Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
... 3 Molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH2 are generated each turn of the Citric acid cycle. The eight electrons captured are transported by electron carriers to O2 generating a proton gradient that drives the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. The stoichiometry of electron transport ...
... 3 Molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH2 are generated each turn of the Citric acid cycle. The eight electrons captured are transported by electron carriers to O2 generating a proton gradient that drives the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. The stoichiometry of electron transport ...
Types of Organic compounds
... Sugar = deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA) DNA Bases = adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine RNA bases = adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine Base Pairing: A-T, G-C or A-U. Held together by ...
... Sugar = deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA) DNA Bases = adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine RNA bases = adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine Base Pairing: A-T, G-C or A-U. Held together by ...
Multiple Choice
... Small antigens are typically combined with large carrier molecules such as proteins because (i) the small molecules are very inefficient in generating antibodies and the small molecules are often very rapidly removed from tissues in the bloodstream and (ii) the carrier protein can often act as an ad ...
... Small antigens are typically combined with large carrier molecules such as proteins because (i) the small molecules are very inefficient in generating antibodies and the small molecules are often very rapidly removed from tissues in the bloodstream and (ii) the carrier protein can often act as an ad ...
lightindependantphot..
... RuBP to enable the fixation of Carbon to continue • This uses the rest of the ATP produced in the light dependant reaction 2NADPH 2ADP + Pi ...
... RuBP to enable the fixation of Carbon to continue • This uses the rest of the ATP produced in the light dependant reaction 2NADPH 2ADP + Pi ...
Cellular Respiration
... quick energy. Polysaccharide structure is mainly used for storage and structure. Glucose is obtained from and/or produced by plants The Cell and the Mitochondria ...
... quick energy. Polysaccharide structure is mainly used for storage and structure. Glucose is obtained from and/or produced by plants The Cell and the Mitochondria ...
Electron Transport Chain
... Electron Transport The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 produced from glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the citric acid cycle are oxidized to provide the energy for the synthesis of ATP. In electron transport or the respiratory chain, • hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passe ...
... Electron Transport The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 produced from glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the citric acid cycle are oxidized to provide the energy for the synthesis of ATP. In electron transport or the respiratory chain, • hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passe ...
Assignment CHE-09 TMA-01,02 Year 2005
... What is meant by a spontaneous reaction? How does coupling in biochemical reactions help these proceed in forward direction? ' values at 298 K. Take the help of For the following reaction calculate G°΄ and K eq Table 8.3 given in Unit 8. ...
... What is meant by a spontaneous reaction? How does coupling in biochemical reactions help these proceed in forward direction? ' values at 298 K. Take the help of For the following reaction calculate G°΄ and K eq Table 8.3 given in Unit 8. ...
Chapter 8-3 Cellular Respiration
... Energy enters our environment as light and leaves back into outer space as ...
... Energy enters our environment as light and leaves back into outer space as ...
Glycolysis reaction (Investment phase)
... 1. Take NADH from Diffusion (they came from Matrix and Cytoplasm. 2. Remove two(2) electrons (paper clips) from NADH and only NADH. 3. Give NAD back to diffusion and hold the electrons. 4. Push the H through the Proton Pump #1 into the Intermembrane Space. 5. Immediately after you push the H across ...
... 1. Take NADH from Diffusion (they came from Matrix and Cytoplasm. 2. Remove two(2) electrons (paper clips) from NADH and only NADH. 3. Give NAD back to diffusion and hold the electrons. 4. Push the H through the Proton Pump #1 into the Intermembrane Space. 5. Immediately after you push the H across ...
Control and Integration of Metabolism
... • Cofactors play important part in control of a pathway. Inhibition of enzyme activity can be achieved by ↓ the concentration of its cofactor e.g. FA oxidation can be controlled by the concentration of carnitine. • So theoretically it is possible that the concentration of carnitine could regulate th ...
... • Cofactors play important part in control of a pathway. Inhibition of enzyme activity can be achieved by ↓ the concentration of its cofactor e.g. FA oxidation can be controlled by the concentration of carnitine. • So theoretically it is possible that the concentration of carnitine could regulate th ...
fatty acid oxid final
... Increase requirement Pregnancy, Infections, Burns, Trauma o Losses can also occur in hemodialysis • SYMPTOMS: Hypoglycemia during fast ...
