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Ministry Of Higher Education And Scientific Research
Foundation Of Technical Education
Institute Of Medical Technology/Baghdad
Theoretical pert
Ameen Hikmet Dawood
Assistant Profess
Dep. Anaesthesia
2009-2010
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:This module will aid the students who wants to learn the basic
microbiology concepts that apply to the filed health . it is also intend
for students who have a little or poor information about this branch of
science.
1/C- General ideas:1-C- 1-Define microorganism
1-C- 2- Historical introduction about the microbiology word
1-C- 3-The main branches of microbiology
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you: Get 9 or more out of 10 degrees you do not need to
proceed
 Get less than 9 degrees you have to study this module unit
well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You: Gate 9 or more degrees out of 10 then pass to study the next
module unit
 In the case you get less than 9 you must return to same
module unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you
have shortage knowledge about it (them)&then do the post
test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:1- Define microorganism
2- Explain the development of the microbiology word& enumerate the
main scientist whom did work to develop this science
3- The relationship between microorganisms &diseases
3/pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:
1-Microorganism mean.
a-animal cell
b- plant cell
not be seen with naked of eye
c-small form of life can
d- all of them
2- bacteria are
a-prokaryotic cells
b-eukaryotic cells
c-semi true cells
d- all of them
3-Bacteriology is the science which deals with study of
a-Bacteria
b- virus
c- parasites
d- fungal
4-Antony von Leeuwenhoek discovered
a-X-ray
b- vaccine
c- microscope
d- radio
5-Spotaneous theory means
a-self regeneration
two parents
parent
b- regeneration in the presence of
c- regeneration in the presence of one
d- all of them
6- the first scientist described the relationship between
Microorganisms & diseases was
a- Antony von Leeuwenhoek
b- Robert Koch
c-Spallanzani
d- Needlham
7-the process of microbial invasion of the body is called
a- Disinfection
b-illness
c-infection
d-healthy
8-Microorganisms be placed in a separate kingdom called
Protista by
a- Haeckel in 1866
b-Spallanzani in 1799
c-Schwann in 1882
d- Robert Koch in 1910
9- Mycology is the science which deals with the study of
a- Virus
b- parasite
c-fungal
d-bacteria
10-Robert Koch called the father of
a- Virology
c-bacteriology
b- mycology
d- parasitology
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer.
4/The module unit contents
4/1 Microorganism definition:Microorganism
micro
Organism
= small
=
form
of
life
microorganism = small form of life cant not be seen with the
naked eye
or small living organism that are individually too small to be
seen with naked eye
is the word microbiology abroad term meaning the study of living
organism that are individually too small to be seen with the naked
eye . It includes the study of Bacteria (Bacteriology ) Viruses ( Virology)
Yeast and molds (Mycology) Protozoa(Protozoology)and algae
(phycology). Such minute forms of life are given
the name microorganisms& some times they are called microbes
or in the vernacular germ
self test 1
microorganisms some times they are called in the vernacular as?
Note. Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2- Historical introduction
In the study of any branch of science the knowledge of the historical
development is an important element in a clear understanding of our
conceptions .At one time it was accepted in many scientific community
that certain forms of life could arise ( Spontaneously ) from inanimate
organic matter .the presence of maggots on meat that had been
exposed to the air for several days was accepted as a prime example of
the ( theory of spontaneous generation ) . This theory depend on the
idea that the microorganisms likes Flies ,Maggots , regeneration
spontaneously on rotten dead material ( organic matter ) . In the
seventeenth century a chemist named Van helmont reported that mice
could be produced if soiled linen plus cheese were placed in a
container . Most such claims were quickly challenged and disproved .
In the middle of the eighteenth century the concept of Spontaneous
generation of visible and complex form of life had been largely laid to
rest .john needham an English biologist and priest published a paper in
1749 in support generation in which claimed that widely believed that
MICROORGANISM arose in his infusion or broth whether he boiled, or
. In the nineteenth century .Experiments devised by Spallanzani (
91729- 1799 ), Schulze (1815-1873) and
Schwann
( 1810-1882 )
showed that if organic matter were heated to high enough
temperature and protected from air (which they thought contained
microorganisms ) no further microorganisms would appear .Numerous
investigators were not convinced and suggested that spontaneous
generation . In those experiments was prevented by absence of air or
oxygen .1854 Schroeder & Vondusch heated a flasks of a broth and
instead of heating the air that passed over the broth they filtered the
air by passing it through cotton . This procedure removed
microorganisms that were present and prevented growth . Yet the
doubters persisted .
In the mid of 1800 the experiments of two men Louis Pasteur a French
chemist crystallographer
( father of modern microbiology ) & the
English physicist John Tyndall destroyed the last remnants of the
spontaneous generation theory .In ( 1843- 1910 ) A German scientist
called Robert Koch ( father of bacteriology ) described the relationship
between the microorganisms & disease .The acceptance of
microbiology as a science however began with the observation by
Antony Von Leeuwenhoek (1632 -1723 ) after he discovered
MICROSCOPE .
In 1866 Haekel proposed that microorganisms be placed in a separate
kingdom called PROTISTA member of this kingdom are distinguish from
true plants &animals by their simple organization. They are unicellular
or if multicellular their tissues little differentiation Protista can be sub
divided as follow based on their fundamental type of cell stricture.
Protista
HIGHER PROTISTA
Eukaryotic cells
LOWER PROTISTA
Prokaryotic cells
1. ALGAE (except blue green algae )
1. BACTERIA
2. PROTOZOA
2. BLUE GREEN
3. FUNGI
ALGAE
4. SLIME MOLD
BACREROLOGY : Science which deals with the study of bacteria .
MYCOLOGY
: Science which deals with the study of fungi
VIROLOGY
: Science which deals with the study of viruses
Self test 2
What we call the science which deals with the study of bacteria
Note. Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3- The relationship between microorganisms &diseases
Few of the microorganisms that bound in nature a disease production
or pathogenic for man, most are free living in soil water &similar
habitats and unable to invade the living body some microorganisms
obtain their energy from daylight or the oxidation of inorganic matter.
But the majority fed on dead organic matter &are termed saprophytes
contrast .a parasite lives in or on ,and obtains its nourishment from, a
living host. Commensal microorganisms constitute the normal flora of
the healthy body. They live on the skin &on the mucous membranes of
the upper respiratory tract , intestines& vagina obtain nourishment
from the secretions & food residues. They are generally harmless ,but
under certain circumstances-such as when the body's defenses are
impaired – they may invade the tissues & cause disease, thus acting as
opportunistic pathogens. True pathogens are the microorganisms that
are adapted to overcoming the normal defenses of the body invading
the tissues; their growth in the tissues, or their production of
poisonous substances(toxin) ,damages the tissues &causes the
manifestations of disease . The process of microbial invasion of the
body is called infection. The germ theory of disease was slow in gaining
acceptance. Though it was early recognized that epidemic diseases
such as smallpox, measles, typhus, & syphilis were probably spread
from person to person. The Italian scholar Girolamo Fracastoro in his
book De contagion 1564 distinguished 3 modes of transmission
1-by direct contact, i.e. touching a patient's body
2-by contact with the clothing & household goods contaminated by a
Patient
3-At a distance through the ai
Self test 3:
The process of microbial; invasion of the body is called .
Note. Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/ post test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:
1-Microorganism mean.
a-animal cell
b-- plant cell c-small form of life can
not be seen with naked of eye
d- all of them
2- bacteria are
a-prokaryotic cells
c-semi true cells
b-eukaryotic cells
d- all of them
3-Bacteriology is the science which deals with study of
a- Bacteria
b- virus
c- parasites
d- fungal
4-Antony von Leeuwenhoek discovered
a- X-ray
b- vaccine
c- microscope
d- radio
5-Spotaneous theory means
a-self regeneration
b- regeneration in the presence of two parents
c- regeneration in the presence of one parent
d- All of them
6- the first scientist described the relationship between
Microorganisms & diseases was
a- Antony von Leeuwenhoek
b- Robert Koch
c-Spallanzani
d- Needlham
7-the process of microbial invasion of the body is called
a-Disinfection
b-illness
c- infection d-healthy
8-Microorganisms be placed in a separate kingdom called
Protista by
a-Haeckel in 1866
b-Spallanzani in 1799
c-Schwann in 1882
d- Robert Koch in 1910
9- Mycology is the science which deals with the study of
a-Virus
b- parasite
c-fungal
d-bacteria
10-Robert Koch called the father of
a-Virology
b- mycology
c-bacteriology
d- parasitology
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer.
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1-c
Q2-a
Q1-c
Q2-a
Q3- a
Q4-b
Q3-a
Q4-b
Q5-a
Q6-b
Q5-a
Q6-b
Q7-c
Q8-a
Q7-c
Q8-a
Q9-c
Q10-c
Q9-c
Q10-c
Self test 1
Germ
Self test2
Bacteriology
Self test3
infection
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical microbiology.
Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal. Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-William Gluckman, Do., MBA, Facep, Karen .Keaney
Glukhman,MSN,APN,C, CWCN. Evaluation Identification & treatment
of UTI. J.Urgentcare medicine, OCT/2007
k
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:This module unit aid those whom want to get the principle of bacteria
cell morphology, structure ,characters, composition & the main
differences between eukaryotic & prokaryotic cell.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1-bacteria cell structure
1/c-2-size & morphology of bacteria
1/c-3-the main differences between eukaryotic & prokaryotic cell
1/D-Instruction:-
1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you: Get 9 or more out of 10 degrees you do not need to proceed
 Get less than 9 degrees you have to study this module unit
well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You: Gate 9 or more degrees out of 10 then pass to study the
next module unit
 In the case you get less than 9 you must return to same
module unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you
have shortage knowledge about it (them)&then do the post
test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2/1-describe bacteria cell
2/2-mention bacteria shape & morphology
2/3-drow &label bacteria cell structure
2/4-comper between eukaryotic & prokaryotic cell
3/pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer:
1-the procaryons are structurally
a- very simple cell
b-very complicated cell
c-between of them
d-non of them
2-bacteria can be considered as a
a- typical eukaryotic cell
b- typical uncompleted cell
c-typical prokaryotic cell
d –all of them
3-bacteria cell have
a- false nuclear
b- true nuclear
c-non of them
d-big true nuclear
4-all bacteria cell has
a- capsule & flagella
b-capsule & pili
c-capsule , flagella &pili
d-some of them
5-cocci in cluster called
a- streptococcus
b-diplococci
c-bacilli
d- staphylococci
6-cocci in chain called
a- sarcina
b-bacilli
c-streptococci
d-vibrio
7-most of bacteria are so small that their size is measured in terms
of
a-millimeter
b- angstrom
c-micron
d-nanometer
8- cell wall of bacteria is composed of
a-peptide chain only
b- lipoprotein only
c-muramic acid
d- glucosamine only
9-one flagella at one end of the organism is called
a- amphpitrichjous
b- peritrichous
c-monotrichous
d- lophotrichous
10- fimbriae same time called
a- flagella
b-spore
c-Pili
d- capsule
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1-bacteria cell morphology ( characters, structure& composition)
Bacteria are unicellular free organisms with out chlorophyll . Having
both
D.N.A
&
R.N.A
,
They
are
capable of performing all essential processes of life e .g .Growth.
Metabolism and Production .They have rigid cell wall containing
Muramic acid .They were originally classified under plant & animal
kingdom .This being unsatisfactory a third kingdom PROTISTA was
formed for them. a bacterium can be considered atypical prokaryotic
cell (procaryons )
Bacteria cell consist of cytoplasm ,the nuclear material(nucleotide or
false nuclear) mesosomes polyribosomes& other cytoplasmic particles
can be seen. The cytoplasm is surrounded by cell (plasma or
cytoplasmic membrane). Cell wall . &some times a capsule or slime
layer. These latter 3 structures makeup the bacterial cell envelop, on
some of these procaryons, flagella or Pili, or both may be observed.
Diagram of Bacteria cell structure
The important structuralfeature of bacterialcell as found under
electron microscope are:
SLIME LAYER
Some bacteria secret viscid substance which may diffuse out into
surrounding media or remain
CAPSULE
It is gelatinous secretion which gets organized as a thick coat around
cell wall & is known as capsule . capsule has no affinity for ordinary
dyes and so they are not seen in stained preparation it may be
composed of complex polysaccharide or polypeptide .
FUNCTION
1. Production against deleterious agent e.g.lytic enzymes
2. Contribute to the virulence of pathogenic bacteria by inhibiting
phagocytosis
CELL WALL
The cell wall is the outmost supporting layer which protects internal
structure .It is about 10-25 nm in thickness and share 20-30% of dray
weight of the cell. It is composed of MUCOPEPTIDE (MUEURIN).In the
bacterial word there are two main cell wall types classified according
to their reaction with gram’s stain. Gram-positive& gram-negative
bacteria. The component in both gram- positive& gram- negative cells
is the peotidoglycan layer The relationship of the peotidoglycan layer
to other cell wall components is illustrated in the figure.
FUNCTION
1. protection of internal structure
2. gives shape of the cell
3. confers rigidity & ductility (Mucopeptide )
4. role in division of bacteria
5. offers resistance to harmful effect environment
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
It is thin semi permeable membrane which lies just beneath the
cell wall. It is 5-10 nm in width . electron microscope shows the
presence of three layers constituting a unit membrane structure
chemically the membrane consist of lipoprotein with small a mount
of carbohydrate sterol are absent except in Mycoplasma
FUNCTION
1-It controls inflow & out flow of metabolites to & from protoplast
2-presence in the membrane of specific enzyme (permeates ) plays
important role in passage through membrane .
MESOSOME
They are vesicular, convoluted or multilaminated structure formed as
invagination of plasma membrane into the cytoplasm .They are more
prominent in Gram positive bacteria .
FUNCTION
1-They are the sites of respiratory enzymes in bacteria
2-coordinate nuclear & cytoplasmic division during binary
Fission
RIBOSOMES
These are ribonucleoprotien granules measuring 100- 2oo A units in
diameter & their sedimentation coefficient is 70 Svedberg units . the 70
ribosome is composed of two smaller units of 50 s & 30 s
FUNCTION
They are sites of protein synthesis
FLAGELLA
They are organ of locomotion. The number &arrangement of flagella
are characteristic of each bacteria. Flagella may be arranged on
bacterial body in
a-monotrichous b-lophotrichous
c-peritrichous d-amphitrichous
Function
 bacteria motility
Pili (Fimbriae )
Other many gram-negative bacteria posses rigid surface append called
pili (Latin =hair ) or Fimbriae (Latin =fringes).Their function is un known
. Although on one case (sex pili) they play on essential role in the
attachment of conjugation cell to each other & adhering to the surface
of the cells. e.g. Red cell of various animal species .
Self test 1
One flagellum at one end of the bacteria cell called
Note:Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2 SHAPE& SIZE OF BACTERIA CELL:
Most bacteria are so small that their size is measured in terms of
micron 1 MICRON (MICOMETER) = One thousand of millimeter
On the basis of shape, bacteria are classified as.
Shape of bacteria
Cocci, Vibrio, Chinese letter, Spirochetes, Bacilli, Actinomycet,
Mycoplasma ,generally Cocci are 1 micron in diameter & bacilliare210micron in length &0.2-o.5 micron in width
Self test 2
Most bacteria are so small that their size is measured in terms of
Note: Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3 - the main differences between eukaryotic & prokaryotic
cell :-
Characteristic
Organisms include in the
group
Nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic
Man, Animals, plant, Algae,
prokaryotic
Bacteria, Blue algae
Fungi, Protozoa
Present
Absent
DNA
Combine with protein
Naked
Chromosomes
More than one
One
Mitochondria
Present
Absent
Chloroplast
Present only in plant cells
Absent
Nucleolus
Present
Absent
Mitotic division
Present
Absent
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Present
Absent
Golgi apparatus
Present
Absent
Muramic acid
Proteins associated with
Absent
present
Present
Absent
absent
present
chromosomes(s)
Mesosomes
Self test3
Bacteria and blue algae are-----------------cells
Note: Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer:
1-the procaryons are structurally
b- very simple cell
b-very complicated cell
c-between of them
d-non of them
2-bacteria can be considered as a
b- typical eukaryotic cell
b- typical uncompleted cell
c-typical prokaryotic cell
d –all of them
3-bacteria cell have
b- false nuclear
b- true nuclear
c-non of them
d-big true nuclear
4-all bacteria cell has
b- capsule & flagella
b-capsule & pili
c-capsule , flagella &pili
d-some of them
5-cocci in cluster called
b- streptococcus
b-diplococci
c-bacilli
d- staphylococci
6-cocci in chain called
b- sarcina
b-bacilli
c-streptococci
d-vibrio
7-most of bacteria are so small that their size is measured in terms
of
a-millimeter
b- angstrom
c-micron
d-nanometer
8- bacteria cell contain
a- DAN only
b- RNA only
c-no one of them
d- both of them
9-one flagella at one end of the organism is called
b- amphpitrichjous
b- peritrichous
c-monotrichous
d- lophotrichous
10- fimbriae same time called
a- flagella
b-spore
c-Pili
d- capsule
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1-a
Q2-c
Q1-a
Q2-c
Q3-a
Q4-d
Q3-a
Q4-d
Q5-d
Q6-c
Q5-d
Q6-c
Q7-c
Q8-c
Q7-c
Q8-d
Q9-c
Q10-c
Q9-c
Q10-c
Self test 1
Monotrichous
Self test 2
micron
self test 3
prokaryotic
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers.
85.Kamal. Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-William Gluckman, Do., MBA, Facep, Karen .Keaney
Glukhman,MSN,APN,C, CWCN. Evaluation Identification & treatment
of UTI. J.Urgentcare medicine, OCT/2007
Stage of bacteria growth And
Their nutritional, environmental
requirements
requirement
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:The module unit designed to help those who want to get a good
knowledge about bacteria growth stage & their nutritional ,
environmental requirements.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1 bacteria growth stage
1/c-2nutritional & environmental requirements
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you: Get 9 or more out of 10 degrees you do not need to proceed
 Get less than 9 degrees you have to study this module unit
well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:-
 Gate 9 or more degrees out of 10 then pass to study the next
module unit
 In the case you get less than 9 you must return to same
module unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you
have shortage knowledge about it (them)&then do the post
test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2/1- define growth & nutrition
2/2 explain bacteria growth
2/3-draw & label bacteria growth curve
2/4-mention bacteria nutritional & environmental requirements.
3/pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer :
1-growth in microorganisms means
A.
B.
C.
D.
