, or at the last step of a “multiinput” pathway. – Needs confirmation of the in vivo concentrations of the enzyme’s substrate(s) and produc ...
Ch23_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
... 24) Conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a(n) ________. A) reduction B) esterification C) condensation D) oxidation E) isomerization ...
... 24) Conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a(n) ________. A) reduction B) esterification C) condensation D) oxidation E) isomerization ...
Respiration ppt - mleonessciencepage
... the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide • Anaerobic - does not require oxygen • Cellular respiration - process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds • Citric acid -six-carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle • Fermentation - the recycling of NAD+ under anae ...
... the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide • Anaerobic - does not require oxygen • Cellular respiration - process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds • Citric acid -six-carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle • Fermentation - the recycling of NAD+ under anae ...
Cell Respiration WebQuest(09)
... (http://www.essortment.com/all/cellularrespira_rmpr.htm) 4. Where in the cell does respiration occur? ...
... (http://www.essortment.com/all/cellularrespira_rmpr.htm) 4. Where in the cell does respiration occur? ...
1 Chapter 8. Energy and energy transformations The chapter 8
... o The glucose is supplied by the liver to various tissues including muscle. o This inter-organ cooperation during high muscular activity is called as the Cori cycle. - Substrate cycle or Futile cycle o In a substrate cycle, there is expense of ATP without a coupled biosynthetic reaction, thu ...
... o The glucose is supplied by the liver to various tissues including muscle. o This inter-organ cooperation during high muscular activity is called as the Cori cycle. - Substrate cycle or Futile cycle o In a substrate cycle, there is expense of ATP without a coupled biosynthetic reaction, thu ...
Carbohydrates
... the 2-carbon atom acetyl-CoA condenses with 4-carbon atom oxaloacetic acid molecule forming a 6 – carbon atom Citric Acid and CoA is released. (ii) Dehydration: Citric acid undergoes dehydration forming cisaconitic acid in presence of enzyme aconitase. (iii)Hydration-I: Cisaconitic acid changes into ...
... the 2-carbon atom acetyl-CoA condenses with 4-carbon atom oxaloacetic acid molecule forming a 6 – carbon atom Citric Acid and CoA is released. (ii) Dehydration: Citric acid undergoes dehydration forming cisaconitic acid in presence of enzyme aconitase. (iii)Hydration-I: Cisaconitic acid changes into ...
Summary of glycolysis (Embden
... NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation which needs oxygen. However, during exercise, there is lack of oxygen so this reconversion is not possible, Therefore, the cell has to couple some other reaction in which NAD+ is regenerated in the cytoplasm itself hence, pyruvate is reduced to lactate; the NAD+ thu ...
... NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation which needs oxygen. However, during exercise, there is lack of oxygen so this reconversion is not possible, Therefore, the cell has to couple some other reaction in which NAD+ is regenerated in the cytoplasm itself hence, pyruvate is reduced to lactate; the NAD+ thu ...
Biochemistry: A Short Course
... Recall: Carbon is more reduced when more H’s are bonded, while carbon is more oxidized with more O’s bonded. Compare CH4 vs CO2 When something is oxidized, something else must be reduced Electrons MUST be transferred. (NAD+ is reduce to NADH) NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ...
... Recall: Carbon is more reduced when more H’s are bonded, while carbon is more oxidized with more O’s bonded. Compare CH4 vs CO2 When something is oxidized, something else must be reduced Electrons MUST be transferred. (NAD+ is reduce to NADH) NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ...
BS11 Final Exam Answer Key Spring `98
... (6 pt) B) Calculate what happens at the two ends of the filament under these conditions. What happens to the size of the filament? Answer: The size of the filament does not change. It grows at the (+) end at the same rate that it shrinks at the (-) end. This is called treadmilling. rate = k on [Acti ...
... (6 pt) B) Calculate what happens at the two ends of the filament under these conditions. What happens to the size of the filament? Answer: The size of the filament does not change. It grows at the (+) end at the same rate that it shrinks at the (-) end. This is called treadmilling. rate = k on [Acti ...
