Metabolic homeostasis of the heart
... not change dramatically, but the resting rate can vary over an order of magnitude (Weibel and Hoppeler, 2004). Hoppeler et al. (1984) performed this analysis and remarkably found that the fractional volume of mitochondria was fixed from mouse to horse at 21% of the total heart mass. This was recent ...
... not change dramatically, but the resting rate can vary over an order of magnitude (Weibel and Hoppeler, 2004). Hoppeler et al. (1984) performed this analysis and remarkably found that the fractional volume of mitochondria was fixed from mouse to horse at 21% of the total heart mass. This was recent ...
Glycolysis
... Glycolysis Regulation points of glycolysis 1. ___________________ Glucose-6-phosphate production 2. ____________________ Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate production inhibited by ATP ...
... Glycolysis Regulation points of glycolysis 1. ___________________ Glucose-6-phosphate production 2. ____________________ Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate production inhibited by ATP ...
First test material Study guide
... Very-long chain fatty acids (24-26 C) are oxidized exclusively in peroxisomes. This process is very similar to mitochondrial B-oxidation and generates CoA and NADH. The peroxisomal membrane contains the long-chain fatty acid acyl CoA synthetase. The first enzyme of peroxisomal oxidation does not pro ...
... Very-long chain fatty acids (24-26 C) are oxidized exclusively in peroxisomes. This process is very similar to mitochondrial B-oxidation and generates CoA and NADH. The peroxisomal membrane contains the long-chain fatty acid acyl CoA synthetase. The first enzyme of peroxisomal oxidation does not pro ...
Chapter 8
... For example, the "nerve gas" Sarin reacts specifically with an active site Ser residue on the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase. If acetlycholine cannot be hydrolyzed by this enzyme, nerve signals cannot be passed across the synapses of the nervous system. On exposure to this compound, death can result i ...
... For example, the "nerve gas" Sarin reacts specifically with an active site Ser residue on the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase. If acetlycholine cannot be hydrolyzed by this enzyme, nerve signals cannot be passed across the synapses of the nervous system. On exposure to this compound, death can result i ...
Enzyme - Wesleyan College Faculty
... Figure 8.17 The active site and catalytic cycle of an enzyme 1 Substrates enter active site; enzyme changes shape so its active site embraces the substrates (induced fit). ...
... Figure 8.17 The active site and catalytic cycle of an enzyme 1 Substrates enter active site; enzyme changes shape so its active site embraces the substrates (induced fit). ...
BREATH OF LIFE
... sugar without oxygen in a process called Gylcolysis. Glucose molecules are split into 2 smaller 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate and a little ATP is produced. Our cells require a lot of ATP. To meet the demand we call on mitochondria to combine pyruvate with oxygen (which we breathe in) in a proce ...
... sugar without oxygen in a process called Gylcolysis. Glucose molecules are split into 2 smaller 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate and a little ATP is produced. Our cells require a lot of ATP. To meet the demand we call on mitochondria to combine pyruvate with oxygen (which we breathe in) in a proce ...
Carbohydrates
... • Pyruvate carboxylase reaction is the first site of regulation of gluconeogenetic pathway • It is positively effected by Acetyl-CoA (product of fatty acid catabolism) • Pyruvate carboxylase reaction can replenish intermediates in other metabolic pathways ...
... • Pyruvate carboxylase reaction is the first site of regulation of gluconeogenetic pathway • It is positively effected by Acetyl-CoA (product of fatty acid catabolism) • Pyruvate carboxylase reaction can replenish intermediates in other metabolic pathways ...
O 2
... ATP is synthesized when protons flow back to the mitochondrial matrix through an enzyme complex ATP synthase. The oxidation of fuels and the phosphorylation of ADP are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ...
... ATP is synthesized when protons flow back to the mitochondrial matrix through an enzyme complex ATP synthase. The oxidation of fuels and the phosphorylation of ADP are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ...
Section 6 – Catalysis
... Conversion of an inactive enzyme to an active one Example Trypsinogen – Trypsin Trypsinogen is synthesised in the Pancreas Activation occurs when trypsinogen has amino acids removed in the duodenum by another protease enzyme This changes the trypsinogen into the active form trypsin Trypsin then help ...
... Conversion of an inactive enzyme to an active one Example Trypsinogen – Trypsin Trypsinogen is synthesised in the Pancreas Activation occurs when trypsinogen has amino acids removed in the duodenum by another protease enzyme This changes the trypsinogen into the active form trypsin Trypsin then help ...
17_Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and Krebs cycle
... Stoichiometry of the Citric Acid Cycle Two carbon atoms enter the cycle in the form of acetyl CoA. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 . Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions (three molecules of NAD+ one molecule of FAD are reduced). One mo ...
... Stoichiometry of the Citric Acid Cycle Two carbon atoms enter the cycle in the form of acetyl CoA. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 . Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions (three molecules of NAD+ one molecule of FAD are reduced). One mo ...
Chapters 9-10 practice qui
... they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition? a. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial ...
... they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition? a. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial ...
fisio otot - fkunja2010
... Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Amino acid neurotransmitters are the most prevalent neurotransmitters in CNS. Glutamate, aspartate GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), glycine, Neuropeptides Neuropeptides are composed of two or more amino acids. Neurons releasing neuropeptides are called peptidergic. Beta-e ...
... Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Amino acid neurotransmitters are the most prevalent neurotransmitters in CNS. Glutamate, aspartate GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), glycine, Neuropeptides Neuropeptides are composed of two or more amino acids. Neurons releasing neuropeptides are called peptidergic. Beta-e ...
H - Departamento de Física Geral
... temperature at which a protein unfolds (or double-stranded elts) is called the melting temperature, Tm. This temperature s not only on the number and type of non-covalent bonds in ed state but also on the pH and other solution conditions. Tm pends on the pressure, but most biological science experir ...
... temperature at which a protein unfolds (or double-stranded elts) is called the melting temperature, Tm. This temperature s not only on the number and type of non-covalent bonds in ed state but also on the pH and other solution conditions. Tm pends on the pressure, but most biological science experir ...
Excitotoxicity in ASD
... Various free radicals (ROS), including superoxide, peroxide, hydroxyl and peroxynitrite, are generated through the inflammatory prostaglandin/leukotriene pathways triggered by excitotoxic intracellular calcium excess. These free radicals can damage or destroy virtually every cellular biomolecule: pr ...
... Various free radicals (ROS), including superoxide, peroxide, hydroxyl and peroxynitrite, are generated through the inflammatory prostaglandin/leukotriene pathways triggered by excitotoxic intracellular calcium excess. These free radicals can damage or destroy virtually every cellular biomolecule: pr ...
Preview Sample 1
... 52. Which of the following is not characteristic of the cytoskeleton? A. The cytoskeleton supports the plasma membrane and is responsible for the particular shape, rigidity, and spatial geometry of each different cell type. B. The cytoskeleton probably plays a role in regulating cell growth and divi ...
... 52. Which of the following is not characteristic of the cytoskeleton? A. The cytoskeleton supports the plasma membrane and is responsible for the particular shape, rigidity, and spatial geometry of each different cell type. B. The cytoskeleton probably plays a role in regulating cell growth and divi ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... The Glyoxylate Cycle • Pathway for the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in plants, bacteria and yeast (not animals) • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl C ...
... The Glyoxylate Cycle • Pathway for the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in plants, bacteria and yeast (not animals) • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl C ...
Key - UCSB CLAS
... enzymes in biochemical reactions – examples include NAD+, FAD, TPP, biotin, PLP, lipoate, and CoASH 2. Niacin is required to make the coenzymes NAD+, NADP+, NADH and NADPH which are necessary for redox reactions on functional groups that contain oxygen. The coenzymes NAD+and NADH are used in catabol ...
... enzymes in biochemical reactions – examples include NAD+, FAD, TPP, biotin, PLP, lipoate, and CoASH 2. Niacin is required to make the coenzymes NAD+, NADP+, NADH and NADPH which are necessary for redox reactions on functional groups that contain oxygen. The coenzymes NAD+and NADH are used in catabol ...
Structure of ATP-Bound Human ATP:Cobalamin
... rings of phenylalanines (conserved as hydrophobic residues) that form a solid core to the interface. The hATR subunit interfaces are extensive (the apo- and substrate-bound interfaces cover 895 and 1450 Å2) and are mediated by conserved residues, thereby indicating that the formation of the trimer i ...
... rings of phenylalanines (conserved as hydrophobic residues) that form a solid core to the interface. The hATR subunit interfaces are extensive (the apo- and substrate-bound interfaces cover 895 and 1450 Å2) and are mediated by conserved residues, thereby indicating that the formation of the trimer i ...
Input - CBSD.org
... • Substrates fit enzymes like keys in a lock. However, research suggests that the lock then moves a bit more to fit the key even better. What is the name of this concept? ...
... • Substrates fit enzymes like keys in a lock. However, research suggests that the lock then moves a bit more to fit the key even better. What is the name of this concept? ...
Detoxification of ammonia and biosynthesis of urea
... form alanine, which is released into the blood. ...
... form alanine, which is released into the blood. ...
2 395G Exam 3 11 Dec 2002 First calculate ∆E
... ionophore that transports K+, but not H+, have on functioning mitochondria? Ionophores are not pumps, but rather carriers or channels that allow selected ions to flow down their concentration gradients. Nigericin exchanges K+ for H+ ions, thereby discharging the proton gradient across the inner mito ...
... ionophore that transports K+, but not H+, have on functioning mitochondria? Ionophores are not pumps, but rather carriers or channels that allow selected ions to flow down their concentration gradients. Nigericin exchanges K+ for H+ ions, thereby discharging the proton gradient across the inner mito ...
Extracellular ATP: a Potential Molecule Regulating the Defence
... Thus, more research is expected to reveal whether eATP could be a potential determinant of the survival of both the herbivore and the host plant during ...
... Thus, more research is expected to reveal whether eATP could be a potential determinant of the survival of both the herbivore and the host plant during ...
Document
... 6.14 Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP • For each glucose molecule that enters cellular respiration, chemiosmosis produces up to 38 ATP molecules Cytoplasmic fluid ...
... 6.14 Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP • For each glucose molecule that enters cellular respiration, chemiosmosis produces up to 38 ATP molecules Cytoplasmic fluid ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.