Increasing the number of constitute cell
Decreasing the number of constitute cell
Increasing in the environmental requirements
Decreasing in the environmental requirements
2-nutrition means
A. Increasing in the size of the cell
B. Decreasing in the size of the cell
C. The process by which an organism takes substances from
environment &convert into material used for generation energy
or for growth
D. All of them
3- stationary phase in bacteria growth curve means
A.
B.
C.
D.
Increase & multiplication cell
Decrease of multiplication cell
Equalization between death & multiplication cell
Increasing in the bacteria death cell ratio
4-psycrophlic bacteria
A.
B.
C.
D.
Growing between 25- 400 c
Growing between 40-500 c
Growing between 50-650 c
Growing between 0-250 c
5- the time it takes for one bacterium to divide in to two is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
Death time
Nutritional tine
Logarithm time
Generation time
6-bacteria growth curve has
A.
B.
C.
D.
One phase
Two phase
Four phase
Seven phase
7-phototrophic bacteria energy from
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chemical reaction
Photochemical reaction
Photo reaction
Organic reaction
8- heterotrophic bacteria are the organisms in which
A.
B.
C.
D.
Some of essential metabolite are not synthesize
All of essential metabolite are not synthesize
Some of essential metabolite are synthesize
All of essential metabolite are synthesize
9-aerobes bacteria
A.
B.
C.
D.
Grow only in the presence of Co2
Crow only in the presence of N2
Grow only in the presence of O2
grow only in the presence of H2
10-generation time for Mycobacterium tuberculosis is
A.
B.
C.
D.
10-15 minutes
5-10 minutes
10-60 minutes
Above 15-20 hours
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1-growht & nutrition definition
Growth means an increase in the size of organisms & in their number
whatever the balance between those 2 processes, the net effect is an
increase in the total mass(biomass)of the culture or as the
coordination of many chemicals& physicals processes in the cell that
usually culminate in cell division
In the laboratory bacterial growth can be seen in 3 main forms
1. By the development of colonies
2. By the transformation of clear broth medium to turbid
suspension
3. In biofilm formation. In which growth is spread thinly 300-400
micron thick over an inert surfaces & nutrition from a bathing
fluid
In natural systems only biofilms is famous such as those that develop
on the surfaces of intravascular cannulae, it has the same appearance
& properties as growth in the laboratory while the 2 other form are so
rare
Nutrition is define as The process by which an organism takes
substances from the environment & converts in to materials used for
generation, energy or for synthesizing cell materials
Self tes1:
Define nutrition
Note: Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2bacteria growth:-
When bacteria placed in suitable nutritious environment maintained
under appropriate physical &chemical condition, a bacterial cell begins
to grow & reproduce for example when we put 10 bacterial cells in 1
milliliter of a favorable medium & 24 hours later find 10 million
bacterial cells in 1 milliliter. That is means you have bacterial growth .
in fact you have million- fold bacterial growth, this increase in bacterial
numbers takes place by a process called binary fission , where by each
bacterium forms anew cell wall across it is short axis ( transversely)
and then breaks a part in to two cells, each of these may then divide in
to two more cells and on and on. The over-all result of this type of
growth is an exponential or logarithmic increase in bacterial numbers.
Hence the progeny of a single bacterium will double with each division.
Yield progressively 2,4,8.16,32 cells over 5 divisions
Phase of growth
Under favorable condition most bacteria are able to reproduce rapidly. The
time it takes for one bacterium to divide into 2 is referred to as the
generation time . this time for some bacteria such as Escherichia coli the
average generation time may be as little as 20 minutes. Whereas in others
for example Mycobacterium tuberculosis it is about 15- 20 hours. The
generation time.
during active growth varies with each species of bacterium although for the
majority it will be less than one hour . When organism are cultured in
appropriate media (fluid or solid ) there will be increase in the size of
bacteria without any multiplication for some time ( lag phase ) . This
followed by multiplication and increase in number of bacteria to the extent
that media look turbid to the naked eye ( log phase ) after some time the
growth rate becomes stationary ( stationary phase ) and later on decline (
death phase ) .counting of bacteria at different period inoculation time and
then events of sequences are represented on a graph witch is called growth
curve
What is going to happen during the four stages
Lag phase
1. increase in size of cell
2. increase in the metabolic rate
3. adaptation to the new environment and the necessary enzyme
intermediate metabolites are built for multiplication to proceed
The length of the lag phase depend upon
a- Type of bacteria
b- Butter medium shorter the lag phase
c- he phase of culture from which inoculation is taken
d- Size of inoculation
e- Environmental factors like temperature
Log phase
Following lag phase .the cell start dividing & the numbers by geometric
progression with the time .During this period happen
a-bacteria have high rate of metabolism
b-bacteria are more sensitive to antibiotic
Control of log phase is brought by
1. nature of bacteria
2. temperature
3. rate of penetration of the medium (it depends on the
concentration of material in the medium)
Stationary phase
After some time a stage comes when rate of multiplication and death
become equal it may be duo to
1. depletion of nutrient
2. acclimation of toxic products ( sporulation may occur during this
stage )
Decline (death phase )
During this phase population decrease due to the death of the cells
Factors responsible for this phase are
1. nutritional exhaustion
2. toxic accumulation
3. autolytic enzymes- involution is common in this phase
Survival phase When most organisms have died a few survive for
several month or years
Self test 2
In the bacteria growth the equilibrium between multiplication and
death cell is called-----Note:-Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
Natural logarithm of cell number
4/3 – Diagram of bacteria growth curve
C
B
D
A
Time in hour
A-lag phase B- log phase C- stationary phase
d-decline(death phase)
Self test 3
Generation time of Escherichia coli may be as little as-----Note:Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/4 nutritional & environmental requirements for bacteria
growth:All organisms whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic require food to live and
grow . How an organisms assimilates its food is called its nutrition & the
specific cellular requirement are its nutrients. Precisely what nutrients do
bacteria need to synthesize the materials that comprise a bacterial cell?
Here is a basic list
Nutritional factors
1-Carbone source e.g. carbohydrate
2- Nitrogen source e.g. protein , ammonia
3- Certain inorganic ions e.g. Nacl, Kcl
4- Essential metabolites Vitamins
The cell also requires a sources of energy for the synthesis of
cellular constituents & for the life processes such as motility &
transport. The necessary condition for bacteria growth
Environmental factors
1-The medium must be have the correct pH 2-Correct temperature. Is also
variable that must be controlled ,Bacteria in general may be placed into one
of three groups according to the
temperature range in which they grow best
A-Psycrophilic-- The organisms growing between 0-250 c they are moistly
live in soil& water
B-Mesophilic- The organisms growing between 20-450 c This group
includes bacteria producing diseases
C- Thermophilic—The organisms growing between 50-650 c e.g. Bacilli.
Algae .
In human parasitic organisms optimum temperature (O.P ) range
between 30-370c
Optimum temperature- is the range at which an organism grows beast
Oxygen requirements
The capacity of bacteria to grow in the presence of O2 and utilize it depends
on possession of cytochrome oxidase system .Bacteria can be divided into
three groups on the basis of their O2 requirement
Aerobes organisms . Bacteria grow only in the presence of O2
-e.g. Pseudomonaceae ,bacillus, sarcina
B-Facultative an aerobes organisms. Bacteria can grow with or without
e.g. Vibrio, E.coli, salmonella
C-Obligate an aerobes organisms.
Bacteria grow only in the absence
ofO2. & they are actually killed by its presence ( strict obligate ) e.g.
Clostridium
The metabolic activities of same bacteria like Niesseria, Gonorrhoeae,
Brucella abrotus are greatly enhanced by the presence of extra amount
of Co2 in atmospheric air
Other factors
3- moisture
4-Correct osmotic pressure
5- light
Self test 4
Aerobes organisms . Bacteria grow only in the presence of ----Note: Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer :
1-growth in microorganisms means
A -Increasing the number of constitute cell
B- Decreasing the number of constitute cell
C- Increasing in the environmental requirements
D- Decreasing in the environmental requirements
2-nutrition means
A-Increasing in the size of the cell
B-Decreasing in the size of the cell
C-The process by which an organism takes substances from
environment &convert into material used for generation energy or
for growth
D-All of them
3- stationary phase in bacteria growth curve means
A-Increase & multiplication cell
B-Decrease of multiplication cell
C-Equalization between death & multiplication cell
D-Increasing in the bacteria death cell ratio
4-psycrophlic bacteria
A-Growing between 25- 400 c
B-Growing between 40-500 c
C-Growing between 50-650 c
D-Growing between 0-250 c
5- the time it takes for one bacterium to divide in to two is called
A-Death time
B-Nutritional tine
C-Logarithm time
D-Generation time
6-bacteria growth curve has
A-One phase
B-Two phase
C-Four phase
D-Seven phase
7-phototrophic bacteria energy from
A-Chemical reaction
B-Photochemical reaction
C-Photo reaction
D-Organic reaction
8- heterotrophic bacteria are the organisms in which
A-Some of essential metabolite are not synthesize
B-All of essential metabolite are not synthesize
C-Some of essential metabolite are synthesize
D-All of essential metabolite are synthesize
9-aerobes bacteria
A-Grow only in the presence of Co2
B-Crow only in the presence of N2
C-Grow only in the presence of O2
D-grow only in the presence of H2
10-generation time for Mycobacterium tuberculosis is
A-10-15 minutes
B-5-10 minutes
C-10-60 minutes
D- above15-20 hours
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
A1-A
Q2-C
A1-A
Q2-C
Q3-C
Q4-D
Q3-C
Q4-D
Q5-D
Q6-C
Q5-D
Q6-C
Q7-B
Q8-A
Q7-B
Q8-A
Q9-C
Q10-D
Q9-C
Q10-D
Self test 1
Nutrition is define as The process by which an organism takes
substances from the environment & converts in to materials used for
generation, energy or for synthesizing cell materials
Self tes2
Stationary phase
Self test 3
As little as 20 minutes
Self test 4
O2
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-William Gluckman, Do., MBA, Facep, Karen .Keaney
Glukhman,MSN,APN,C, CWCN. Evaluation Identification & treatment
of UTI. J.Urgentcare medicine, OCT/2007
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:This module unit designed to give the students a good knowledge
about infection sources, mode of infection & how diseases transmition
in man to help them to work in the future in theater , recovery room
with out any risk.
1/C- General ideas:1/c.1 Infection
2/c.2 Sources of infection
3/c.3 mode of spread of infection
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you: Get 9 or more out of 10 degrees you do not need to proceed
 Get less than 9 degrees you have to study this module unit
well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You: Gate 9 or more degrees out of 10 then pass to study the next
module unit
 In the case you get less than 9 you must return to same
module unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you
have shortage knowledge about it (them)&then do the post
test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1- define infection
2-2 -mention the sources of infection
2-3- enumerate the mode of spread of infection in man
3/pre test
Put circle around the litter of the correct answer:
1a.
b.
c.
d.
Infection means:
Transmition of diseases
The relationship between animal & plant
The relationship between man & plant
Invasion of the pathogenic microorganisms to human, animal,
plant tissues which cause a harmful effect due to it presence or
growth
2- Pathogenicity means:
a. Animal invasion to the host tissues
b. Plant invasion to the host tissues
c. Donates the ability of microorganisms to cause disease or the
result in the production of progressive lesion
d. Animal, plant, invasion to the host tissues
3- Whooping cough is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Exogenous infection
Endogenous infection
Skin disease
No one of them
4- Sources of infection are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Exogenous infection only
Endogenous infection only
No one of them
Both of them
5- Virulence means:
a. organisms exhibit pathogenicity when introduced in to the host
in very small numbers
b. organisms exhibit pathogenicity when introduced in to the host
in a large numbers
c. no one of them
d. Both of them
6- Toxigenicity of microorganisms means:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ability to produce protein
Ability to produce lipid
Ability to produce toxin
Ability to produce vitamin
7- Invasiveness of microorganisms means:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ability to produce vitamin
Ability to produce protein& lipid
Ability to produce bleeding
Ability to enter host tissues, multiply there & spread
8- The essential component steps of infection in man, animal, plant
are:
a. Entrance of the parasitic in to the host by respiratory
tract(mouth, nose) gastrointestinal tract, the break in the
superficial membranes &skin only
b. Establishment & multiplication of the parasite with in the host
only
c. Both of them
d. Establishment of the parasite with in the host only
9- Direct and indirect contact are :
a. Mode of spread infection
b. Type of parasite
c-Type of bacteria
d- Type of fungi
10- Endogenous happen :
a. When the immunity system microorganisms carrier effect only
b. When the microorganisms transfer from normal flora to
pathogenic microorganisms only
c. Both of them
d. When the immunity system microorganisms carrier be very
active
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1- Infection definition
INFECTION:
It is invasion of the pathogenic microorganisms to ( human, animal,
plant ) tissues which cause a harmful effect due to its presence or
growth
Or it is process where by the parasite enter into relationship with the
host. Its essential component steps in humans & animals are the
following
1-Entrance of the parasite into the host the most frequent portals of
entry are the res respiratory tract (mouth & nose) the gastrointestinal
tract,& the breaks in the superficial membrane & skin. some parasite
can penetrate intact mucosa membrane and skin still other are
passively introduced by . Arthropods through these layers directly into
the lymphatic channels or the blood stream
2-Establishment & multiplication of the parasite with in the host
From the portal of the entry the parasite may spread directly through
the tissues or may proceed via the lymphatic channels to the
bloodstream, which distributes it widely and permits it to reach tissues
particularly suitable for its multiplication .
Pathogenicity .denotes the ability of microorganisms to cause disease
or the result in the production of progressive lesions
Virulence. Introduces the concept of degree i.e. virulent organisms
exhibit pathogenicity when introduced into the host in very small
numbers ., those properties may be subdivided into Toxigenicity
(ability to produce toxic substances ) & invasiveness ( ability to enter
host tissues ,multiply there & spread
Self test 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct word:
The ability of microorganisms to produce toxic substances is called--------- while the ability to enter host tissues & multiply there & spread is
called-----------Note: Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2 Sources of infection
 Exogenous ( patients, carrier, infected animals, soil water, air
hospital)
 Endogenous . it is happen when the immunity system in the
microorganisms carrier effect or when the microorganisms
transfer from normal flora to pathogenic microorganisms .E.g.
E.coli is a normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract but some
time invase the urinary tract that causes disease
Sources of infection
Exogenous
Endogenous
1-patients
Its happen when the immunity system
2-Carries
in the microorganisms carries effect
e.g. E. coli normal flora in the
3-infected animals
gastrointestinal tract but some time
4-soil, water
invase the urinary tract that causes
diseases
example for exogenous sources of infection
1- Patients ( whooping cough) (small box ) ( influenza )
2- Carriers (healthy carriers) (convalescent carriers ) (contact
carriers ) ( paradoxical carriers) (chronic carriers )
3- Infected animals some pathogenic microorganisms
parasitize in the first stage on animals and under special
circumstances these microorganisms transfer to human
cause to him some diseases e.g. Brucellosis .Anthrax . T.B
4- Soil & water many microorganisms transfer from soil,
vegetable to human cause to him diseases . Tetanus , food
poisoning
Self test 2
Tetanus microorganisms may be transfer to human from--------
Note: Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3-Modes of spread of infection
1- Direct contact
6-Food borne infection
2-Indirect contact
7- Venereal infection
3-Water borne infection
8- Skin, Wound infection
4-Alimentary tract infection
9- Arthropod borne infection
5- Hand infection
10- Laboratory infection
11- Congenital infection (rubella , syphilis )
Self test 3
Rubella and syphilis are--------------Note: Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Put circle around the litter of the correct answer:
1-Infection means:
a. Transmition of diseases
b. The relationship between animal & plant
c. The relationship between man & plant
d. Invasion of the pathogenic microorganisms to human, animal,
plant tissues which cause a harmful effect due to it presence or
growth
2- Pathogenicity means:
a. Animal invasion to the host tissues
b. Plant invasion to the host tissues
c. Donates the ability of microorganisms to cause disease or the
result in the production of progressive lesion
d. Animal, plant, invasion to the host tissues
3- Whooping cough is:
a. Exogenous infection
b. Endogenous infection
c. Skin disease
d. No one of them
4- Sources of infection are:
a. Exogenous infection only
b. Endogenous infection only
c. No one of them
d. Both of them
5- Virulence means:
a. organisms exhibit pathogenicity when introduced in to the host
in very small numbers
b. organisms exhibit pathogenicity when introduced in to the host
in a large numbers
c. no one of them
d. Both of them
6- Toxigenicity of microorganisms means:
a. Ability to produce protein
b. Ability to produce lipid
c. Ability to produce toxin
d. Ability to produce vitamin
7- Invasiveness of microorganisms means:
a. Ability to produce vitamin
b. Ability to produce protein& lipid
c. Ability to produce bleeding
d. Ability to enter host tissues, multiply there & spread
8- The essential component steps of infection in man, animal, plant
are:
a. Entrance of the parasitic in to the host by respiratory
tract(mouth, nose) gastrointestinal tract, the break in the superficial
membranes &skin only
b. Establishment & multiplication of the parasite with in the host
only
c. Both of them
d. Establishment of the parasite with in the host only
9- Direct and indirect contact are :
a. Mode of spread infection
c. Type of bacteria
b. Type of fungi
d. Type of parasite
10- Endogenous happen :
a. When the immunity system microorganisms carrier effect only
b. When the microorganisms transfer from normal flora to
pathogenic microorganisms only
c. Both of them
d. When the immunity system microorganisms carrier be very
active
Notes: Check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
post test
Q1d
Q2-c
Q1-d
Q2-c
Q3-b
Q4-d
Q3-b
Q4-d
Q5-a
Q6-c
Q5-a
Q6-c
Q7- d
Q8-c
Q7-d
Q8-c
Q9-a
Q10- c
Q9ac
Q10- c
Self test 1
Toxigenicity, invasiveness
Self test 2
Soil and air
Self test 3
Congenital infection
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical microbiology.
Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal. Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-William Gluckman, Do., MBA, Facep, Karen .Keaney
Glukhman,MSN,APN,C, CWCN. Evaluation Identification & treatment
of UTI. J.Urgentcare medicine, OCT/2007
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Sterilization is very important subject to be studied in order to have a
full knowledge about getting rid of or killing the pathological
microorganisms and Because of the great risks of contamination in the
theater and recovery room on the life of the patients , doctors and
their assistants ,for this reason I have designed this modular unit for
this knowledge to be understood .
1/C- General ideas:1 - Definition
2 –Sterilization methods in a diagram :a - physical methods including :
 Heat Sterilization
 Radiation Sterilization
 Gaseous Sterilization
b – Chemical methods including :
 Disinfectant
 Antiseptic
c –Mechanical method ( filtration )
3 –Mechanism of sterilization
4 – Sources of laboratory contamination
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 9 or more out of 10 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 9 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 9 or more degrees out of 10 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 9 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:1. Define sterilization .
