Citric Acid cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle or Krebs Cycle
... Conservation of energy of oxidation in the CAC: The two carbon acetyl group generated in PDC reaction enter the CAC, and two molecules of CO2 are released in on cycle. Thus there is complete oxidation of two carbons during one cycle. Although the two carbons which enter the cycle become the p ...
... Conservation of energy of oxidation in the CAC: The two carbon acetyl group generated in PDC reaction enter the CAC, and two molecules of CO2 are released in on cycle. Thus there is complete oxidation of two carbons during one cycle. Although the two carbons which enter the cycle become the p ...
Ch 8 Slides - people.iup.edu
... thermodynamics • One way to look at metabolism is to examine the chemical reactions that occur. • Reactions are organized in a series called a metabolic pathway. • A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product • The reactions need a catalyst to speed them up • Each reac ...
... thermodynamics • One way to look at metabolism is to examine the chemical reactions that occur. • Reactions are organized in a series called a metabolic pathway. • A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product • The reactions need a catalyst to speed them up • Each reac ...
Ch 8 Slides
... thermodynamics • One way to look at metabolism is to examine the chemical reactions that occur. • Reactions are organized in a series called a metabolic pathway. • A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product • The reactions need a catalyst to speed them up • Each reac ...
... thermodynamics • One way to look at metabolism is to examine the chemical reactions that occur. • Reactions are organized in a series called a metabolic pathway. • A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product • The reactions need a catalyst to speed them up • Each reac ...
ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 10-12
... Aerobic metabolism provides most ATP needed for contraction At peak activity, anaerobic glycolysis needed to generate ATP Creatine phosphate; ATP and Glycogen; 15 billion thick/fiber; each one 2500 molecules of ATP/second; thousands of muscle fibers per muscle Cell 3.75 10(16) power ATP mole ...
... Aerobic metabolism provides most ATP needed for contraction At peak activity, anaerobic glycolysis needed to generate ATP Creatine phosphate; ATP and Glycogen; 15 billion thick/fiber; each one 2500 molecules of ATP/second; thousands of muscle fibers per muscle Cell 3.75 10(16) power ATP mole ...
chapter5_Sections 1-4 2012 - (per 3) and wed 4/24 (per 2,6)
... Effects of Temperature, pH, and Salinity • Each type of enzyme works best within a characteristic range of temperature, pH, and salt concentration: • Adding heat energy boosts free energy, increasing reaction rate (within a given range) • Most human enzymes have an optimal pH between 6 and 8 (e.g. ...
... Effects of Temperature, pH, and Salinity • Each type of enzyme works best within a characteristic range of temperature, pH, and salt concentration: • Adding heat energy boosts free energy, increasing reaction rate (within a given range) • Most human enzymes have an optimal pH between 6 and 8 (e.g. ...
Chapter 8
... Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
... Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
All 3 fates of pyruvate from glycolysis provide for the regeneration of
... The relationships among 4 common metabolic pathways that involve glucose. ...
... The relationships among 4 common metabolic pathways that involve glucose. ...
Exam #1
... determine when it will be a a substrate cycle. What is the key control step involving F2,6P as an allosteric activator/inhibitor (pg 543). Why is this called a ‘Futile cycle’. What are the precursors for gluconeogenesis? Study the overview of glucose metabolism shown on fig 16-1 pg 518. Lipids (chap ...
... determine when it will be a a substrate cycle. What is the key control step involving F2,6P as an allosteric activator/inhibitor (pg 543). Why is this called a ‘Futile cycle’. What are the precursors for gluconeogenesis? Study the overview of glucose metabolism shown on fig 16-1 pg 518. Lipids (chap ...
Membrane Transport
... Only exchange is catalyzed, not net transport. The carrier protein cannot undergo the conformational transition in the absence of bound substrate. ...
... Only exchange is catalyzed, not net transport. The carrier protein cannot undergo the conformational transition in the absence of bound substrate. ...
Catalogue Code: BA0125 Pack Size: 400 assays
... The Assay Genie FluoroDazzle Kinase Assay Kit provides a simple and rapid method for assaying kinase activity and highthroughput screening for kinase inhibitors. This homogeneous microplate-based assay involves incubating the kinase with a single working reagent, in which ADP is enzymatically conver ...
... The Assay Genie FluoroDazzle Kinase Assay Kit provides a simple and rapid method for assaying kinase activity and highthroughput screening for kinase inhibitors. This homogeneous microplate-based assay involves incubating the kinase with a single working reagent, in which ADP is enzymatically conver ...
Membrane Transport
... cell in exchange for K+ entering. (H+, K+)-ATPase, involved in acid secretion in the stomach is an antiport pump. It catalyzes transport of H+ out of the gastric parietal cell (toward the stomach lumen) in exchange for K+ entering the cell. ...
... cell in exchange for K+ entering. (H+, K+)-ATPase, involved in acid secretion in the stomach is an antiport pump. It catalyzes transport of H+ out of the gastric parietal cell (toward the stomach lumen) in exchange for K+ entering the cell. ...
Metabolism Power Point
... molecules so increase rate of a reaction BUT. . Above a certain temperature, activity begins to decline because the enzyme begins to denature. So rate of chemical reaction increases with temperature up to optimum, then decreases ...
