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NIH Public Access
NIH Public Access

... at significantly high shear stress (i.e., in larger vessels with higher blood pressure). This ability likely evolved to allow neutrophil recruitment to occur in a broader range of tissue areas. Most leukocytes roll along postcapillary venules at shear stresses of 0–3 dyn/cm2, whereas neutrophils can ...
The Role of Antibodies in Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis
The Role of Antibodies in Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis

... (IFA), CFA or saline is used but is not strictly required. Disease primarily affects the front and rear paws, with occasional involvement of the spinal column, tail, and ear (Courtenay et al., 1980). Investigators generally examine the tarsal joints histologically, and we are not aware of a study do ...
The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial
The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial

... Introduction: an overview of RTX proteins Repeat-in-ToXin (RTX) toxins are important virulence factors produced by a variety of Gram-negative bacteria, the prototype of which is the α-hemolysin, HlyA, produced by pathogenic Escherichia coli. These RTX toxins, like HlyA, are able to form pores in the ...
experimental oncology and molecular medicine department
experimental oncology and molecular medicine department

... molecular biology, biochemistry, and pharmacology to gain new insights in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and to find novel ways to provide early diagnosis and new treatment options. The goal of translational studies is the implementation of highly sensitive molecular tests that can be included in s ...
Monocytes high Differentiation of Ly-6C from the CCR2
Monocytes high Differentiation of Ly-6C from the CCR2

The Immune-Pineal Axis: the Role of Pineal and Extra
The Immune-Pineal Axis: the Role of Pineal and Extra

... while the agonist for the MT3 receptor, MCA-NAT, inhibits leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. The adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells is mediated by the interaction of neutrophils with ␤2 integrins (CD18), with adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed in endotheli ...
Gene Therapy Using Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors
Gene Therapy Using Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors

... pression, and virion production. The adenoviral genes that provide helper functions regarding AAV gene expression have been identified and include E1a, E1b, E2a, E4, and VA RNA. Herpesvirus aids in AAV gene expression by providing viral DNA polymerase and helicase as well as the early functions nece ...
Immunology and Immunopathogenesis of Malaria
Immunology and Immunopathogenesis of Malaria

... Immunity to malaria develops slowly and protection against the parasite occurs later than protection against disease symptoms. Because of the different location of the parasite and the different antigens expressed at the liver and blood stages, the relevant immune responses and their specificity and ...
degradation: a process unique to prokaryotes
degradation: a process unique to prokaryotes

... an extension of this, it has been suggested that the reactions leading to ring cleavage may involve substrates with substituents in both positions 2 and 6 (44), rather than in position 2 only, as originally proposed. Corroborating evidence for or against this has been difficult to obtain because the ...
Emerging Role and Therapeutic Implication of Wnt Signaling
Emerging Role and Therapeutic Implication of Wnt Signaling

Engineering of Lactic Acid Bacteria strains modulating immune
Engineering of Lactic Acid Bacteria strains modulating immune

... invasive LL, were able to trigger DNA expression by epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. However,  important information about how LL can transfer DNA plasmids is still missing. Therefore, we decided  to construct a new recombinant invasive LL strain expressing mutated Internalin A (mInlA) fr ...
from um.ac.ir
from um.ac.ir

... mouse ES cells [9–11]. These cells have been shown to expand in vitro and to engraft longterm. The caveat is that it has so far not been possible to show multi-lineage commitment and functional studies of ES cell derivatives. So far, few studies have been reported on the function of iPS cell derivat ...
Pathogenesis of Noroviruses, Emerging RNA Viruses
Pathogenesis of Noroviruses, Emerging RNA Viruses

Quorum sensing in fungi  –  a review Review Article
Quorum sensing in fungi – a review Review Article

... Saccharomyces cerevisiae without compromising cell viability. The inhibition was linked to G1 cell cycle arrest and a significant decrease in the intracellular diacylglycerol (DAG) levels. The reduced levels of DAG lead to inactivation of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway that regulates c ...
An Inflammatory Periodontal Disease
An Inflammatory Periodontal Disease



... (polysaccharide portion of LPS) or H (flagellar) antigens (61), and assigns species status to each serovar. S. ...
Effects of Whole Yeast Cell Product Supplementation in Chickens
Effects of Whole Yeast Cell Product Supplementation in Chickens

Definition of the disease
Definition of the disease

... expressions. The acute forms commonly range from a self-limiting flu-like syndrome to pneumonia or granulomatous hepatitis that may require hospitalisation. The main clinical manifestations of chronic Q fever are endocarditis, valvular, vascular or aneurismal infections, hepatitis, pneumonia or chr ...
CXCL10 Inhibits Viral Replication Through Recruitment of Natural
CXCL10 Inhibits Viral Replication Through Recruitment of Natural

... response in combating viral myocarditis has been demonstrated by recent studies using a series of knockout (KO) mice. Conversely, others have argued that the robust protective response can also be deleterious to host tissue to some extent. For instance, mice lacking T cells or T cell subsets develop ...
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER ONE

... usually effective, severe fluid losses requires additional pharmacological treatment to mitigate the on-going fluid loss. For this, drugs with antispasmodic, antimotility, antioxidative, anti-secretory/pro-absorptive and/or antiinflammatory properties (depending on the causative agents) may be used ...
Pathogenic Microbes and Community Service
Pathogenic Microbes and Community Service

RAD18independent ubiquitination of
RAD18independent ubiquitination of

... protein in rad18 DT40 (Fig 4). Expression of human RAD18 fully restored ultraviolet light sensitivity and SCE to wild-type levels. However, expression of human RAD18 (C28F), which lacks ubiquitin-ligase activity (Kannouche et al, 2004), did not restore the wild-type phenotype. Significantly, it also ...
Document
Document

Phagocytosis: a repertoire of receptors and Ca as a key second
Phagocytosis: a repertoire of receptors and Ca as a key second

... It is becoming apparent that a growing number of cell-surface receptors can mediate phagocytic uptake of particles. These include non-complement-receptor integrins, such as α5β1 and αvβ3, which mediate uptake of particles coated with fibronectin [43], lectins, such as the mannose receptor [44], the ...
1-C
1-C

... a-self regeneration b- regeneration in the presence of two parents c- regeneration in the presence of one parent d- All of them 6- the first scientist described the relationship between Microorganisms & diseases was a- Antony von Leeuwenhoek ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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