2. mention the methods of sterilization with the ability to draw a
diagram .
3. explain the mechanism of sterilization .
4. enumerate the sources of laboratory contamination .
3/pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer:
1-Sterilization means :a- without pathogenic M.O.
b- contamination
c- kill pathogenic M.O. and their spores
c- without viruses
2-Physical methods of sterilization is :a- heat only
b- heat, gases, radiation
c- filtration
d- dry heat
3-Moist heat sterilization means using :
a- steamed heat
c- boiling
b- some chemicals
d- flaming
4-The advantages of autoclaving :
a- can be used for antibiotics
c-effective and rapid
b- less toxic
d- more toxic
5-Milk is sterilized by :
a-formalin
b-flaming
c- autoclaving
d- pasteurization
6-Filtration is a :
a- mechanical method
b- chemical method
c- physical method
d- other method
7-Gamma radiation is used to sterile :
a- inoculating loop
b- milk
c- glass wares
c- food factory
8-Disinfectant is a chemical substance used to sterilize :
a- living objects
c- living and non living objects
b- non living objects
d-no one
9-Bacteriostat agent is a substance that :
a- stops the growth of bacteria
b- stops the multiplication
of bacteria
c- kill the bacteria
d- limit the spread of the
bacteria
10- Contamination :
a- is the opposite of sterility
b- means sterility
c-always air borne
d- can not be minimized
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1- sterilization & disinfection definition
Sterilization :-is
freeing of an object from pathological and non
pathological microorganisms ( M.O. ) including bacteria and their
spores , viruses , yeasts , molds . Or it is the absence of all living
organisms .
Disinfection
:-
is freeing of an object from pathological
microorganisms ( M.O. )
only including bacteria, viruses , yeasts ,
molds
Germicide:
It is one of the factors has quick ability to kill microorganism, bacteria.
Fungi.ect
Germicide:
It is one of the factors has quick ability to kill microorganism, bacteria.
Fungi.ect
Bactericidal:
Kill bacteria (irreversible effect)
Bacteriostat:
Stop growth of bacteria (reversible effect)
Self test 1
Define sterilization .
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2-methods of sterilization with the ability to draw a
Diagram:-
There are three methods of sterilization : Physical methods .
 Chemical methods .
 Mechanical methods
as shown in the diagram below
sterilization
mechanical
physical
chemical
other
filtration
pH,osmotic pressure ,
highly movement speed ,
sonication
ionizing
gases
formaldehyde
antiseptic
radiation
disinfectant
Non ionizing
heat
Moist heat
Dry heat
Red heat
Temp. above 100 C
Flaming`
Temp. at 100 C
autoclaving
Hot air oven
tyndalization
boiling
incineration
Temp below 100 C
pasteurization
 Physical methods of sterilization :A. Heat sterilization
1) Dry heat sterilization
a. Red heat ,used to sterile wire loops ,point end of
forceps .
b. Flaming, used to sterile mouth of tubes , glass
spreaders (which are flamed in ethanol ).
c. Incineration ,used in pathological fuming materials .
d. Hot air oven ( 130-180 ˚C ) for 2-4 hr., used to sterile
glass wares ( pipette , syringes , flask , Petri dish….etc ) ,
swabs , fixed oils , thermo stable powders , see fig. 1, 2,
3, 4 .
Fig . 1 , 2 :some glass wares
Fig 3,4 hot air oven (H.O.R.)
2-Moist heat sterilization
a- Temperature below 100˚C,pasteurization (63˚C for 30
min ) , to sterilize milk .
b- Temperature at 100 ˚C
 Boiling (5-10 min ) to sterilize rubber tubes , glass
syringes ( kills all non spore forming bacteria ) .
 Steaming ( tyndillization ) steam 30 min for 3days
,used to sterilize gelatin media , sugar media .
c- Temperature above 100 ˚C ( autoclaving ) the condition
used in this instrument (15 lb ,121˚C ,20 min ),used for
sterilization of surgical tools and clothes, culture media
and to sterile inoculated medias ; see fig. 5 ,6 .
The advantages of autoclaving , it is effective ,rapid , simple process
which can sterilize large volumes and lack of toxic residues besides it is
not expensive ; while it can not sterilize substances which are highly
thermo labile and can not withstand pressure .
Fig 5,6 : autoclave
Self test 2
How can you sterilize these objects:
Milk, , loop, glass Petri dish & flask
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
B-Radiation sterilization
Two types of rays are used : Non ionizing type, like ultra violate rays , infra red rays
 Ionizing type, like Gamma rays , X ray , Beta rays
Application, used to sterilize food factories , surgical sutures ,
thermo labile drugs , , water , air
Self test 3
What do you know about radiation
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
C-Gaseous sterilization
Ex. Ethylene oxide , formaldehyde , carbon dioxide
The advantage of using gases because of its high penetration and it
is compatible with most materials ; but they have toxic residual and
they are explosive .
Application, used to sterile plastic syringes , rooms hales , poultry
hoses ……etc .
D-Other physical methods: pH
 Osmotic pressure
 Sonication
 Highly movement speed .
Self test 4
Fill in the blank with the suitable answer
The disadvantages of gaseous sterilization are-------------- and----------Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
 Chemical methods of sterilization
A- Antiseptic :It is chemical substance that inhibit the growth of M.O. on living
tissues , ex. 70% alcohol , heptanes , cetavlon , salt .
B- Disinfectant :IT is a chemical substance used to sterilize non living objects , ex.
Phenol , formalin , Lysol ( any detergent ).
The disinfectant may be described either as : Bacteriostatic:- any substant which inhibits the growth and
multiplication of bacteria but do not necessarily kill them .
 Bactericidal :- any substance which kills the bacteria and their
spores .
Self test 5
How can you sterilize the following:
Culture media, your skin, the laboratory counter
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
Mechanical method of sterilization
Filtration :It is the possibility to render any solution free from bacteria by passing
through special filter medium .
There are some types of filter membranes (porcelain , siliceous earth ,
asbestos membrane filter ) .
Application ,used to sterilize serum , toxins , air , antibiotics .
Self test 6
Fill in the blanks with suitable answer :1. The most common filter membranes are ________ ,__________.
2. We use filtration to sterilize _______ ,__________ ,__________.
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3 mechanism of sterilization
The lethal mechanism of the above methods of sterilization are
damaging DNA , coagulating the protein of the M.O. , cell membrane
lyses , oxidation .
Self test 7.
What are the lethal mechanisms of sterilization.
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/4-Sources of laboratory Contamination
Contamination of the environment with M.O. may be happen by.
 air born
 from hair and clothing
 working surfaces
 staff
 equipments
self test 8.
Air born is one of the------------- of laboratory contamination
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
1- Sterilization is freeing of :
a- glass wares from M.O.
b- an object from M.O.
c- an object from M.O. and
d- an object from viruses
their spores
2- Dry heat sterilization includes :
a-red heat , flaming ,hot air oven
b- red heat only
c- red heat and pasteurization
d- hot air oven only
3- Tantalization is used to sterile :
a-surgical tools
c-gelatin and sugar media
b- gelatin media
d- milk
4- Autoclave is used under these conditions :
a- 15 lb ,121˚C ,20 min
b- 15 lb ,220˚C ,20 min
c- 10 lb ,121˚C ,30 min
d- 15 lb ,121˚C ,30 min
5- Pressurized container used for sterilization with moist is called :
a- oven
c- autoclave
b- incubator
d- sphygmomanometer
6- Glass wares are sterilized by :
a- tantalization
b- hot air oven
c- flaming
d- gasses
7-Bacteriocidal agent is a substance that :
a- kill the bacteria and some
spores
c- do not necessarily kill
the bacteria
b- stops the growth and
multiplication of bacteria
d-stops the growth of
bacteria and some spores
8- Filtration is used for :
a- antibiotics
b- water
c- living tissues
d- culture media
9- The mechanism of sterilization by :
a-damaging the living tissues
b- tantalization
c- damaging DNA or protein
d- filtration of M.O.
10- Disinfectant is a chemical substance used for :
a- living and non living objects
b- living objects
c- non living objects
d- no one
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Q1-c
Post test
Q2-b
Q1- c
Q2-a
Q3-a
Q4- c
Q3-c
Q4-a
Q5- d
Q6-a
Q5-c
Q6-b
Q7- d
Q8-b
Q7- a
Q8-a
Q9- d
Self test 1
Q10-a
Q9- c
Q10-
Return back to sterilization definition
Self test 2
Pasteurization, flam , hot air oven
Self test 3
Return back to radiation sterilization
Self test 4
Have toxic residual &they are explosive
Self test 5
1-culture media
2- antiseptic ( heptanes )
3-disinfectant ( phenol )
Self test 6
1-porcelain, asbestos membrane filter 2- serum, antibiotic ,air
Self test 7.
Return back to mechanism of sterilization
Self test 8
Sources
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical microbiology.
Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal. Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-William Gluckman, Do., MBA, Facep, Karen .Keaney
Glukhman,MSN,APN,C, CWCN. Evaluation Identification & treatment
of UTI. J.Urgentcare medicine, OCT/2007
Ministry Of Higher Education And Scientific Research
Foundation Of Technical Education
Institute Of Medical Technology/Baghdad
Abdullah Lafteh /Ansaethesia dep
2009 – 2010
1-Over View
1- A: Target Population
This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students
in the anaesthesia department of the institute of medical
technology/Bagdad
1-B: Rational
This unit will aid those who want to learn classification and the
basis that depends on classification of bacteria and the
important of species to human causing diseases and main
symptoms and how to prevent incidence infection and study
cultural characters and resistance to environmental condition
and laboratory diagnostic
1-C: Central idea
1- General characters
2- Classification
a- Morphological classification
b- Classification based on cultural characters
c- Classification based on chemical reaction
d- Classification based on antigenic structure
3- Resistance
4- Pathogenicity
5- Laboratory diagnosis
1-D: Instruction
1- Study over view thoroughly
2- Identify the goal of this modular unit
3- Do the pre – test and if you :
 Get 4 or more out of 5 you do not need to
proceed .
 Get less than 4 you have to study this modular
unit well .
4- After studying the text of this modular unit , do the
post test and if you :
 Get 4 or more out of 5 , so go on studying the
next modular unit
 Get less than 4 , go back and study this modular
unit , or any part of it again and than do the
post test again .
1-Performance Objectives:After studying this modular unit the student will be able to :
1- Know the general characters of streptococcus
2- Determine the several systems of classification
1) Explain the causes of Resistance of bacteria
2) List the pathogenicity
3) List the laboratory diagnosis
3)Pre – test
Put a circle a round the letter of the correct answer
1- Streptococcus are
a- Gram negative cocci
b- Gram positive cocci
c- Gram positive bacilli
d- Gram positive diplo cocci
2- The aerobic Streptococcus are further classified on :
a- Enzyme product
b- Cultural characters
c- Optimum departure
d- Haemolytic property
3- Streptococcus arranged in chain and the long of chain
depends on
a- Medium
b- Temperature
c- PH
d- Moisture
4- In laboratory diagnosis of Streptococcus
a- 0.2 ml erythrogenic toxin injected introdermally
b- 0.5 ml erythrogenic toxin injected introdermally
c- 0.8 ml erythrogenic toxin injected introdermally
d- 1 ml erythrogenic toxin injected introdermally
5-Optimum temperature of grow :
a- 20 C
b- 22 C
c- 37 C
d- 15 C
Note : check your answer with key at the end of module unit .
General Characters :
They are gram positive cocci , arranged in chains , non motile
and non sporing .
They are require media enriched with blood serum for their
growth . they important human pathogenesis , causing pyogenic
infection with characteristic tendency to spread .
Classification of Streptococcus
1. Morphological classification
a- Long chain : Pathogenic strain
b- Short chain : Non Pathogenic strain
2. Classification based on cultural characters :
a- Obligate anaerobes
b- Aerobes
c- Facultative an aerobes
The aerobic or Facultative. Strep are further classified on the base of
haemolytic property in the blood agar plate .
 Alfa haemolysis : streptococcus produce a zone of greenish
color a round the colony due to partial lysis of RBC .
 Beta haemolysis : Streptoccous produced sharply defined clear
colourles zone of haemolysis due to complete lysis of R. B. C. .
 Gama haemolysis : No changes on blood agar , No haemolsis of
R.B.C .
3. Classification based on chemical reaction :
Manitol is fermented by enterococci
4. Classification based on antigenic structure
Streptococcus pyogens
Morphology : They are (0.5 – 1 micron ) in diameter and arranged
in chain . the length of the chain depends of upon medium on which
organism is grown . They are usually capsulated , non sporing and
non motile , when capsule is present it is composed of hyloronic acid .
Self test (1)
Enumerate classification based on cultural character .
Check your answer with key at the end of the module unit
Cultural character
Streptococcus pyogens are aerobic and facultative an aerobes with
optimum temperature of growth is 370 c .
Enrichment of media with whole blood , serum or glucose rapid
growth
a- Fluid media :
serum broth 24 hours after culture shows grander
powdery deposit there is no pellicle formation .
growth with
b- Blood agar :
After 24 hours incubation , colonies are small 0.5 – 1mm , circular ,
Transparent virulent strains produce matt colonies (granular)
Resistance :
They are easily destroyed by heat 54 c for 80 minutes . it can
survive in dust for several weeks if protected from sun light . it is
resistant to crystal violet . it is susceptible to sulfonamide .
Pathogencity :
1-Respiratory infection : throat is the primary site of invention
causing sore throat . it may be localized in tonsils (tonsillitis) or may
involve pharynx (pharyngitis) .
* Scarlet fever : is caused by a strain producing erythrogenic toxin
and characteristic erythrogenic toxin and characteristic
erythromatous rash . from throat Streptococci may spread to the
surrounding tissue causing ; otitis media , mastoiditis , it may cause
meningitis .
2- Skin infection : it may cause superlative infection of skin e.g.
wounds , burns , lyphangitis , and , cellulites
3- genital tract : streptococcus pyogens is important cause of
puerperal sepsis
4- Other infection : like abscess of organs (brain , lungs , live ,
kidney) it may cause septicemia .
Self test (2)
Explain the respiratory infection that caused by streptococcus
Check your answer at the last page with key answers
Laboratory diagnosis :
1- Hematological investigations
a- Total leukocyte count may show considerable increase .
b- Differential leukocyte count increase in neutrophil count .
2- Bacteriological method
Most important specimens are throat swab , nasopharyngeal swab ,
sputum , blood .
a- smear show gram positive cocci arranged in chains
b- Culture . specimens is cultured on blood agar or
crystal violet .
C- Serological test
3) skin test (Dick test)
0.2 ml erythrogenic toxin is injected intramuscularly on
the for arm and the same amount of heated in activated toxin
on the other fore arm . Abright red rash appears within 6
hours and becomes maximum in 24 hours .
Self test 3
Fill in the blanks
Total leukocyte count ----------------- in case of Streptococcal infection .
Check your answer with key at the end of the module unit
Post test
Put a circle around the letter of the correct answer
1- Strep to caucus are :
a- Gram positive diplococci
b- Gram positive bacilli
c- Gram negative cocci
d- Gram positive cocci
2- The aerobic streptococcus are further classified on :
Cultural characters
a- Haemolytic property
b- Enzyme Product
c- Optimum temperature
3- Streptococcus arranged in chain and the long of chain
depend on
a- PH
b- Temperature
c- Moisture
d- Medium
4- In laboratory diagnosis of Streptococcus
a- 1 ml erythrogenic toxin injected intramuscularly
b- 0.2 ml erythrogenic toxin injected intramuscularly
c- 0.5 ml erythrogenic toxin injected intramuscularly
d- 0.8 ml erythrogenic toxin injected intramuscularly
5- Optimum temperature of grow :
a- 15 C
b- 20 C
c- 37 C
d- 22 C
Key Of Answers
Pre test
Post test
Question no.
Answer
Question no.
Answer
1
b
1
a
2
d
2
a
3
a
3
d
4
a
4
b
5
c
Answers of the self test
Q1/
a- obligate an aerobes
b- Aerobes
c- Facultative
Q2/ Primary Site of invention causing sore throat or may involve
pharynx (Pharyngitis)
Q Total leukocyte count increase in case of streptococcal infection .
References
1-Satish . Gupte . MD. 1982 . The short text book of
medical microbiology . Jaypee . Brothers medical
publishers . 85 – A , Kamla Nagar , Delhi (India) .
2-David Green wood , Richard C.B. slack and John F.
Peutherer 2002 . Medical microbiology . sixteen edition
Ministry Of Higher Education And Scientific Research
Foundation Of Technical Education
Institute Of Medical Technology/Baghdad
Abdullah Lafteh /Ansaethesia dep
2009-2010
Over view
A- Target Population
This learning Package had been designed to the First year students in
the anesthesia department of the institute of medical technology –
Baghdad
B- Rationale
This unit will aid those who went to learn general characters of
Staphylococcus and the important types of species that cause diseases
to human and the types of diseases (pathogen city)
1-D/ Instructions
1- Study over view carefully
2- Learn briefly the modular unit of this package
3- Perform the pre- test of this unit :
If you get (6) degrees or more 0ut 0f (7) you will not need to learn
this modular unit . In this case you must contact with your teacher to
inform him about your results But f you get less ha (6) degrees in this
test, you will need to continue learning this modular unit .
After you studying this modular unit :
If you get (6) degrees or more out of (7), you must go to learn the next
modular unit .
In case you get less than (6) degrees , you must return to same unit in
order to learn and understand the steps which you need .
After you complete the studying perform the post – test examination
for checking .
2) Performance objectives
After studying this modular unit , you should be able to :
1- Describe the general characters of staphylococcus
2- List the types of classification
3- List the factors influencing pigment production
4- List the types of Toxins
5- Describe the pathogenecity
3) Pre – test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer
1- Pathogenic species of staphylococcus is
a- Staph. albs
b- Staph. citreous
c- Staph. epidermides
d- Staph. aurous
2- Cluster of Staphylococcus
a- Golden yellow
b- Colorless
c- Greenish
d- White
3- Important factor effect on pigment production
a- Carbon dioxide
b- PH
c- Oxygen
d- Moist
4- Optimum temperature affect on pigment production is :
a- 25 – 30 C
b- 15 – 20C
c- 20 -25 C
d- 30 – 35 C
5- Haemolysin toxin produce from staph . known
a- (Alfa , beta , Gama)
b- (Alfa , beta , Gama , sigma)
c- (Alfa )
d- (Alfa , beta)
6- Symptoms of food poisoning appear with in
a- Three hours
b- Four hours
c- Eight hours
d- Six hours
7- Pathogenic strains of staph : Ferment sugar
a- Fructose
b- Galactose
c- Glucose
d- Sucrose
Note : check your answer at the last page of this modular unit
4) The modular unit of this Package :
1- General characters :
They are gram positive cocci , avoid , spherical , non motile ,
arranged in groups on nutrient agar they are form colonies white
yellow , or golden yellow in colour . Pathogenic strains produce
coagulase , ferment sugar (glucose , lactose , manitol) with acid
production and produce puslesion .