... molecules so increase rate of a reaction BUT. . Above a certain temperature, activity begins to decline because the enzyme begins to denature. So rate of chemical reaction increases with temperature up to optimum, then decreases ...
Glyconeogenesis
... • Gluconeogenesis requires both mitochondrial & cytosolic enzymes (exception: if gluconeogenesis starts by Glycerol, it will need only the cytosol) • Gluconeogenesis is an energy consuming. i.e. anabolic process. ...
... • Gluconeogenesis requires both mitochondrial & cytosolic enzymes (exception: if gluconeogenesis starts by Glycerol, it will need only the cytosol) • Gluconeogenesis is an energy consuming. i.e. anabolic process. ...
Part 2
... 2. Hormonal control (via enzyme phosphorylation) 3. Substrate level control 4. Covalent modification (phosphorylation via the kinase cascade) ...
... 2. Hormonal control (via enzyme phosphorylation) 3. Substrate level control 4. Covalent modification (phosphorylation via the kinase cascade) ...
Kreb`s Cycle - robertschem
... 14. Why is FAD used instead of NAD+? At one step of Krebs cycle, succinate is oxidized to become fumarate with the help of FAD. The energy involved succinate-fumarate reaction does not allow NAD+ to be reduced sufficiently. FAD is lower-energy and is able to help oxidize succinate in the process (an ...
... 14. Why is FAD used instead of NAD+? At one step of Krebs cycle, succinate is oxidized to become fumarate with the help of FAD. The energy involved succinate-fumarate reaction does not allow NAD+ to be reduced sufficiently. FAD is lower-energy and is able to help oxidize succinate in the process (an ...
File - Manthey AP Biology
... ORGANISMS are energy TRANSFORMERS! Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the entropy of the universe ...
... ORGANISMS are energy TRANSFORMERS! Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the entropy of the universe ...
Chapter 8 Metabolism APc8metabolismme (1)
... ORGANISMS are energy TRANSFORMERS! Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the entropy of the universe ...
... ORGANISMS are energy TRANSFORMERS! Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the entropy of the universe ...
Chapter 28 Slides
... Consider phosphorylation of glucose If done by Pi, the concentration of Pi would have to be 2700 M However, using ATP, and if [ATP] and [ADP] are equal, [G-6-P]/[G] is maintained at 850 ATP, an activated form of phosphate, makes it possible for cell to carry out reactions while keeping concentration ...
... Consider phosphorylation of glucose If done by Pi, the concentration of Pi would have to be 2700 M However, using ATP, and if [ATP] and [ADP] are equal, [G-6-P]/[G] is maintained at 850 ATP, an activated form of phosphate, makes it possible for cell to carry out reactions while keeping concentration ...
Lecture 28 - Citrate Cycle
... • The primary function of the citrate cycle is to convert energy available from the oxidization acetyl-CoA into 3 moles of NADH, 1 mole of FADH2 and 1 mole of GTP during each turn of the cycle. • The citrate cycle is a "metabolic engine" in which all eight of the cycle intermediates are continually ...
... • The primary function of the citrate cycle is to convert energy available from the oxidization acetyl-CoA into 3 moles of NADH, 1 mole of FADH2 and 1 mole of GTP during each turn of the cycle. • The citrate cycle is a "metabolic engine" in which all eight of the cycle intermediates are continually ...
Triacylglycerol Metabolism Gone Bad: A major cause of disease
... • Apolipoprotein B-100 synthesis is required for the transport of lipid out of the liver – If protein synthesis is reduced (e.g. by malnutrition) fat droplets accumulate in the liver. – If the rate of lipid synthesis is greatly elevated with respect to protein synthesis (e.g. in type I diabetes or ...
... • Apolipoprotein B-100 synthesis is required for the transport of lipid out of the liver – If protein synthesis is reduced (e.g. by malnutrition) fat droplets accumulate in the liver. – If the rate of lipid synthesis is greatly elevated with respect to protein synthesis (e.g. in type I diabetes or ...
Gluconeogenesis
... concentration of ATP is low (remember that ATP is a substrate for this enzyme) and/or the concentration of acyl-CoA’s is low, then pyruvate is directed into the citric acid cycle, to promote the synthesis of ATP. If the concentrations of ATP and acyl-CoAs are high, then pyruvate is converted in oxal ...
... concentration of ATP is low (remember that ATP is a substrate for this enzyme) and/or the concentration of acyl-CoA’s is low, then pyruvate is directed into the citric acid cycle, to promote the synthesis of ATP. If the concentrations of ATP and acyl-CoAs are high, then pyruvate is converted in oxal ...
part_4_cellular_respiration_stations
... requires oxygen to release ATP energy from food. Most organisms such as animals (heterotrophs) and plants (autotrophs) use aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires six molecules of oxygen and 1 glucose molecule, a type of carbohydrate or sugar. For just 1 glucose molecule, aerobic respirati ...
... requires oxygen to release ATP energy from food. Most organisms such as animals (heterotrophs) and plants (autotrophs) use aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires six molecules of oxygen and 1 glucose molecule, a type of carbohydrate or sugar. For just 1 glucose molecule, aerobic respirati ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.