GLYCOLYSIS UP - Hudson City Schools / Homepage
... 63. In the following equation, what is oxidized and what is ...
... 63. In the following equation, what is oxidized and what is ...
answer key
... N. Which of the following is a correct definition of a K m? i. The Km is the substrate concentration at which an enzyme's reaction rate is half-maximal. -- CORRECT ii. The Km is defined by the equation V = Vmax * (Km / ([S] + Km). iii. The Km is the minimum substrate concentration needed for the enz ...
... N. Which of the following is a correct definition of a K m? i. The Km is the substrate concentration at which an enzyme's reaction rate is half-maximal. -- CORRECT ii. The Km is defined by the equation V = Vmax * (Km / ([S] + Km). iii. The Km is the minimum substrate concentration needed for the enz ...
![[j26]Chapter 5#](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009375917_1-4b76508e3cea6c5c195183cfa3853e79-300x300.png)
[j26]Chapter 5#
... ___ 39. The consumption of a diet high in fruits and vegetables would provide the body with an abundant supply of antioxidant molecules. ___ 40. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. ___ 41. The oxygen (O2) we breathe in is ultimately converted to carbon dioxide (CO ...
... ___ 39. The consumption of a diet high in fruits and vegetables would provide the body with an abundant supply of antioxidant molecules. ___ 40. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. ___ 41. The oxygen (O2) we breathe in is ultimately converted to carbon dioxide (CO ...
2005 MCB 3020 Study Objectives, Part 2
... • Understand glycolysis. I will not ask you to memorize the specific steps or intermediates, but I would like you to know the overall reaction (slide 286); that glucose becomes OXIDIZED and that the electrons are transferred to NAD+ making NADH (an intermediate electron carrier); that ATP is produce ...
... • Understand glycolysis. I will not ask you to memorize the specific steps or intermediates, but I would like you to know the overall reaction (slide 286); that glucose becomes OXIDIZED and that the electrons are transferred to NAD+ making NADH (an intermediate electron carrier); that ATP is produce ...
Chapter 6
... At this point the original 6C sugar has been converted to 2 moles of the 3C aldehyde, G3P. This conversion has consumed 2 moles of ATP and has thus been an energy drain on the cell. The glyceraldehyde-3-P is now oxidized to the corresponding acid. This reaction is one of the best understood examples ...
... At this point the original 6C sugar has been converted to 2 moles of the 3C aldehyde, G3P. This conversion has consumed 2 moles of ATP and has thus been an energy drain on the cell. The glyceraldehyde-3-P is now oxidized to the corresponding acid. This reaction is one of the best understood examples ...
+ 2
... The production of ATP using energy derived from oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions of an electron transport chain. Oxidative phosphorylation requires that the redox reactions occur within a membrane that separates two distinct compartments. ...
... The production of ATP using energy derived from oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions of an electron transport chain. Oxidative phosphorylation requires that the redox reactions occur within a membrane that separates two distinct compartments. ...
emboj7601526-sup
... By introducing the population fraction for A type cells, fA = (number of type A cells)/(total number of taste bud cells), and that for cells of the other types, the fraction of type A cells in the GFP-negative (non-green) cell population can be written as: F = (1-x)fA/((1-x)fA+fB+fC+fN) where x is t ...
... By introducing the population fraction for A type cells, fA = (number of type A cells)/(total number of taste bud cells), and that for cells of the other types, the fraction of type A cells in the GFP-negative (non-green) cell population can be written as: F = (1-x)fA/((1-x)fA+fB+fC+fN) where x is t ...
Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
... 3 Molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH2 are generated each turn of the Citric acid cycle. The eight electrons captured are transported by electron carriers to O2 generating a proton gradient that drives the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. The stoichiometry of electron transport ...
... 3 Molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH2 are generated each turn of the Citric acid cycle. The eight electrons captured are transported by electron carriers to O2 generating a proton gradient that drives the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. The stoichiometry of electron transport ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.