1- Classification
A- On the bsis of pigment production (three) types of staph. are
identified :
1- Staphylococcus aureus : produce golden yellow colonies
and are pathogenic
2- Staphylococcus albus : produce white colonies and are
non pathogenic .
3- Staphylococcus citreus : produce lemon yellow colonies
and are non pathogenic .
B- On the basis of Pathogenicity :
1- Pathogenic specis : staph . aureus
2- Non pathogenic species : staph. epidermis
Self test (1)
Classify staphylococcus depend on pigment production
Check your answer with the key at the last page .
Staphy lococcus aureus
Morphology : they are avoider spherical , non motile , non capsulated
, non sporing and gram positive . They are arranged in cluster golden
yellow in colour on nutrient agar . pigment production occurs at (22
C) and only in aerobic culture and the pigment is lipoprotein .
Factors influencing pigment production
1- Temperature : Maximum pigment production is at room
temp. (20 – 25C)
2- Oxygen : pigment is produced under aerobic condition
3- Medium : pigment is produced on solid medium
4- Light : In presence of light pigmentation of colony is
better .
Self test (2)
List the factors influencing on pigment production
Check your answer with key at the last page .
Enzyme produce :
1- Coagulase (Free coagnlase) It is heat labile enzyme
produced in log and early log phase of bacteria and it is
antigenic
Clotting of human plasma is brought about by coagulase
reactin gfactor
CRF
(Plasma)

  Fibrin
Fibrinogen coagulase
2- Clumping Factor (Bound coagulase) : It is heat stable
protein , it does not require (CRF) And Fibrinogen is not
converted into Fibrin .
When a drop of staph. Is due to combination of
fibrinogen with receptor present on the surface of
organism .
3- Phosphatase
4- Hyluronidase
5- Deoxyribonuclease
Toxins :
1- Haemolysin , staph. Aureus produces at least three types of
haemolys in known (Alfa , Beta , Gama)
2- Leucocidin ; Toxin which kill human and rabbit , polymorph
and macrophages without lysing them .
3- Enterotoxin ; The toxin is responsible for manifestation of
staph. Food poisoning nausea , vomiting and diarrhea within
(6) hours of taking contaminated food . It is heat stable and
antigenic .
4- Fibrinolysin ; staplyokinase
lysis of Fibrin .
5- Lipases ; lysis of Liqid
6- Protease ; lysis of protein
Pathogenicity :
1. Cutaneous lesions ; boils , abscess , Impetigo .
2. Deep infection ; Acute osteomyelitis , Phyrngitis , sinusitis ,
Pneumonia , meningitis , endocarditis and renal abscess .
3. Staphylococcal food poisoning ; it result when food
contamined with enteotxin producd by stap e.g. met , F. sh ,
mlk ad milk products Dirrha nd vomiting set in wit I 6 urs
o kig contamined food .
Self test (3)
Fill in the blanks
1. Deep in fection by staph. Causes ------------ and ----------2. Food poisoning result when food contaminated with ------------.
Check your answer with Key at last page .
Post test :
Put a circle in front of right sentence .
1. Staphylococcus bacteria are grown :
a- Blood agar
b- Simon citrate agar
c- Enrichment media
d- Nutrient agar .
2. Colonies of stuph are
a- Golden yellow
b- Purple
c- Green
d- Colorless
3. Pathogemic strains of staph. Ferment sugar :
a- Fructose
b- Galactose
c- Sucrose
d- glucose
4. On the asis of pigment production
a- One type
b- Two types
c- Three types
d- Four types
Are identified
5. Optimum temperature affect on Pigment production is
a- 20 – 25 C
b- 15 – 20 C
c- 25 – 30 C
d- 30 – 35 C
6. Haemo lysine produce from staph. Known
a- (alfa , beta)
b- (alfa)
c- (alfa , beta , Gama , sigma)
d- (alfa , beta , Gama)
7. Symptoms of Food poisoning apper within
a- Six hours
b- Four hours
c- Eight hours
d- Three hours
Note : You can check your answer at the last page of this modular
unit
Pre – test
Question
Answer
1
d
2
a
3
c
4
c
5
a
6
d
7
c
Answers of the self tests
Q1/
1- produce golden yellow colonies
2- produce white colonies
3- produce lemon yellow colonies
Q2/
1- Temperature
2- Oxygen
3- Medium
4- Light
Q3/
1- Osteumyelitis and phamyngitis
2- Enterotoxin
Post – test
Question
Answer
1
d
2
a
3
d
4
c
5
a
6
d
7
a
References
1- Satish. Gupte MD. 1982 . The short text book of medical
mierobiology . Jaypee . Brothers medical publishers . 85 – A ,
Kamla Nagar , Delhi (India)
2- David Green wood , Richard C. B. Slack and John F.
Peutherer 2002 . Medical microbiology sixteenth edition .
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Genus Neisseria has some pathogenic species are very important to be
studied them in order to have a good knowledge about them , and I
think this knowledge will aid students to be more care when they
work in the theater or in any public health center , for this reason I
have designed this module unit and I hope it will help them in their
work in the future.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- the general characters of genus Neisseria
1/c-2-the main species of this genus
1/c-3-pathogenicity of this bacteria
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you: Get 9 or more out of 10 degrees you do not need to proceed
 Get less than 9 degrees you have to study this module unit
well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You: Gate 9 or more degrees out of 10 then pass to study the next
module unit
 In the case you get less than 9 you must return to same
module unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you
have shortage knowledge about it (them)&then do the post
test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2/1-mention the main characters of genus Neisseria
2/2-enumerate the main species of this genus
2/3- List the main diseases cause by Neisseria
3/ pre test
Put cercal around the letter of the correct answer
1-Genus Neisseria is
a. Gram positive Cocci
c. Gram negative Cocci
b. Gram positive bacilli
d. Gram negative bacilli
2- All species of Neisseria are.
a. Pathogenic specie
b. Some of them are pathogenic
c. Non pathogenic species
d. Commensal bacteria
3-Neisseria are
a. Spore forming Cocci
b. Non spore forming Cocci
c. Spore forming bacilli
d. Spore forming cocco bacilli
4- The natural host for N.meningitidis is
a. Human
b. Plant & animal
c. Human &plant
d. Animal
5- Gonorrhoeae is
a. Skin disease
b. Sexual disease
c. Respiratory disease
d. Intestinal disease
6- The portal of entry of meningococci is
a. Skin
b. Intestinal
c. Blood
d. Nasopharynax
7- N.gonorrhoeae presents as
a. Extracellular only
b. Both of them
c. Intracellular only
d. No-one of them
8-Meningitis is the commonest complication of
a. Anemia
b. Meningococcemia
c. Ulceration
d. All of them
9- N. catarrhalis is
a. Commensal bacteria
b. Opportunistic bacteria
c. Pathogenic bacteria
d. Spore forming bacteria
10- N.gonorrhoeae same time called
a. Meningococcus
b. Gonococcus
c. Diplodocus
d. Staphylococcus
Notes : check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1-general characters the guns Neisseria:
The Neisseria are group of
Gram negative cocci usually occurring in pairs. Same member of the
group normal inhabitants of the human respiratory tract& occur
extracellularly. Other gonococci &meningococci are human pathogens
& typically occur intracellularly, anaerobic non sporulation , non motile
Oxidase is positive
The typical Neisseria .organism
1- Gram negative diplococci approximately 0.8 micron in diameter
2- non motile
3- non spore forming
individual cocci are kidney- shape with the flat or concave side
adjacent .older cultures or those exposed to antibiotics may contain
swollen distorted organisms . meningococci & gonococci autolysis
quickly particularly in an alkaline environment
Genus Neisseria
Pathogenic species
Commensal species
1. Neisseria meningitidis
( Meningococcus)
N . flavescens
N . flava
The casual organism of an
N. catarrhalis
acute purulent meningitis
N. sicca
2. N. gonorrhoeae
(Gonococcus )
the casual organism of gonorrhea
a sexually transmuted infection
Self test 1
Some species of genus ------- are pathogenic bacteria
Notes : check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2-The main species of genus Neisseria
1-Neisseria meningitidis ( Meningococcus )
2-Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus )
Commensal species
N.flavescens , N.flava , N.catarrhalis , N.sicca
N . meningitidis
Typically seen in large numbers inside polymorphnuclear pus cell film
from culture show more rounded cocci & some pleomorphism with
irregular staining although capsule are not ordinarily .but some
microcapsule may be demonstration by Quelling reaction. In smear
from lesion the cocci are more regular& are intracellular .Humans are
the only natural host for whom Meningococcus are pathogenic .mice
can be infected interaperitoneally if meningococci of any serologic
group are suspended in mucin .The nasopharynax is the portal of entry
of meningococci & Meningitis is the commonest complication of
meningococcemia ( bacteria reach the blood stream ) it is usually
begins suddenly with intense headache vomiting stiff neck and
progresses to coma with in a few hours
N . gonorrhoeae
Identical with N . meningitidis . extra cellular as well as intra cellular .
diplococci seen in smear of pus pleomorphism . in films of older
culture gonococci exhibit 4 morphologic types of colonies only types
1,2 appear to be virulent and possess pili that attach to epithelial cell
and help to resist phagocytosis gonococci attack mucous membranes
of the genitourinary tract and the eye . producing acute suppuration
that may lead to tissue invasion this is followed by chronic
inflammation and fibrosis
Self test 2
Meningococcemia means--------------------
Note : check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3-main diseases of Neisseria
1. Meningitis
2. Gonorrhea
the causative agent of It is N.meningitidis
the causative agent of it is N.gonorrhoeae
Self test 3
Enumerate the main diseases are caused by pathogenic species of
genus Neisseria
Note : check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Put cercal around the letter of the correct answer
1-Genus Neisseria is
a. Gram positive Cocci
c. Gram negative Cocci
b. Gram positive bacilli
d. Gram negative bacilli
2- All species of Neisseria are.
a. Pathogenic specie
b. Some of them are pathogenic
c. Non pathogenic species
d. Commensal bacteria
3-Neisseria are
a. Spore forming Cocci
b. Non spore forming Cocci
c. Spore forming bacilli
d. Spore forming cocco bacilli
4- The natural host for N.meningitidis is
a. Human
b. Plant & animal
c. Human &plant
d. Animal
5- Gonorrhoeae is
a. Skin disease
b. Sexual disease
c. Respiratory disease
d. Intestinal disease
6- The portal of entry of meningococci is
a. Skin
b. Intestinal
c. Blood
d. Nasopharynax
7- N.gonorrhoeae presents as
a. Extracellular only
b. Both of them
c. Intracellular only
d. No-one of them
8-Meningitis is the commonest complication of
a. Anemia
b. Meningococcemia
9- N. catarrhalis is
c. Ulceration
d. All of them
a. Commensal bacteria
b. Opportunistic bacteria
c. Pathogenic bacteria
d. Spore forming bacteria
10- N.gonorrhoeae same time called
a. Meningococcus
b. Gonococcus
c. Diplodocus
d. Staphylococcus
Notes : check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1-a
Q2-b
Q1-a
Q2-b
Q3-b
Q4-a
Q3-b
Q4-a
Q5-b
Q6-d
Q5-b
Q6-d
Q7-b
Q8-b
Q7-b
Q8-b
Q9-a
Q10-b
Q9-a
Q10-b
Self test 1
Same species
Self test 2
Meningococcus reach the blood stream
Self test 3
1-meningitis
2- Gonorrhea
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Mycobacteria is a very important pathogenic bacteria to be studied in
order to have a good knowledge about it & I think this will aid students
to be more care when they work in the theater or any public health
center. For this reason I have designed this module unit.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- Main characters& of species of Mycobacteria
1/ c-2- Pathogenicity of Mycobacteria & their nature of Virulent
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 9 or more out of 10 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 9 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 9 or more degrees out of 10 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 9 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1- Mention the general characters of Mycobacteria
2-2-List the main species of this bacteria
2-3-Explain the nature of Virulent & the main diseases of this bacteria
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:
1-Mycobacteria are
a. Gram negative bacilli
b. Gram negative cocci
c. A.S.F bacilli
d. Spore forming cocci
2-T.B disease occur only as
a. Reactivation
b. Primary infection
c. Exogenous reactivation
d. Reactivation & primary infection
3- The reactivation type of T.B disease is usually occur as result of
a. Endogenous infection only
c. Exogenous infection only
b. Endogenous & rarely exogenous
d. Non one of them
4- Leprosy is a very chronic disease affecting
a. Eye
b. Lung
c. Blood
d. Skin mucous membrane and peripheral nerves
5- Leprosy is a chronic disease of
a. Animals only
b. Both of them
c. Plants only
d. Human only & some time rats
6- Mycobacterium tuberculosis resists staining by ordinary dues
because of
a. A waxy material in the cell wall
b. Mineral in the cell wall
c. Carbohydrate in the cell wall
d. No one of them
7- Typical Mycobacteria resemble tubercle bacilli but
a. Always cause disease in man
b. Always cause disease in plant
c. Seldom cause disease in man
d. No one of them
8- Mycobacterium are pathogenic to
a. Plants
b. Animal & human
c. parasite
d. All of them
9- The organism of leprosy was described by
a. Robert Koch
b. Louis Pasteur
c. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
d. Hansen
10- Mycobacterium leprae it resists decolourization with
a. 5% H2So4
b. 25% H2So4
c. 10% H2So4
d. 15% H2So4
Notes: check your answers with the key et the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1-General characters of Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the
Mycobacteriaceae. The genus includes pathogens known to cause
serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy. The
Latin prefix "myco—" means both fungus and wax; its use here relates
to the "waxy" compounds that compose parts of the cell wall.
Mycobacteria are aerobic and nonmotile bacteria (except for the
species Mycobacterium marinum, which has been shown to be motile
within macrophages) that are characteristically acid-alcohol fast.
Mycobacteria do not contain endospores or capsules and are usually
considered Gram-positive. A recent paper in PNAS showed sporulation
in Mycobacterium marinum and perhaps in M. bovis . However, this
has been strongly argued by other scientists . While mycobacteria do
not seem to fit the Gram-positive category from an empirical
standpoint (i.e. they generally do not retain the crystal violet stain
well), they are classified as an acid-fast Gram-positive bacterium due
to their lack of an outer cell membrane. All Mycobacterium species
share a characteristic cell wall, thicker than in many other bacteria,
which is hydrophobic, waxy, and rich in mycolic acids/mycolates. The
cell wall consists of the hydrophobic mycolate layer and a
peptidoglycan layer held together by a polysaccharide,
arabinogalactan. The cell wall makes a substantial contribution to the
hardiness of this genus. The biosynthetic pathways of cell wall
components are potential targets for new drugs for tuberculosis.
Many Mycobacterium species adapt readily to growth on very simple
substrates, using ammonia or amino acids as nitrogen sources and
glycerol as a carbon source in the presence of mineral salts. Optimum
growth temperatures vary widely according to the species and range
from 25 °C to over 50 °C.
Some species can be very difficult to culture (i.e. they are fastidious),
sometimes taking over two years to develop in culture.[ Further, some
species also have extremely long reproductive cycles — M. leprae, may
take more than 20 days to proceed through one division cycle (for
comparison, some E. coli strains take only 20 minutes), making
laboratory culture a slow process. In addition, the availability of
genetic manipulation techniques still lags far behind that of other
bacterial species. M.leprae. which has never convincingly been grown
in vitro .A natural division occurs between slowly– and rapidly–
growing species. Mycobacteria that form colonies clearly visible to the
naked eye within seven days on subculture are termed rapid growers,
while those requiring longer periods are termed slow growers.
Mycobacteria cells are straight or slightly curved rods between 0.20.6 µm wide by 1.0-10 µm long.
Pigmentation
Some mycobacteria produce carotenoid pigments without light. Others
require photoactivation for pigment production.
Photochromogens (Group I)
Produce no pigmented colonies when grown in the dark and
pigmented colonies only after exposure to light and
reincubation. Ex: M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. simiae.
Scotochromogens (Group II)
Produce deep yellow to orange colonies when grown in the
presence of either the light or dark. Ex: M. scrofulaceum, M.
gordonae, M. xenopi, M. szulgai.
Non-chromogens (Groups III & IV)
No pigmented in the light and dark or have only a pale yellow,
buff or tan pigment that does not intensify after light exposure.

Ex: M. tuberculosis, M. avium-intra-cellulare, M. bovis,
M.ulcerans
Diagram of Mycobacterium cell wall structure
Mycobacterial cell wall: 1-outer lipids, 2-mycolic acid, 3-polysaccharides
(arabinogalactan), 4-peptidoglycan, 5-plasma membrane, 6-lipoarabinomannan
(LAM), 7-phosphatidylinositol mannoside, 8-cell wall skeleton
Self test 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct ward(s)
1-because of ------------------ materials in the cell wall Mycobacterium
resistance to decolorization
2- Mycobacterium leprae which has never convincingly been grown ------------Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2- Main species of genus Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium
Myco. Tuberculosis
Causes tuberculosis(T.B)in human
And certain animals
Myco . leprae
Causes leprosy a chronic
of man (some time rate)
Granuloma type
Some time humans effected by another species of mycobacterium
e.g. Myco.boves (primary pathogen in cattle& mammals )
Myco. avium ( pathogenic to birds & some certain animals pig )
The size of bacilli may vary from cocco bacilli to long bacilli
( o.8-5 × 0.23- 0.6 micron ) . a group of typical mycobacteria
(resemble tubercle bacilli but seldom cause disease in man with
which may be included 2 species causing skin ulceration
Myco. ulcerans Myco. marinum
Self test 2
What are the 2 species of Mycobacterium causing skin ulceration
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3- The nature of Virulent & the main diseases of this bacteria
There is a complicated relationship between tuberculosis bacilli &
tuberculosis . some time the organisms invade the body tissues
with out any symptom that is mean we must differentiated
between tuberculosis disease & tuberculosis infection .
Primary infection & Reactivation types of tuberculosis when a host
contact with tubercle bacilli the following feature are usually
observed .
1- An acute exudative lesion develops & rapidly spreads to the
lymphatics & regional lymph nods .