... Increase requirement Pregnancy, Infections, Burns, Trauma o Losses can also occur in hemodialysis • SYMPTOMS: Hypoglycemia during fast ...
7 rounds of beta oxidation
... Fatty acids (FA) from the diet or from the degradation of triglycerides stored in adipose cells are broken down further to smaller molecules to completely metabolize them and therefore release energy. This process of catabolism of FA includes three major parts: ...
... Fatty acids (FA) from the diet or from the degradation of triglycerides stored in adipose cells are broken down further to smaller molecules to completely metabolize them and therefore release energy. This process of catabolism of FA includes three major parts: ...
Biochemistry I, Spring Term 2001 - Third Exam:
... 1. Fatty acids form micelles in water while phospholipids form bilayers because a) fatty acids are completely water soluble while phospholipids are amphipathic. b) fatty acids have three acyl-chains while phospholipids have only one. c) fatty acids have two acyl-chains while phospholipids have three ...
... 1. Fatty acids form micelles in water while phospholipids form bilayers because a) fatty acids are completely water soluble while phospholipids are amphipathic. b) fatty acids have three acyl-chains while phospholipids have only one. c) fatty acids have two acyl-chains while phospholipids have three ...
Chem 465 Biochemistry II
... 12. Compare and contrast the structure, mechanism, cofactors used, and regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and á-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction Pyruvate + CoASH 6AcetylCoA + NADH + H+ á-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction á- ...
... 12. Compare and contrast the structure, mechanism, cofactors used, and regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and á-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction Pyruvate + CoASH 6AcetylCoA + NADH + H+ á-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction á- ...
Alternative ways of monosaccharides metabolism
... blood and then into these permeable cells. • Once inside these well-oxygenated cells, lactate can be reverted back to pyruvate and metabolized through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. • The use of lactate in place of glucose by these cells makes more circulating g ...
... blood and then into these permeable cells. • Once inside these well-oxygenated cells, lactate can be reverted back to pyruvate and metabolized through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. • The use of lactate in place of glucose by these cells makes more circulating g ...
Chapter 7 - Cell
... is it important for ATP synthesis? Proton motive force is the ‘charging up of the battery’ –that means pumping all the H+ ions first into the intermembrane space to create a high concentration gradient and because they cannot flow back except through the ATP synthase enzyme- it is a force that is pr ...
... is it important for ATP synthesis? Proton motive force is the ‘charging up of the battery’ –that means pumping all the H+ ions first into the intermembrane space to create a high concentration gradient and because they cannot flow back except through the ATP synthase enzyme- it is a force that is pr ...
Activity 6
... 20. Gluconeogenesis literally means formation of new sugar. In this process, glucose is formed from non-‐carbohydrate sources: lactate built up from exercise, amino acid metabolism, and glycerol from fats. For ...
... 20. Gluconeogenesis literally means formation of new sugar. In this process, glucose is formed from non-‐carbohydrate sources: lactate built up from exercise, amino acid metabolism, and glycerol from fats. For ...
Ch 26 Powerpoint
... • Oxidation removes electrons. • Reduction adds electrons. • Coenzymes act as hydrogen (or electron pair) acceptors. • Two important coenzymes are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). ...
... • Oxidation removes electrons. • Reduction adds electrons. • Coenzymes act as hydrogen (or electron pair) acceptors. • Two important coenzymes are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). ...
Ch. 6 PPT
... • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
... • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
CH 2
... the 2’-position of the ribose ring of the adenine nucleotide. Just as NADH, the molecule consists of two nucleotides (heterocyclic, aromatic base attached to a ribose sugar at carbon-1 attached to a phosphate at carbon-5) attached to one another by a phosphoanhydride bond linking their 5’-phosphates ...
... the 2’-position of the ribose ring of the adenine nucleotide. Just as NADH, the molecule consists of two nucleotides (heterocyclic, aromatic base attached to a ribose sugar at carbon-1 attached to a phosphate at carbon-5) attached to one another by a phosphoanhydride bond linking their 5’-phosphates ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.