2- The lymph nods undergoes massive caseation which usually calcifies
3- The tuberculin test becomes positive .
The reactivation type is usually caused by tubercle bacilli that have
survived in the primary lesion (endogenous reinfection) and rarely
by bacilli newly inhaled from the environment
(exogenous reinfection)
Pathogenesis
Tubercle bacilli produce no recognized toxin . the disease results from
establishment & proliferation of virulent organisms & interaction with
the host . a virulent bacilli ( e.g. BCG ) survive only for months or years
in the normal host . Resistance & hypersensitivity of the host greatly
influence the development of the disease
Beside human bovine, murine, avian , piscine ,may be affected by
mycobacteria
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy is a very chronic disease affecting skin mucous
membrane & peripheral nerves &is manifest in two main forms
1-Nodular leprosy
2-Maculo anaesthetic leprosy
Leprosy is a chronic disease of a man only ( some time infected rate )
This organism was described by Hansen in 1873
( 9 year before Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacilli )
Morphology shape of Myco. leprae
straightly or slightly curved slender bacillus about the same size as
the tubercle bacillus with pointed rounded or club shaped end ,
Non motile , Non sporing .it is less strongly acid fast than the
tubercle bacilli but it resists decolourization with 5% H2So4 . I
t recognized in side cells from leprosy nodules 1874 by Hansen .
Mycobacteria may resist natural drying for several weeks if
protected fro day light .highly susceptible to sun light & day
light even through glass . Sensitive to wide range of Antimicrobial
drugs of which the most important for clinical use are:
Streptomycin , Isoniazid , Para-amino salicylic acid (PAS ) ,
Ethambutol , Parazinamide , Prothionmaide , Rifampcin , Thiocetazone
Self test 3
What are the main 2 forms of leprosy
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:
1-Mycobacteria are
a. Gram negative bacilli
b. Gram negative cocci
c. A.S.F bacilli
d . Spore forming cocci
2-T.B disease occur only as
a. Reactivation
b. Primary infection
c . Exogenous reactivation
d . Reactivation & primary infection
3- The reactivation type of T.B disease is usually occur as result of
a. Endogenous infection only
c. Exogenous infection only
b. Endogenous & rarely exogenous
d. Non one of them
4- Leprosy is a very chronic disease affecting
a. Eye
b. Lung
c. Blood
d. Skin mucous membrane and peripheral nerves
5- Leprosy is a chronic disease of
a. Animals only
b. Both of them
c. Plants only
d. Human only & some time rats
6- Mycobacterium tuberculosis resists staining by ordinary dues
because of
a. A waxy material in the cell wall
b. Mineral in the cell wall
c. Carbohydrate in the cell wall
d. No one of them
7- Typical Mycobacteria resemble tubercle bacilli but
a. Always cause disease in man
b. Always cause disease in plant
c. Seldom cause disease in man
d. No one of them
8- Mycobacterium are pathogenic to
a. Plants
c. parasite
b. Animal & human
d. All of them
9- The organism of leprosy was described by
a. Robert Koch
b. Louis Pasteur
c. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
d. Hansen
10- Mycobacterium leprae it resists decolourization with
a. 5% H2So4
b. 25% H2So4
c. 10% H2So4
d. 15% H2So4
Notes: check your answers with the key et the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Q1-c
Q2-b
Post test
Q1-c
Q2-B
Q3-b
Q4-d
Q3-b
Q4-d
Q5-d
Q6-a
Q5-d
Q6-a
Q7-c
Q8-b
Q7-c
Q8-b
Q9-d
Q10-a
Q9-d
Q10-a
Self test 1
1-waxy material 2- vitro
Self test 2
Myco. ulcerans Myco. marinum
Self test 3
1-Nodular leprosy
2-Maculo anaesthetic leprosy
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Genus clostridium is a very important pathogenic bacteria to be
studied in order to have a good knowledge about it & I think this
knowledge will aid students to be more care when they work in the
theater or any public health center. For this reason I have designed this
module unit.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- General characters of genus Clostridium
1/c-2- Main species of genus Clostridium
1/c-3- The pathogenicity of this genus
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 9 or more out of 10 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 9 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 9 or more degrees out of 10 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 9 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2/1- Mention the general characters of genus clostridium
2/2- Enumerate the main species of this genus
2/3- Explain the pathogenicity of genus clostridium & give causative
agent of each disease
3/ pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer :
1- Genus Clostridium is
a. aerobic cocci
b. an aerobic spore forming bacilli
c. an aerobic cocci
d. no one of them
2- Genus Clostridium is
a. gram positive cocci
b. gram positive bacilli
c. gram negative cocci
d. gram positive & gram negative
forms usually seen
3- Most species of genus Clostridium are
a. opportunistic bacteria
b. saprophyte
c. commensal bacteria
d. no one of them
4- The genus Clostridium contains bacteria causing
a. one major disease
b. four major disease
c- three major disease
d- two major disease
5- Tetanus disease is sometimes called
a. scarlet fever
c. lockjaw
b. septicemia
d. gasgangrene
6- All species of genus Clostridium are
a. motile
b. non motile
c. some of them
d. no one of them
7- C l .botulinum produces a powerful Exotoxin which is act by
a.
b.
c.
d.
inhibiting release acetylcholine from motor nerve end
increase secretions of acetylcholine from motor nerve end
decrease =
=
=
= =
=
=
no one of them
8- C l . botulinum toxin is librated during the
a. lag phase
c. log phase
b. stationary phase
d. growth & autolysis phase
9 – Cl. perfringens produces at least
a. 5 distinct toxins
c. 4 distinct toxins
b. 12 distinct toxins
d. 7 distinct toxins
10- Cl.tetani produces
a. 4 types of toxin
b. 3- types of toxin
c. types of toxins
c. 6 types of toxin
d. 2
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1- General characters of genus Clostridium:The genus consist of
1. gram positive & gram –negative often seen
2. spore forming
3. anaerobic
4. spindle shaped
5. highly polymorphic bacilli
The shape of the spore& it is position in the bacilli is of significance in
classification .spore are wider than bacillary bodies (spore wider than the
diameter of the cell ).In Clostridium tetani the spore is located at one end of
the rod, giving it a drumstick appearance. Most species of this genus are
saprophytes that normally grow in soil ,water & decomposing plant & animal
matter playing an important part in the process of putrefaction .
Clostridia are motile with peritrichous flagella except
Clostridium welchii (perfringens) and Cl . tetani type vi
Cl. welchii & Cl butyricum are capsulated while other are not so. Pathogenic
clostridia form powerful exotoxins Cl. botulinum is non invasive while Cl.tetani
has slight invasive properties .Tetanus results from the action of powerful
Exotoxin it produces. The gas gangrene clostridia are toxigenic & invasive
causing even septicemia .
Self test 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct wards
In Clostridium tetani the spore is located at one end of the---------.giving
it ---------------- appearnce
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2- Main species of genus Clostridium:Cl. tetani
Cl. botulinum
Cl. welchii ( perfringens )
Cl. oedematiens
.
Cl. septicum Cl. bifermentans Cl.novyi Cl.sporogens Cl. butyricum
Self test 2
Cl. welchii same time is called?
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3 Pathogenicity of genus clostridium &causative agent of
each disease :-
The genus Clostridium contains bacteria causing ( 3 ) major disease of
man
1- Tetanus or Trimus ( lock Jaw )
causes by
Cl. tetani
2- food poisoning ( Botulism )
causes by
Cl. botulinum
3-gas gangrene & some time
causes by
Cl. welchii ( perfringens )
4-cause enteritis necroticum
Cl. oedematiens Cl. septicum
Cl. welchii & Cl. sporogens are commensal inhabitant at the animal &
human intestine & just before or immediately after death of their host
rapidly invade the blood & tissues & play a major part along with
aerobic bacteria such as Proteus putrefying & decomposing the corpse
. a few species are opportunistic pathogen .
Some species of this genus produce toxin other decompose proteins &
some do the both .
Some species produce a variable zone of complete haemolysis . a wider
zone of incomplete haemolysis may occasionally develop ( use for this
test hors blood agar )
Cl. tetani produces ( 3 ) types of toxin
1. Haemolysin ( tetanolysin )
2. Neuro toxin tetanospasmin
3. Recently identified non spasmogenic peripherally active
neurotoxin
Cl . welchii ( perfringens) produces at least 12 distinct toxins beside
many other enzymes & biological active substances . that result in a
spreading infection
Carbohydrate present in the tissues + gas gangrene bacteria
fermentation produce gas
Collagen in the tissues + gas gangrene bacteria enzymes digestion &
H2S is produced
Cl . botulinum This bacteria produces a powerful Exotoxin responsible
for pathogenicity . it is neurotoxin which acts slowly by inhibiting
release of acetylcholine from motor never ending of parasympathetic
system . the toxin is liberated during the growth of bacteria or during
autolysis of it & then go to the environment There are 6 distinct
antigenic varieties of toxin
A
F are known
A.B. E are most commonly associated with human illness
Type C Limber neck in fowl
Type D Cause botulism in cattle
Tetanus toxiod
-
Active immunity ‫مناعة لفترة طويلة‬
Antitetanic serum ------------- Passive immunity ‫مناعة لفترة قصيرة‬
Self test 3
Collagen in the tissues + gas gangrene bacteria enzymes digestion
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
1-Genus Clostridium is
a. aerobic cocci
b. an aerobic spore forming bacilli
c. an aerobic cocci
d. no one of them
2- Genus Clostridium is
a. gram positive cocci
b. gram positive bacilli
c. gram negative cocci
d. gram positive & gram negative
forms usually seen
3- Most species of genus Clostridium are
a. opportunistic bacteria
b. saprophyte
c. commensal bacteria
d. no one of them
4- The genus Clostridium contains bacteria causing
a. one major disease
b. four major disease
c. three major disease
d. two major disease
5- Tetanus disease is sometimes called
a. scarlet fever
b. septicemia
c. lockjaw
d. gasgangrene
6- All species of genus Clostridium are
a. motile
b. non motile
c. some of them
d. no one of them
7- C l .botulinum produces a powerful Exotoxin which is act by
a.
b.
c.
d.
inhibiting release acetylcholine from motor nerve end
increase secretions of acetylcholine from motor nerve end
decrease =
=
=
= =
=
=
no one of them
8- C l . botulinum toxin is librated during the
a. lag phase
b. stationary phase
c. log phase
d. growth & autolysis phase
9– Cl. perfringens produces at least
a. 5 distinct toxins
b. 12 distinct toxins
c. 4 distinct toxins
d. 7 distinct toxins
10- Cl.tetani produces
a. 4 types of toxin
b. 3 types of toxin
c. 6 types of toxin
d. 2 types of toxins
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Q1- b
Q2- d
Q1- b
Q2- d
Q3- b
Q4- c
Q3- b
Q4- c
Q5- c
Q6- c
Q5- c
Q6- c
Q7- a
Q8- d
Q7- a
Q8- d
Q9- b
Q10- b
Q9- b
Q10- b
Self test 1:
Rod , drumstick
Self test 2:
Clostridium perfringens
Self test 3:
H2S
Post test
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Though as most species of this genus are common environmental
organisms & are frequently isolated in laboratories as contaminants of
media or specimens. Bacillus anthracis is the causative agents of
anthrax. Is the most important pathogen of the group although rare in
the industrialized nation. The very name anthrax strikes terror in the
public. For this reason I think the good knowledge about this groups of
bacteria will aid students to be more care when they work in the
theater or any public health center. So I have designed this module
unit.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1 Main characters& species of genus bacillus
1/c-2 The characters of pathogenic species Bacillus anthracis, anthrax
infection ,control measures & treatment of this disease
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1 Mention the general characters of genus bacillus
2-2 Enumerate the main species of this genus
2-3 List the characters of Bacillus anthracis & explain anthrax
infection, control measures & treatment of this disease
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:
1-Genus bacillus is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Aerobic spore forming gram positive bacilli
An aerobic spore forming gram positive bacilli
Aerobic spore forming gram negative cocci
All of them
2- Bacillus anthracis is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Non pathogenic species of genus Bacillus
The only pathogenic species of this genus
Commensal bacteria
All of them
3- The persons most commonly involved with B.anthracis are
a. Teachers
b. Carpenters
c. Soldiers
d. Butchers , sheepherders
4- The routs of anthrax infection are
a. Skin only
b. Nails
c. Skin, pulmonary ,
d. No one of them
5- The entire chain of B. anthracis may be surrounded by
a. Hyphae
c. Capsule
b. Flagella
d. All of them
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1- General characters of genus Bacillus:GENUS Bacillus ( Aerobic spore forming Bacilli )
The genus Bacillus includes large Gram positive rods occurring in
chains . They form spores & are aerobes member of this genus are
saprophytic organisms prevalent in ( soil , water, air & on vegetation)
Such as Bacillus cereus , B . subtilis . some are insect pathogens . B .
cereus can grow in food especially rice in large numbers & produce an
enterotoxin that causes Diarrhea. By mechanism similar to that of E.
coli enterotoxin. Such organism rarely produce disease in humans e.g.
(Meningitis, Endocarditis, Endophthalmitis, Conjunctivitis )
Bacillus
Self test 1
All species of genus Bacillus are pathogenic?
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2- Main species of genus bacillus:
B. anthracis B. subtilis B. cereus B. brevis B. coagulans
B. firmus
Self test 2
B.anthracis is the causative agent of--------------- disease
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3 Characters of B. anthracis . anthrax disease ,routes of
infection of this disease in man, control measures &
treatment of it:Bacillus anthracis
1-Non motile. Non acid fast
2-Gram positive measuring 3- 1o x 1- 1.6 . They may be arranged singly
0r in short chains
3- The entire chain may be surrounded by capsule
4- In culture the bacilli are arranged end to end in chain .the chain of
bacilli presents bamboo stick appearance
5-Spore are formed in soil only in presence of O2 & not in animal body
B. anthracis is the principle pathogen of the genus & this bacteria
causes a disease called Anthrax or WOOL SORTERES disease
Anthrax is primarily ‫ ا‬a disease of sheep , cattle ,horses& other
domesticated animals which infects man accidentally through
contact with infected products . ROBERT KOCH work on anthrax
showed that a causative organism could be isolated from the blood
of infected animals. Artificially grown in pure culture & then used
to produce the disease in animals . this led to the development of
the present- day methods of isolation & identification of bacteria
Bacillus anthracis
ROUTE OF ANTHRAX INFECTION IN MAN
The person most commonly involved are …….
Butchers, shepherds, wool sorter s, hair& laboratory worker
They are 3 routes of infection ……
1-Through skin results malignant pustule
2- Pulmonary anthrax ( inhalation anthrax )
3- Intestinal anthrax occurs very rarely from ingestion of cooked or
Partially cooked meet.
TREATMENT
Many antibiotic are effective against anthrax in human but treatment
Must be started early. Penicillin in moderate dos is satisfactory if the
patient is allergic to penicillin tetracycline is an alternative
CONTROL MEASURES OF ANTHRAX INCLUDE
1-Disposal of animal body by burning or by deep burial in
lime pits
2- Decontamination ( usually by autoclaving ) of animals & animals
products
3- Protective clothing & gloves for handling potentially infected
materials
4- Active immunization of domestic animals & 0f persons
with high a occupational risk
Self test 3
The 3 routs of anthrax infection in man are
1-
2-
3-
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:1-B. anthracis is the principle
a.
b.
c.
d.
Commensal species of the genus
Opportunistic species of the genus
Pathogen species of the gnus
On one of them
2-B.anthracis spores are formed in the soil only in the presence of
a. O2
b. Co2
c. N2
d. H2O
3-B.cereus produces an enterotoxin that causes
a. rash
b. skin disease
c. diarrhea
d. septicemia
4-Anthrax is primarily a disease of
a. plants
b. Sheep ,horses & cattle
c. Birds
d. Insects
5- The another name of anthrax is
a. Scarlet fever
b. WOOL SORTERES disease c. Diphtheria
d. Whooping cough
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1- a
Q2- b
Q1 - c
Q2- a
Q3- d
Q4- c
Q3- c
Q4- b
Q5- c
Self test 1
Same of them
Self test 2
Anthrax
Self test 3
1-Through skin
2- Pulmonary anthrax
3-Intestinal anthrax
References
Q5- b
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:The genus Corynebacterium contains many species of bacteria. Same
of them are pathogenic & other are commensal . The major disease
caused by pathogenic species Corynebacterium diphtheriae is
diphtheria. An infection of the local tissue of the upper respiratory
tract with the production of a toxin that causes systemic effect.
Notably in the hear& peripheral nerve. And because the dangerous of
this disease . I have designed this module unit to give the students a
good knowledge about this bacteria to help them to be more care
when they work in the theater or any public health .
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1 Main characters& species of genus Corynebacterium
1/c-2 Pathogenicity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
1/D-Instruction:-
1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1 Enumerate the main characters of genus Corynebacterium
2-2 List the main species of this genus
2-3 Explain the characters of Corynebacterium diphtheriae , their
pathogenicity , the main biotype of it
2-4 List the pseudomembrane consistency
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:
1-Corynebacterium are
a. Gram positive cocci
b. Gram negative cocci
c. Gram positive rod
d. Gram positive spore forming bacilli
2-The causative agents of diphtheria is
a. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
c. B. anthracis
d. B. botulinum
3- Non pathogenic species of Corynebacterium are called
a. Diphtheria
b. Enteric bacteria
c. diphtheriod
d. No one of them
4- Corynebacterium diphtheriae arrangement, resembling
a. Round circle
b. Chinese letters
c. Square arrangement
d. No one of them
5-Presence of metachromatic granules in Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Give the rod
a. A beaded appearance
b. Grey appearance
c. Dark appearance
d. Transparence appearance
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1- General characters of genus Corynebacterium :The principal features of the Corynebacterium genus were described by Collins
and Cummins in 1986. They are Gram-positive, catalase positive, non-sporeforming, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria that are straight or slightly curved.
Metachromatic granules are usually present representing stored phosphate
regions. Their size falls between 2-6 micrometers in length and 0.5
micrometers in diameter. The bacteria group together in a characteristic way,
which has been described as the form of a "V", "palisades", or "Chinese
letters". They may also appear elliptical. They are aerobic or facultatively
anaerobic, ,
They are pleomorphic through their life cycle: they come in
various lengths and frequently have thickenings at either end, depending on
the surrounding conditions. The genus Corynebacterium contains many species
some of which are pathogenic to human s & animals & others non pathogenic
commensals Commonly called Diphtheriod . They are widely distributed in
nature and are mostly innocuous. Some are useful in industrial settings such as
C.glutamicum. Others can cause human disease. C. diphtheriae, for example, is
the pathogen responsible for diphtheria. Another species C. ulcerans
commonly causes localized throat ulceration although rarely it may give rise to
a clinical picture in distinguishable from DIPHTHERIA .
C. heamolyticum is sometimes the cause of severe sore throat often associated
with an itching scarlatiniform rash other species such as C.pyogenes are
associated with suppurative or granulomatus lesion
animals.
in various domestic
Self test 1
Corynebacterium glutamicum are useful in ------------------Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2- Main species of genus Corynebacterium:C. diphtheriae , C. bovis , C. ulcerans , C. xerosis
C. flavescens
Self test 2
C. diphtheriae, for example, is the pathogen species of genus---------
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3-the characters of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, their
pathogenicity, the main biotype
& fals membrane
constitution
C. diphtheriae like other members of the genus, are non motile, non
spore forming , straight or slightly curved rods with tapered end, they
are Gram positive but are easily decolorized. Particularly in old
cultures.
Cells
often
contain
metachromatic
granules
(polymetaphosphate).which stain bluish purple with methylene blue
The bacteria group together in a characteristic way, which has been
described as the form of a "V", "palisades", or "Chinese letters They
are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Growing best on blood agar- or
serum-containing medium at 370 C with or without Co2 enrichment .
on agar medium containing tellurite colonies of C. Diphtheriae are
characteristically black or grey after 24-48 h C. diphtheriae produces a
powerful Exotoxin that causes diphtheria. C. diphtheriae dose not
actively invade deep tissues& practically never enters blood stream
C. Diphtheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
metachromatic granules
Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by
sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane (called a
pseudomembrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity.
Diphtheria toxin produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis,
polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. A milder form of
diphtheria can be restricted to the skin. Diphtheria is a contagious
disease spread by direct physical contact or breathing aerosolized
secretions of infected individuals. Once quite common, diphtheria has
largely been eradicated in developed nations through wide-spread use
of the DPT vaccine. For example, in the U.S., between 1980 and 2004
there were 57 reported cases of diphtheria. However, it remains
somewhat of a problem worldwide (3,978 reported cases to WHO in
2006) in the face of efforts to achieve global vaccination coverage.
Diphtheria is a serious disease, with fatality rates between 5% and
10%. In children under 5 years and adults over 40 years, the
fatality rate may be as much as 20%. Outbreaks, although
very rare, still occur worldwide, even in developed nations.
Following the breakup of the former Soviet Union in the late
1980s, vaccination rates in the constituent countries fell so
low that there was a surge in diphtheria cases. In 1991 there
were 2,000 cases of diphtheria in the USSR. By 1998,
according to Red Cross estimates, there were as many as
200,000 cases in the Commonwealth of Independent States,
with 5,000 deaths
after C.diphtheriae reach to the infection area begins to
1- Growth& increase it is numbers
2- Produce Exotoxin
3- Necrosis in the infected tissues
4- Exude liquid contain s plasma & fibrin , white blood cells ( pus ) red
blood cells , dead bacteria
All
these
components
formed
what
is
called
false
membrane
(pseudomembrane)
Self test 3
C. diphtheriae produces a powerful Exotoxin cause's-----------
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:
1- The causative agents of diphtheria is
a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
c. Myco. Leprae
b. C .diphtheriae
d. B.subtilis
2-Pseudomembrane consists of
a. Red blood cells only
c. All of them
b. fibrin , white blood cells ( pus ) d. dead bacteria only
3-Diphtheria is a contagious disease spread by
a.
b.
c.
d.
direct physical contact or breathing aerosolized
Congenital disease
Insect infection
All of them
4- C.pyogenes is associated with suppurative or granulomatus lesion
in various
a. Man
b. domestic animals
c. plants
d. All of them
5- C. diphtheriae Cells often contain
a. Spore
b. Both of them
c. Hyphae
d. metachromatic granules
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Q1- c
Q2- a
Q3-c
Q4- b
Post test
Q1- b
Q3- a
Q2- c
Q4- b
Q5- a
Q5- d
Self test 1
industrial settings
Self test 2
Corynebacterium
Self test 3
Diphtheria
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:The enteric gram -negative organisms are a large heterogeneous
groups of bacteria . some species of them are pathogenic to man&
animals& because the dangerous of diseases witch cause them . I have
designed this module unit to help students to be more care when they
work in the theater or any public health center.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1 Characters & main families of this bacteria
1/c-3 Classification
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1 List the main characters of enteric gram- negative bacteria&
Mention the main families & genera
2-2 Classify enteric gram negative bacteria according to their ability
to ferment lactose sugar
2-3 Describe Escherichia coli, their characters , pathogenicity & their
antibiotic sensitivity
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:-
1-The enteric gram -negative organisms are
a. Large heterogeneous groups of bacteria
b. Large homogeneous groups of bacteria
c. Both of them d. No one of them
2- The enteric organisms are
a. Gram negative Hyphae
c. Gram negative bacilli
b. Gram negative cocci
d. All of them
3- The enteric organisms are produced
a. endotoxins
c. exotoxins
b. Both of them
d. No one of them
4-The natural habitat of E.coli is
a. Tonsillitis
b. Eye
c. Lung
d. Humans & animals intestinal tract
(specially large part )
5-The enteric bacteria classified according to
a. Old method only
b. Both of them
c. Modern method concept only
d. Special method
4/The module unit contents
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/1- General characters of enteric gram- negative bacteria:1- Gram negative bacilli
2- Non spore forming rods whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of
humans & animals .
3- Motile by peritrichous flagella & some species non motile
4- Grow both aerobically & an aerobically On simple laboratory media
5- Catalase Positive
6- Some time capsulated
7- Ferment many carbohydrates
Produce endotoxins & exotoxins ( the endotoxin of gram- negative
bacteria are complex lipopolysacchride derived from bacteria cell
walls often liberated when bacteria lyse. They include several families
(e.g. Enterobateriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae ) many tribes & large
numbers of genera ( e.g. Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, proteus
Enterobacter, Klebsiela, & Serratia, )
Self test 1
The endotoxin of gram- negative bacteria are complex of------------
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2- Ability of enteric bacteria to ferment lactose sugar:There are two method we can used them to this purpose
1- Old method
2- Modern Taxonomical concept
The old method . It has practical value in diagnostic bacteriology & by
this method the gram-negative bacteria classify into three groups as in
the table
Rapid-presumptive identification of gram- negative enteric bacteria
Lactose Fermented Rapidly Lactose Fermented Slowly Lactose Non Fermented
Escherichia coli,
Edwadsiella ,Serratia , Shigella species
Enterobacter aerogens Arizona , Erwinia
Salmonella species
Klebsiella pneumonia
Citrobacter
Proteus species
Providencia
Pseudomonas specie
Modern Taxonomical concept
In this method the enteric bacteria may be classified into tribes, genera ,
species by their culture & biochemical characters. The species are farther
classified into types ,biotypes , serotypes, bacteriophages types & clinical types
The term ( Para colon ) organisms was used to designate
slow lactose
fermenters. That often have low pathogenicity & produce infections in
debilitated host or organ system with impaired function.
Enterobateriaceae = Groups of bacteria that share a set of characters &
biochemical reaction also it may share some antigenic properties
Enteric bacteria = any type or kind of bacterial species exist or co exist in
intestinal tract
Enterobateriaceae is apart of enteric bacteria but reverse is wrong .
Self test 2
Mention the 2 methods we use them to classify enteric bacteria according
their ability to ferment Lactose sugar
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3 -Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) general characters, Pathogenicity
Antibiotic Sensitivity
It is name conjugated with Escherich . the scientist who discovered it
in 1886 the natural habitat is human s & animals intestinal tract
specially (large part ) so it appear s in faces . it is very important to
differentiate between it & other Enterobateriaceae pathogenic
species . e g Salmonella, Shigella . in healthy human . It can survive
for some hours out side human s & animals intestine . it is slightly more
resistant to heat , to some chemicals ,& to drying than are Salmonella &
Shigella & it is killed by moist heat at 60 c usually within 30 min .
Present of this bacteria in food or drinking water means this material
is contaminating by animal s or human s faces
E. coli is
1- gram negative rods single or pairs
2- Most strains 80/ are motile
3- Most strains 80/ are fimbriae
4- A few strains are capsulate
5- Non sporing
Some strains differ from the typical
in 1 or 2 of general characters of the
genus (e g motility ,gas formation . lactose fermentation or utilization of
citrate This genus was formerly subdivided into a number of species by
differences in sugar fermentation reaction but now day only one species .
E.coli is recognized & it is subdivided into biotypes & serotypes. It is
produces enterotoxin released after death of the cells also produces
heamolysin ( some strain ) lead B- heamolysis on blood agar ….
Escherichia coli
E.coli Pathogenicity
Diarrhea, urinary tract infection , pyogenic infection .e.g. wound infection &
abscess ,peritonitis ,meningitis. They may cause septicemia , certain serotypes
of E.coli produce fatal type of gastroenteritis mainly in infant Enteropathgenic
causes. Cystitis Pyelitis , spondaic summer diarrhea occur in children during
second or third summer of life
W.H.O recommended that 1000000 cells of E. coli in 1 ml of urine
is normal value …
Gastrointestinal infection
Antibiotic Sensitivity
Strain from faces of healthy persons or from infection e g in the urinary tract in
patients outside hospitals are commonly sensitive to readily attainable
concentration of Sulphonamide , Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin,
Kanamycin,& Pollymyxin. All strains are resistant to the concentration of
Benzyl Penicillin & Phnoxy methyl Penicillin that are attainable in the blood &
tissues
Self test 3
W.H.O recommended that-------------- cells of E. coli in 1 ml of urine is
normal value …
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Full in the blanks with the correct word (s):1- The ability of Enteric gram negative bacteria to ferment lactose
sugar classified in to 3 groups according to old method
1.--------------------------,2----------------3----------------.
2- Present of E.coli in food or drinking water means this material
is contaminating by ----------------------------.
3-E.coli.produces endotoxin released after--------- of bacteria
Key
Pre test
Q1-a
Q2- c
Q3- b
Q4- d
Q5- b
Post test
1- Lactose fermented rapidly
Lactose fermented slowly
Lactose non fermented
2-Animals & humans feces
3- Death
Self test 1
Lipopolysacchride
Self test 2
old method , Modern method
Self test 3
1oo ooo
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1-
Q2-
Q1-
Q2-
Q3-
Q4-
Q3-
Q4-
Q5-
Q6
Q5-
Q6
Q7-
Q8-
Q7-
Q8-
Q9-
Q10-
Q9-
Q10-
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:-
This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:The genus Klebsiella is a group of coliform it may causes ,pneumonia,
urinary tract infection & pyogenic infection. For this reason I think the
Good knowledge about this groups of bacteria will aid students to be
more care when they work in the theater or any public health center.
So I have designed this module unit.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- Main characters & species of Klebsiella
1/c-2-Pathogenicity
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 5 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1 / Mention main characters & species of Genus Klebsiella
2- 2/ List the main diseases of this bacteria
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:-
1-Klebsiella is a group
a. Mycobacterium
b. Coli form bacteria
2- Klebsiella pneumoniae is
c. Bacillus
d. Clostridium
a. Normal flora
b. Opportunistic bacteria
3- Klebsiella pneumoniae is
c. Respiratory pathogen bacteria
d. no one of them
a. Gram positive cocci
b. Gram negative cocci
4-All species of Klebsiella
c. Gram positive spore forming bacilli
d. Gram negative bacilli
a. Liquefy gelatin
c. Liquefy gelatin partially
b. Fail to Liquefy gelatin
d. No one of them
5- All species of Klebsiella are
a. Motile
b. Non motile
c- Some time motile
d- Motile when they are fresh
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
General characters & main species of Klebsiella
The genus Klebsiella is group of coli form bacteria which has given rise
to many problems in classification . The majority of strains isolated
from
(vegetation , soil, faces, water ) form a biochemical
homogeneous group . Klebsiella isolated from the healthy or diseased
respiratory tract are more heterogeneous in their reaction . some give
reactions identical with those of K.aerogenes which traditionally has
been recognized as being (lactose fermenting) & having I. M. Vi. C
reactions
Iodole = negative , Methyl red = negative , Voges-proskauer = positive
& citrate = positive
All Klebsiella
1- Are gram negative
2- Are non sporing
3- Are non motile
4- Bacilli tend to be short & thick ( 1.2 micron - 0.8 micron )
5- Virtually all freshly isolated strains form a wall polysaccharide
capsule & the capsule is largest in cultures on sugar containing
media
6- Capsulated-non –slime –forming mutants appear from time to time
& can be recognized by the smaller- non- mucoid appearance of
their colonies
7- Fimbriae of one or more three types 1 , 3 , 6
8- Growing well on ordinary nutrient media & on glucose ammonium
salt agar an supplemented with growth factors
9- Temperature range for growth is 12- 430 C optimum temperature
370 C
10-
Colonies are large raised. Moist & mucoid
11-
On Macconkey medium are pink through this color may not be
clearly apparent in very mucoid colonies
12-
All species fail to liquefy gelatin
13-
Most species hydrolyse
Proteus species
Main species
urea but do so much slowly than
K. aerogenes recognized as K. pneumoniae
K. edwardsii
atlanta
Self test 1
Temperature range for Klebsiella growth is -----------
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
K.
Pathogenicity
K. aerogenes recognized as K. pneumoniae which causes pneumonia .
Originally known as respiratory pathogen .is now commonly
encountered
in hospital infection of the respiratory & the urinary
tracts . some strains of this species produce a heat stable enterotoxin
that induces hyperscretion
of fluids & electrolytes in the lumen
0f the small intestine & thus gives rise to diarrhea . urinary tract
infection & pyogenic infection
Self test 2
K. aerogenes recognized as--------------
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word (s)
1- some strains of this species produce a heat stable --------2- K. aerogenes causes---------3- All Klebsiella are growing well--------4- Most species hydrolyse --------5- Bacilli tend to be --------
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Q1-b
Q2-c
Post test
-
Q1- Enterotoxin
Q2-Pneumonia
Q3-d
Q3-Ordineryammedia
Q4-b
Q4-Urea
Q5-b
Q5- Short & thick
Self test 1
12- 430 C
Self test 2
K. pneumoniae
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Genus Salmonella a pathogenic bacteria ,it is the causative agents of
many diseases for man, animal. For this reason I think the good
knowledge about this groups of bacteria will aid students to be more
care when they work in the theater or any public health center. So I
have designed this module
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- Main characters & spices of Salmonella
1/c-2- Salmonella Epidemiology & their pathogenicity
1/c-3- Prevention& control from Salmonella infectious
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1 List main characters & species of genus Salmonella
2-2 Write Salmonella as disease-causing agents
2- 3 Enumerate the sources of salmonella infection
2- 4 Explain the prevention & control Sanitary measure must be taken
to prevent Salmonella infection
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:1-In all forms of Salmonella infection the organisms enter via
a. Noise
b. Oral rout
c. Skin
d. all of them
2- Salmonella species may cause
a. 1 type of disease
b. 6 types
c. 2 types of disease
d. 3 types of disease & mixed are frequent
3- Gastroenteritis often called
a. Septicemia
b. T.b
c. Food poisoning
d. NO one of them
4- The enteric fever infection dose by Salmonella for humans is
usually more than
a. 100 microorganisms
c. 1000 microorganisms
b. 10,000 microorganisms d. 100,000 microorganisms
5-Gastroentritis symptom appear (incubation period) after
a. 8 days
b. Few hours -1 day
c. Immediately
d. 6 days
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1- Main characters & species of genus Salmonella:-
Salmonella
The genus Salmonella was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon, an
American veterinary pathologist. While Theobald Smith was the actual
discoverer of the type bacterium (Salmonella enterica var.
Choleraesuis) in 1885, Dr. Salmon was the administrator of the USDA
research program, and thus the organism was named after him. Smith
and Salmon had been searching for the cause of common hog cholera
and proposed this organism as the causal agent. Later research,
however, would show that this organism (now known as Salmonella
enterica) rarely causes enteric symptoms in pigs, and was thus not the
agent they were seeking (which was eventually shown to be a virus).
However, related bacteria in the genus Salmonella were eventually
shown to cause other important infectious diseases. Salmonella are
closely related to the Escherichia genus and are found worldwide in
warm- and cold-blooded animals, in humans, and in nonliving habitats.
They cause illnesses in humans and many animals, such as typhoid
fever, paratyphoid fever, and the foodborne illness salmonellosis.
Salmonella is
rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore forming,
predominantly motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to
1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm, and flagella which project in all
directions (i.e. peritrichous). They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining
their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic
sources, and are facultative anaerobes; most species produce
hydrogen sulfide, which can readily be detected by growing them on
media containing ferrous sulfate, such as TSI. Most isolates exist in two
phases; phase I is the motile phase and phase II the nonmotile phase.
Cultures that are nonmotile upon primary culture may be switched to
the motile phase using a Cragie tube
Main species
Salmonella typhi , Sal. paratyphi , Sal. anatum , Sal. enteritidis
Sal. Choleraesuis, Sal. Typhimurium, Sal.indiana, Sal. agona
Self test 1
Flagella which project in all directions of cell call---------
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4-2 Salmonella as disease-causing agents:_
Salmonella infections are zoonotic; they can be transmitted by humans
to animals and vice versa. Infection via food is also possible. A
distinction is made between enteritis
Salmonella and
typhoid/paratyphoid Salmonella, whereby the latter because of a
special virulence factor and a capsule protein (virulence antigen) can
cause serious illness, such as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar Typhi, or Salmonella typhi). Salmonella typhi is adapted to
humans and does not occur in animals. Salmonella may produce 3
main types of disease
a. The enteric fever typhoid due to
Salmonella typhi , Salmonella paratyphi & Salmonella enteritisdis
The infectious dose for humans is usually more than 100,000
organisms
b. Salmonella septicemias duo to
Salmonella chleraesusis
c. Gastroenteritis(often called food poisoning) duo to
Salmonella typhimurium
Enteritis Salmonella' or Food Poisoning Salmonella
Salmonella as disease-causing agents
Salmonella infections are zoonotic; they can be transmitted by humans
to animals and vice versa. Infection via food is also possible. A
distinction is made between enteritis
Salmonella and
typhoid/paratyphoid Salmonella, whereby the latter because of a
special virulence factor and a capsule protein (virulence antigen) can
cause serious illness, such as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar Typhi, or Salmonella typhi). Salmonella typhi is adapted to
humans and does not occur in animals.
Enteritis Salmonella' or Food Poisoning Salmonella
Constitutes a group consisting of potentially all other serotypes (over a
thousand)of the Salmonella bacterium, most of which have never yet
been found in humans. These are encountered in various Salmonella
species, most having never been linked to a specific host and can also
infect humans. It is therefore a zoonotic disease. The organism enters
through the digestive tract and must be ingested in large numbers to
cause disease in healthy adults. 100, 000 microorganisms. Gastric
acidity is responsible for the destruction of the majority of ingested
bacteria. The infection usually occurs as a result of massive ingestion of
foods in which the bacteria are highly concentrate similarly to a culture
medium. However, infants and young children are much more
susceptible to infection, easily achieved by ingesting a small number of
bacteria. It has been shown that, in infants, the contamination could
be through inhalation of bacteria-laden dust. After a short incubation
period of a few hours to one day, the germ multiplies in the intestinal
lumen causing an intestinal inflammation with diarrhea that is often
muco-purulent and bloody. In infants, dehydration can cause a state of
severe toxicosis. The disease usually is mild. There is normally no
sepsis, but it can occur exceptionally as a complication in weakened
elderly patients (Hodgkin's disease, e.g.). Extraintestinal localizations
are possible, especially Salmonella meningitis in children, osteitis, etc.
... Enteritis Salmonella (e.g., Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar Enteritidis) can cause diarrhea, which usually does not require
antibiotic treatment. However, in people at risk such as infants, small
children, the elderly, Salmonella can become very serious, leading to
complications. If this is not treated, HIV patients and those with
suppressed immunity can become seriously ill. Children with sickle cell
anemia who are infected with salmonella may develop osteomyelitis.In
Germany, Salmonella infections must be reported . Between 1990 and
2005, the number of officially recorded cases decreased from
approximately 200,000 cases to approximately 50,000. It is estimated
that every fifth person in Germany is a carrier of Salmonella. In the
USA, there are approximately 40,000 cases of Salmonella infection
reported each year. According to the World Health Organization, over
16 million people worldwide are infected with typhoid fever each year,
with 500,000 to 600,000 of these cases proving to be fatal. Salmonella
can survive for weeks outside a living body. They have been found in
dried excrement after over 2.5 years. Salmonella is not destroyed by
freezing Ultraviolet radiation and heat accelerate their demise; they
perish after being heated to 55 °C (131 °F) for one hour, or to 60 °C
(140 °F) for half an hour. To protect against Salmonella infection, it is
recommended that food be heated for at least ten minutes at 75 °C
(167 °F) so that the center of the food reaches this temperature. The
AvrA toxin injected by the type three secretion system of Salmonella
typhimurium works to inhibit the innate immune system by virtue of
its serine/threonine acetyltransferase activity and requires binding to
eukaryotic target cell phytic acid
This leaves the host more
susceptible to infection.
Toxin :
As in all gram negative bacteria the cell wall of Salmonellae contains
lipopolysacchride are . these liberated upon lysis of the cell & act as
endotoxin
Self test 2
The causative agents of Salmonella septicemias is
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4/3 Sources of salmonella infection (Epidemiology):A-Sources of infection
The sources of infection are food & drink water that have been
contaminated with Salmonella . the fowling sources are important:
1.Water contamination with feces often results in explosive epidemic
2-Milk & other dairy products ( ice cream , cheese , custard )
3-Shell fish contaminated with water
4-Dried or frozen eggs .from infected fowl or contamination during
processing
5-Dried coconut
6--Meat & meat products. Either from infected animals
( poultry ) or contaminated with
feces by rodents or humans
7-Animal dyes ( carmines ) use in drug , food
8-House hold pets . dogs , cats, turtles
B-Origin of contamination
C-Carriers
We can not differentiate between food poisoning Salmonella species
& other species of enteric fever specially paratyphoid bacilli
microscopically or in culture but we can differentiate it by serogical
test only. Human never be a natural host to these bacteria & bacilli
must be in large number in the body to cause disease
Self test 3
Human never be a natural host to
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
prevent Salmonella infection & treatment:Sanitary measures must be taken to prevent contamination of food
& water by rodents, or other animals that excrete Salmonella , infected
poultry , meat , eggs contaminated food must be thoroughly cooked .
carriers must not be allowed work as food handlers & should observe
strict hygienic precaution
Treatment:In sever diarrhea, replacement of fluids & electrolytes is essential.
Opiates may be needed. Among antimicrobial, chloramphnicol or
Ampicillin is most successful in suppressing the disease but not
necessarily in eradicating the organisms, which remain a function
of immune process. Strains of Salmonella resistant to
chloramphnicol & Ampicillin are became more frequent.
Trimethoprine- sulfamethoxazol may be useful drug carries, the organisms
may reside in the intestine or in the gallbladder. Intestinal carries can some
times be treated successfully with Ampicillin.
Self test 4
In sever diarrhea, replacement of fluids & electrolytes is--------
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word (s):1- Carriers must not be allowed work as---------2- The sources of infection are food & drink water that have been
contaminated with -----------
3- To protect against Salmonella infection, it is recommended that
food be heated for at least -------------
4- Salmonella infections are----------5- The genus Salmonella was named after------------
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1- b
Q2-d
Q3-c
Q4-d
Q5-b
Q1-Food handlers
Q2-Salmonella
Q3-750 C for 1 hour
Q4-Zoonetic
Q5-Daniel Elmer- Salmon
Self test 1
Peritrichous
Self test 2
Salmonella chleraesuis
Self test 3
Salmonella typhi
Self test 4
Essential
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Shigella is the causative agents of dysentery bacilli & the natural
habitat of this bacteria is the large intestine of humans where they
cause bacillary dysentery & because they are transmitted by’ food,
fingers, & flies from person to person. I have designed this module unit
to give students a good knowledge about this bacteria to be more care
when they work in any medical center( hospital .public health center,
theater, medical clinic )
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- Main characters of Shigella & species
1/c-2-Classification
1/c-3-Shigella as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity
1/c-4-Prevention control of Shigella infection (Epidemiology)
1/D-Instruction:-
1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:1-Mention general characters & main species of genus Shigella
2-Classify Shigella according to their biochemical & serological
properties
3-Explain their pathogenicity, toxicity & their antibiotic drugs
sensitivity
4-Describe prevention control of Shigella infection
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:1-The natural habitat of Shigella is
a. The large intestine of humans c. The large intestine of birds
b. The large intestine of dogs
d. The large intestine of Horses
2-Shigella classify according to their biochemical & serological in to
a. 2 groups
b. 4 groups
c. 3 groups
d. 5 groups
3-Shigella sonnei it is
a. Quick lactose fermenters
b. Some time quick
c. Late lactose ferments
d. Some time late
4- Shigella causes bacillary dysentery has
a.
b.
c.
d.
A long incubation period 12-15 days
Intermediate incubation period 7-8
Avery short incubation period 4-8 hours
A short incubation period 1-4 days
5- In water & ice Shigella species survive &remain viable for
a. A few days
b. 1-6 month
c. 1 -2 weeks
d- one year
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4-1 General characters & main species of genus Shigella :They are found exclusively in the intestinal tract of man they are G-ve ,
non-motile , aerobic & facultative an aerobic , non capsulated ,rods
with a few exception Don’t ferment lactose ( except S. sonnei which
ferments lactose late & form pink color ) Glucose is fermented by all
strains . most strains attacked sugars with the production of acidbut no
gas . mostly aerogenic .urease-ve . non- citrate- utilizing & KCN
sensitive. Many species share common antigens with one another &
with other enteric bacteria ,oxidase-ve .they are killed at 550 C in 1 hour
& 1% phenol in 30 minutes . Boling , Pasteurization& chlorination kill
the organisms. In water & ice they survive &remain viable for 1-6
months . optimum temperature 370 c . S. sonnei grows well even 10450 C
Main species:S. dysenteriae
S. flexneri S. boydii S.sonnei .
Self test 1
Shigella species are killed at---------- in 1 hour
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4-2 Shigella Classification:-
According to biological & serological properties Shigella are classified
in to 4 groups
1- S. dysenteriae it consist of 10 serotypes it is unique in forming
powerful Exotoxin(Neurotoxin ) . beside an enterotoxin has also
been identified . S. dysenteriae type I causes severe bacillary
dysentery
2- S .flexneri
3- S. boydii
4-S.sonnei . it is late lactose fermenters
Self test 2
What are the properties we depend on to classify Shigella bacteria
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4-3 Shigella pathogenicity, toxicity & their antibiotic drugs
sensitivity:pathogenicity
The natural habitat of dysentery bacilli is the large intestinal of humans
where they can cause bacillary dysentery . Shigella infection are
practically always limited to the gastrointestinal tract .blood stream
invasion is quite rare …
Toxicity
Upon autolysis all Shigella release their toxin somatic antigen this
endotoxin probably contributes to the irritation
of the bowel wall.
Small children some times give up to dehydration & acidosis ….
Shigella causes bacillary dysentery has a short incubation period (1-4
days ) there is a sudden attack of abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea&
fever. The stool are liquid & contain mucus & blood after the first few
movements . most persons on recovery shed dysentery bacilli for only
a short period , but a few remain chronic carries & may have recurrent
bouts of the disease …
Antibiotic & drug sensitivity
Sulphonamide , Chloramphenicol ,tetracycline, streptomycin,
neomycin & other antibiotic are use in treatment
Self test 3
Upon autolysis all Shigella release their------------ somatic antigen
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4-4 Prevention control of Shigella infection (Epidemiology):-
Shigella transmitted by food , fingers , feces & flies . from person to
person . a control efforts must be directed at eliminating the organisms
from this reservoir by
1-Sanitary control of water, food , milk , sewage , fly
2- Isolation of patients & disinfection of excreta
3- Detection of sub clinical case , particular in food handlers
Self test 4
Food , fingers , feces & flies are good sources to transmit--------
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s)
1-Prevention control of Shigella infection are
a. --------------b. --------------c. --------------2-
Shigella
infection
are
practically always
limited
to
the
gastrointestinal tract . -------------------- is quite rare …
3- S. dysenteriae type I causes severe-------------
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Q1.a
Q2.b
Post test
Q1-a. Sanitary control of water, food , milk ,
flies , sewage
Q3.c
Q4.d
Q5.b
b. Isolation of patients & disinfection of
excreta
c-Detection of sub clinical cases , particularly
in food handler
Self test 1
550 c in 1 hour
Self test 2
biochemical & serological properties
Self test 3
Toxin
Self test 4
Shigella
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Infectious species include P. aeruginosa, P. oryzihabitans, and P.
plecoglossicida. P. aeruginosa flourishes in hospital environments, and
is a particular problem in this environment since it is the second most
common infection in hospitalized. For this reason I think the Good
knowledge about this groups of bacteria will aid students to be more
care when they work in the theater or any public health center. So I
have designed this module unit.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- Main characters & species of Pseudomonas
1/c-1 Pseudomonas as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic &
drug sensitivity
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1 Mention general characters & species of genus Pseudomonas
2-2 Enumerate the main pigments produce by Pseudomonas Species
2-3 Explain Pseudomonas pathogenicity , toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:1-Most species of genus Pseudomonas are
a. Pathogenic
b. Saprophyte
c. Commensal
d. on one of them
2- Normal habitat of Pseudomonas species are
a. Humans
b. Water. Soil, swage
c. Plants
d. Animals
3- Most species of Pseudomonas are produced
a. Hyphae
b. spores
c. Water soluble pigment
d. All of them
4-Some species of genus Pseudomonas are
a. Cats pathogen
b. Dogs pathogen
c. Fishes pathogen
d. Plants pathogen
5-Pseudomonas aeurginosa produces
a. Rise to blue- green pus
b. Pink pus
c. Blue- gray pus
d. All of them
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
P. aeruginosa colonies on an agar plate
4-1 Main characters & species of Pseudomonas:Pseudomonas is a genus of gamma proteobacteria, belonging to the
larger family of pseudomonads.
''Pseudomonad'' literally means 'false unit', being derived from the
Greek pseudo (ψευδο 'false') and monas (μονάς / μονάδα 'a single
unit'). The term "monad" was used in the early history of microbiology
to denote single-celled organisms.
Because of their widespread occurrence in water and in plant seeds
such as dicots, the pseudomonads were observed early in the history
of microbiology. The generic name Pseudomonas created for these
organisms was defined in rather vague terms in 1894 as a genus of
Gram-negative, rod-shaped and polar-flagella bacteria. Soon
afterwards, Pseudomonads were isolated from many natural niches
and a large number of species names was originally assigned to the
genus. New methodology and the inclusion of approaches based on
the studies of conservative macromolecules have reclassified many
strains. There are more than 140 species of this genus most of them
are saprophytes ,normal habitat of them are water, soil, swage, some
species are pathogenic to plants, humans, such asPseudomonas
aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps.pyocyanea) is increasingly recognized as
an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical relevance. Several
different epidemiological studies indicate that antibiotic resistance is
increasing in clinical isolates. Members of the genus display the
following defining characteristics:





Rod shaped
Gram-negative
One or more polar flagella, providing motility
Aerobic , Non–spore forming , positive catalase test
Most species produce water- soluble pigments
Other characteristics which tend to be associated with Pseudomonas
species (with some exceptions) include secretion of pyoverdin
(fluorescein), a fluorescent yellow-green siderophore under ironlimiting conditions. Certain Pseudomonas species may also produce
additional types of siderophore, such as pyocyanin by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and thioquinolobactin by Pseudomonas fluorescens, .
Pseudomonas species also typically give a positive result to the oxidase
test, the absence of gas formation from glucose, glucose is oxidised in
oxidation/fermentation test using Hugh and Leifson O/F test, beta
hemolytic (on blood agar), indole negative, methyl red negative,
Voges–Proskauer test negative, citrate positive.
Mains species
Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Ps.syringae, Ps.multivorans, Ps.kingii
P. tolaasii, P. agarici, P. oryzihabitans , P. plecoglossicida.
Self test 1
''Pseudomonad'' literally means
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4-2 Main pigments produce by Pseudomonas Species:Most species of Pseudomonas. produce some water soluble pigments
around colonies
pyocyanin is blue green & non fluorescent it is formed in the presences
of peptone water & is soluble in both water & chloroform
1- Fluorescein is yellow green & fluorescent . it is formed only
in the presences of phosphate & is soluble in water only not
in chloroform
self test 2
pyocyanin is formed in
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4-3 Pseudomonas pathogenicity ,
toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity :Animal pathogens
Infectious species include P. aeruginosa, P. oryzihabitans, and P.
plecoglossicida. P. aeruginosa flourishes in hospital environments, and
is a particular problem in this environment since it is the second most
common infection in hospitalized patients(nosocomial infections). This
pathogenesis may in part be due to the proteins secreted by P.
aeruginosa. The bacterium possesses a wide range of secretion
systems, which export numerous proteins relevant to the pathogenesis
of clinical strains.
Plant pathogens
P. syringae is a prolific plant pathogen. It exists as over 50 different
pathovars, many of which demonstrate a high degree of host plant
specificity. There are numerous other Pseudomonas species that can
act as plant pathogens, notably all of the other members of the P.
syringae subgroup, but P. syringae is the most widespread and best
studied. Although not strictly a plant pathogen, P. tolaasii can be a
major agricultural problem, as it can cause bacterial blotch of
cultivated mushrooms. Similarly, P. agarici can cause drippy gill in
cultivated mushrooms. Ps.capacia, Ps. multivorans, Ps. Kingii these
species was originally isolated as plant pathogen causing soft rot in
onions, but is being isolated with increasing frequency from human
infections & caused a distinctive form of trench foot in troops training
in swamps some time causes alight infection .and it is a pathogen only
when introduced into areas devoid of normal defenses or when
participating in mixed infection . it produces . infection wound giving
rise to blue –green pus . meningitis it is when introduced by lumber
puncture, urinary tract infection when introduced by catheters &
instrument or in irrigation solution involvement of respiratory tract
specially from contaminated respirator
result in necrotizing
pneumonia ….. organism is often found in osteitis external , infection
of eye , in infants or debilitated persons
it may invade the blood
stream& result in fatal sepsis this occurs commonly in patients with
leukemia or lymphoma who have received antineoplastic drugs or
radiation.& in sever burns This bacteria produce Exotoxin we can
isolate it from blood after death old patient who takes cortisone
material therapy .. Ps. aeruginosa is naturally resistant to many
antibiotic these most likely to be effective against it clinically & in vitro
are gentamicine Pollymyxin & carpencillin in very large dose up to 3o g
daily
Self test 3
carpencillin in very large dose up to--------- is an effective treatment
against Ps. aeruginosa
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word (s ):1-The another name of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is----------2- -------------------can be a major agricultural problem, as it can cause
bacterial blotch of cultivated----------------3- Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes---------------- when introduced by
lumber puncture, and -------------------when introduced by catheters
& instruments or in irrigation
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Q1.b
Post test
1.Ps.pyocyanea
Q2.b
2. P. tolaasii , mushrooms
Q3.c
3. Meningitis, urinary tract
Q4.d
Q5.a
Self test 1
'false unit'
Self test 2
Peptone water
Self test 3
30 G daily
infection
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:I have designed this module unit to give students a good knowledge
about Proteus bacteria specially pathogenic strains. to help them to be
more care when they work in health foundation ( hospital, public
center , microbiology laboratory ---- ect )
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1 Main characters & species of genus Proteus
1/c-2 Proteus as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:1-Mention the general characters& species of Proteus organisms
2- Explain their pathogenicity , toxicity , antibiotic & drug sensitivity
3/ pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer:
1-Genus proteus is
a. Gram positive bacilli
b. A.S.F. bacilli
c. Gram negative cocci
d. Gram negative comma
2-Most species of genus proteus are free-living in
a. Air
b. Water, soil, swage
c. Ice
d. All of them
3-proteus organisms are
a. Anaerobic
b. Strictly anaerobic
c- Aerobic
d. No one of the
4- proteus organisms are
a. Spore forming bacilli
b. Both of them
c. Spore forming cocci
d. No one of them
5-P.vulgaris commonly occurs in the normal fecal flora of the
a. Respiratory tract
b. Intestinal tract
c. Blood
d. all of them
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4-1 General characters & main species of proteus organisms
They are gram negative rods , showing great variation in size(0.5x1-3
micron).& may be long filaments or in granular form. They are actively
motile &show swarming appearance when grown on non solid media
e.g. B. agar or N. agar . motility best seen at 200 C non sporing & non
capsulated. Aerobic& facultative anaerobic. Culture emits characteristic
putrefactive(fishy smell) On broth they show uniform & moderate
turbidity after 18-24 hours of incubation. There is powdery deposit
&ammoniacal odor. Proteus dose not ferment lactose sugar .
decompose urea with liberation of ammonia. Swarming can be
suppressed by
a. Increase agar ratio in the media to 2-3 time to the usual
concentration
b. put chloral hydrate 0.1% in the media
c. put phenolethylalchohol in the media
Main species of proteus:
Proteus vulgaris commonly occurs in the normal fecal flora of intestinal
tact p. morganii has been incriminated by causing a summer diarrhea in
children P. rettgeri P. mirabilis cause many infection in hospitals
Self test 1
Proteus dos not ferment
Note : check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
4-2 Proteus as disease-causing agents , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity:-
Strains of pr.mirabilis are a prominent cause of urinary tract infection in
children ,another strain of proteus are usually isolated from hospital patients,
especially in elderly men following surgery . Proteus may be infect human
from out side e.g. cystitis , urethra after catherization & some time causes a
summer diarrhea in children …Septicemia generally occurs only in patients
with serious underlying conditions or as a complication of urinary tract
surgery. but outbreaks of septicemia, often with meningitis, may occur among
the newborn in hospital. A variety of other infection, usually of surgical
wounds or bedsores, occur in hospital & are usually considered to originate
from the gut flora Proteus like the coli form bacilli produces infection in
humans only when it leaves its normal habitat in the intestinal tract . it is
frequently found in chronic urinary tract infection produces bacteremia & focal
lesion in debilitated patients or those receiving intravenous infusion . there
are great variation among strains proteus in antibiotic sensitivity
…Gentamicine is at present the most active drug. P. mirabilis is often inhibited
by penicillin G & Ampicillin.
Self test 2
Increase agar ratio in the media to the 2-3 time to the usual
concentration suppressed-------------- phenomenon
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
Note: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s)
1-p. morganii has been incriminated by causing a---------- in children
2- ----------- is often inhibited by penicillin G & Ampicillin antibiotics.
3- motility best seen at-----------4- Proteus decompose urea with liberation of-------------5----------------- is at present the most active drug agonist Proteus
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1.a
Q1. Summer diarrhea
Q2.b
Q2. P. mirabilis
Q3.c
Q3. 200 C
Q4.d
Q4. ammonia
Q5.b
Q5.Gentamicine
Self test 1
Self test 2
Lactose sugar
Swarming
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:The genus Vibrio is the most extensively characterized & medically
important group within the family Viberionanceae. Some species of
this genus cause disease in man as well as in marine vertebrates&
invertebrates. For this reason I have designed this module unit to give
the students a good knowledge about this bacteria to aid the to be
more care whey they work in any health foundation
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1Main characters & species of Vibrio organisms
1/c-2Vibrio as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1Mention general characters & species of Vibrio organisms
2-2 Explain Vibrio as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:
1-Vibrio are short
a. Gram positive rods
b. Gram positive cocci
c. Gram negative cocci
d. Gram negative rods
2- Vibrios are motile by
a. Double polar flagella
b. Peritrichous flagella
c. Single polar flagellum
d. All of them
3- Vibrios organisms are
a. Spore Gram positive cocci
b. Spore Gram negative rods
c. Spore Gram negative cocci
d. No one of them
4- Vibrios are tolerant to
a. Alkaline media
b. Both of them
c. Acidic media
d. No one of them
5-All Vibrios are
a. Commensal organisms
b. Pathogenic organisms
c. opportunistic organisms
d. No one of them
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1 General characters & species of Vibrios organisms:-
Flagella stain of V. cholerae
Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative slender bacilli usually in young
cultures curved like (a comma ) bacteria
shape with rounded or
pointed ends (a approximately 2.0 x 0.5micron ) , liquid media Vibrios
often occur in pairs or short chains giving an S or spiral appearance
elongated un divided spirals may also occur polymorphic or involution
forms globular clubbed etc . common in older cultures .
Vibrios
appearance less obvious after frequent sub culture non- sporing- noncapsulate several species of which can cause foodborne infection,
usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Typically found in
saltwater, Vibrios are facultative anaerobes that test positive for
oxidase and do not form spores. All members of the genus are motile
and have a single polar flagellum with sheaths. Recent phylogenies
have been constructed based on a suite of genes (multi-locus sequence
analysis ),All vibrios are tolerant to alkali but a low tolerance to acid.
,,,,,,,,,
Comma shape of vibrio
S or spiral
Main species
V. cholerae
V. cholerae biotype Eltor . V. paraheamolyticus
V. vulunificuntil
Self test 1
Vibrios are facultative
Note. Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4/2 Vibrios as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic &
drug sensitivity
The genus includes more than 30 species that are commonly found in
aquatic environments. Same cause disease in man as well as in marine
vertebrates & invertebrates . the most important pathogens of man
are classical & it's biotype Eltor currently responsible for the seventh
pandemic of cholera . other vibrios may be associated with diarrheal
diseases . V. paraheamolyticus cause a form of food – poisoning first
noted in Japan but since reported from other areas. V. vulunificuntil
Until recently it was thought that man was the only natural host of V.
cholerae & that all infections resulted from direct or indirect contact
with human feces . it is now recognized that V. cholerae . like other
vibrios, is commonly found as a natural resident of aquatic
environments in area free of cholera . and that is presence is not
necessarily associated with fecal contamination . the concept that this
organisms has only limited potential For survival out side the human
intestinal has been radically revised
V.cholerae ( formerly V comma ) & related Vibrios cause cholera in
humans. Other vibrios may cause sepsis…. On prolonged cultivation
Vibrios may become straight rods. Resembling other gram- negative
enteric bacteria …Most Vibrios grow well at 370 c on defined media
containing minerals salts & asparagine as source 0f carbon & nitrogen.
V. cholerae grows well on thiosulphat-citrate-bile- sucrose T.C.B.S .
characteristically these organisms grow at very high PH ( 8.5-9.5 )but
are rapidly killed by acid . cultures containing fermentable
carbohydrates therefore quickly become sterile. Vibrios are aerobe
range for growth (16-40o c ) killed by heat at 560 c in 30 minutes dies
out quickly in the environment & sewage polluted waters. EL Tor
vibrio is more resistant than the classic cholera … each biotype is
sensitive to wide range of antimicrobial drugs.
Tetracycline,
Chloramphenicol, furazolidone, sulphonamide. EL Tor vibrio is resistant
to Polymyxin group & this forms one useful. taxonomic marker
TOXIN
Cholera vibrios produce an enterotoxin that is heat and acid – labile . it
causes marked increase in adenylate cycle activity and cAMP
concentration & marked hyperscretion in the small intestine resulting
in massive diarrhea with fluid loss up to 20 liters daily some vibrios e.g.
(EL Tor ) produces soluble heamolysin . others ( V. cholerae ) digest
blood cell with out liberating a soluble heamolysin…
Pathogenesis & pathology
Under natural condition cholera
Vibrios are pathogenic only for
humans . how ever animal models for cholera infection have been
devised . Cholera is not an invasive infection . the organisms never
reach the blood stream but remain localized with in the intestinal tract
there they multiply & liberate cholera toxin & this toxin adsorbed onto
epithelial cell gangliosides & stimulate hyperscretion of& chloride in
all parts of the small intestinal while inhibiting absorption of sodium .
as a result there is an outpouring of fluid & electrolytes ( rice water )
with resulting diarrhea . dehydration . Acidosis . Shock. & death . how
ever the intestine is histologically intact ……Several other organisms
related to Vibrios produce disease in animals e.g. horses. Cattle .these
localize in the genital tract & may cause abortion…..The diagnosis of a
full-blown of cholera present no problem in the presence of an
epidemic .how ever sporadic or mild cases are not readily
differentiated from other diseases
Epidemiology &prevention & control-:
Control reset on education & improvement of sanitation particularly
of food, water patients should isolated chemoprophylaxis with
antimicrobial drugs may have place …
Treatment
The most important
therapy consists
of water & electrolyte
replacement to correct the severe dehydration & salts depletion many
antimicrobial agents are effective against V.cholerae .oral tetracycline
tends to reduce stool out pout in cholera & shortens the period of
excretion of Vibrios .. Chloramphenicol , sulphonamide, furazolidone.
Also used
.Repeated injection of a vaccine containing either
lipopolysacchrides extracted from Vibrios or dense Vibrio suspensions
can confer
limited protection to heavy exposed persons ( family
contacts ) . but is not effective as an epidemic control measure .
Immunization with cholera toxiod is being studied
Self test2
The most important therapy consists of----------
Note. Check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s):1-oral tetracycline tends to reduce ------------ out pout in cholera &
2- Same species of Vibrio cause disease in man as well as in marine .
---------------------,-------------------.the most important pathogens of man
------------------ & it's biotype -----------------
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer.
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1.d
Q1.stool
Q2.c
Q2. vertebrates & invertebrates
Q3.d
Q4.a
Q5.d
classical & it's biotype Eltor
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Brucella organisms can infect a wide range of mammals ranging from
rodents to killer whales. So the information about this organisms in
this module unit will help the students to understand the nature of
Brucella , their pathogenicity ,sensitivity& survival.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1Main characters & species of genus Brucella
1/c-2 pathogenicity ,sensitivity& survival.
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1 Enumerate general characters & main species of Brucella
2-2 Explain their pathogenicity ,sensitivity& survival.
3/ pre test
Put circle a round the letter of the correct answer:1-Brucella can infect
a. Wide range of plants
b. Wide range of birds
c. Wide range of mammals
d. All of them
2- Brucella organisms are
a. Gram negative coccobacilli
b. Gram positive coccobacilli
c. Gram negative Vibrio
d. No one of them
3- The infection by Brucella causes to human
a. Hemorrhage fever
b. Meningitis
c. brucellosis or Malta fever
d. Tonsillitis
4- human infection occur through contact
a. with infected animals
b. both of them
c. their discharge
d. No one of them
5- Brucella microorganisms are
a. Spore forming bacteria
b. Some time forming spores
c. No one of them
d. Both of the
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4-1 general characters & main species of Brucella:The Brucellae are small . aerobic, gram- negative coccobacilli that are
non motile , non spore forming , & relatively inactive metabolically
.they are obligate parasites of animals & humans & are
characteristically located intracellularly………
Brucella
The Main humans pathogens species
Br. melitnses
which infects sheep & goats
Br. abortus
which infects cattle & other Bovidae
Br. suis
which infects swine
Br.canis The causative agent of
brucellosis in dogs
all species are human pathogens
Self test 1
Br. abortus the causative agents of some disease in
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4-2 Brucella as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic &
drug sensitivity:In 1866 Bruce provided evidence that the undulating fever seen in
areas of the Mediterranean sea for years was not a manifestation of
the disease typhoid . he isolated coccobacilli from humans with the
malady & injected it into monkeys producing an intermitlent fever
identical to that observed in the human. Not until 1905 was the source
of infection for man was discover . in goats who excreted the
microorganisms in their milk . soon other animals were found to be
sources of infection to man . in 1920 Myer & Shaw suggested that the
organism be placed in the genus Brucella in honor of Bruce ..
The infection by Brucella causes to human Brucellosis or Malta fever .
Brucellosis is essentially an infection of animals mainly ( domestic
animals ) caused by organisms of the genus Brucella . The disease in
humans brucellosis ( undulant fever ) is characterized by an acute
septicemic phase followed by chronic stage that may extend over
many years & involve many tissues human infection occur through
contact with infected animals or their discharge . feces . urine , milk
.milk products . or their tissues .infection of humans is accidental
through with these same infected materials …
The common sources of infection for humans are ………..
1- Unpasteurized milk 2- Milks products 3- Occupational contact
e.g. farmers. Veterinarians. Slaughter . house workers with infected
animals infection is readily a acquired by inhalation of infected dust in
cow –shed ….
Brucellosis in humans is usually associated with the consumption of
unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses made from the milk of infected
animals, primarily goats, infected with Brucella melitensis and with
occupational exposure of laboratory workers, veterinarians and
slaughterhouse workers. Some vaccines used in livestock, most notably
B. abortus strain 19, also cause disease in humans if accidentally
injected. Brucellosis induces inconstant fevers, sweating, weakness,
anaemia, headaches, depression and muscular and bodily pain .The
symptoms are like those associated with many other febrile diseases,
but with emphasis on muscular pain and sweating. The duration of the
disease can vary from a few weeks to many months or even years. In
the first stage of the disease, septicemia occurs and leads to the classic
triad of undulant fevers, sweating (often with characteristic smell,
likened to wet hay) and migratory arthralgia and myalgia. In blood
tests, is characteristic the leukopenia and anaemia, some elevation of
AST and. The incubation period is usually about 10-30 days ,but
infection may persist for several months without causing any
symptoms
Brucella can enter the body through skin abrasion, through mucosal
surfaces of the alimentary or respiratory tracts & sometimes through
the conjunctivae.
Granuloma and necrosis in the liver of a guinea pig infected
with Brucella suis
Brucellosis in cattle
The bacterium Brucella abortus is the principal cause of brucellosis in
cattle. The bacteria are shed from an infected animal at or around the
time of calving or abortion. Once exposed, the likelihood of an animal
becoming infected is variable, depending on age, pregnancy status, and
other intrinsic factors of the animal, as well as the amount of bacteria
to which the animal was exposed. The most common clinical signs of
cattle infected with Brucella abortus are high incidences of abortions,
arthritic joints and retained after-birth. There are two main causes for
spontaneous abortion in animals. The first is due to erythritol, which
can promote infections in the fetus and placenta. Second is due to the
lack of anti-Brucella activity in the amniotic fluid. Males can also
harbor the bacteria in their reproductive tracts, namely seminal
vesicles, ampullae, testicles, and epididymides.
Brucellosis treatment…..
Brucella may be susceptible to tetracycline or Ampicillin , symptomatic
relief may occur with in a few days after treatment with these drugs is
begun . however ,because of their intracellular location ,the organisms
are not readily eradicated completely . from the host . for the best
combined treatment with streptomycin & tetracycline may be
considered The gold standard treatment for adults is daily
intramuscular injections of streptomycin 1 g for 14 days and oral
doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 45 days (concurrently). Gentamicine
5 mg/kg by intramuscular injection once daily for 7 days is an
acceptable substitute when streptomycin is not available or difficult to
obtain. Another widely used regimen is doxycycline plus Rifampcin
twice daily for at least 6 weeks. This regimen has the advantage of oral
administration. A triple therapy of doxycycline, together with
Rifampcin and cotrimoxazole has been used successfully to treat
neurobrucellosis.[ Doxycycline is able to cross the blood–brain barrier,
but requires the addition of two other drugs to prevent relapse.
Ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole therapy is associated with an
unacceptably high rate of relapse. In brucellic endocarditis surgery is
required for an optimal outcome. Even with optimal antibrucellic
therapy relapses still occur in 5–10 percent of patients with Malta
fever. The main way of preventing brucellosis is by using fastidious
hygiene in producing raw milk products, or by pasteurizing all milk that
is to be ingested by human beings, either in its unaltered form or as a
derivate, such as cheese. Experiments have shown that cotrimoxazol
and Rifampcin are both safe drugs to use in treatment of pregnant
women who have Brucellosis.
Brucellosis control :Pasteurization eliminates the risk of brucellosis fro the consumption of
infected milk or milk products. However , there remains the possibility
of infection due to contact with infected animals or their tissues.
Veterinary surgeon , farmers & laboratory workers are particularly at
risk. Eradication depend on the elimination of infection from domestic
animals by a policy of compulsory testing of the animals & slaughtering
positive reactors
Self test 2
---------------eliminates the risk of brucellosis fro the consumption of
infected milk or milk products
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s)
1-The causative agents of Brucellosis in cattle is---------------- while in
swine is-----------2- the incubation period of Brucellosis in man about------------3- Brucellosis in humans is usually associated with the consumption of
-------------------or made from the ------------------------ of infected animals,
primarily goats, infected with Brucella melitensis
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1. c
Q1. B. abortus ,Brucella suis
Q2.a
Q2.10-30 days
Q3.c
Q3. Cheeses, milk
Q4.b
Q5. c
Self test 1
Humans & cattle's
Self test 2
Pasteurization
References
1-Jawetz., J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Plague is a very important disease to be studied it is transmitted to
man either directly or indirectly through food & water or via insect
vectors. For this reason I have designed this module unit to give
students a good knowledge about this disease to help them to be more
care when they work in the health filed.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- Main characters & species of plague organisms
1/c-2- Causative agents of plague, plague organisms sensitivity to
antibiotic & drugs
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1-Mention main characters & species of plague organisms
2-2-Explain pathogenicity ,& treatment of plague
3/ pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer:1-Plague bacilli are transmitted from.
a. animal to anima
b. plant to animal
c. plant to plant
d. Plant to man
2- Plague bacilli are transmitted from animal to man by
a. Flays
b. Fleas
c. Mesquites
d. Butterflies
3- Three severe forms of human plague are
a. bubonic
b. pneumonic
c. Septicemic
d. All of them
4- Plague bacilli are
a. Gram positive rods
b. Gram negative rods
c. Gram positive cocci
d. Gram negative cocci
5- Plague bacilli are
a. Motile except Yersinia
b. Motile
c. Non motile
d. No one of them
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
Plague organisms Pasteurellae (Yersiniae) are
Short gram- negative rods showing bipolar staining by special methods.
They are nonsporeforming catalase- positive, oxidase- negative,
aerobic or microaerophilic.. all are non motile except Yersinia
(Pasteurella) pseudotuberculosis. Different species breakdown a
variety of carbohydrates, producing acid but no gas. Some species
cause hemorrhagic septicemia in various animals(Pasteurella
multocida; other infect animals & also cause disease in humans
Pasteurella pestis
Plague epidemics have probably occurred from the earliest times The
disease was introduced into Europe from Asia in the 13th century &
led to the great pandemic known as the Black Death . when about a
quarter of the population of Europe succumbed ( give up ) to the
disease It was during a major outbreak
of plague in Hong Kong in
1894 that Yersin first described the plague bacillus … Plague
disappeared from Europe in the 17th century perhaps because the black
rat displaced by the spread of the brown( sewer
) rat. Which is
susceptible to plague , but dose not commonly frequent human
dwelling ( human house)
. Improvement in housing may also have
played an important part in the elimination of plague from Europe …
The bacilli are transmitted from animal to animal & from animal to
man by fleas .. In cool humid weather , fleas multiply & plague spreads
readily among susceptible rats. Hot, dry weather, on the other hand,
tends to limit the spread of infection because the fleas die out under
those condition. Domestic cats may become infected with plague
through contact with rodents . the animals may develop atypical
disease & then transmit the infection to their owners or to the
veterinarians by the percutaneous 0r respiratory. The sputum of
persons suffering from pneumonic plague contains large numbers of
plague bacilli & under favorable conditions the disease spreads rapidly
through the community by droplet infection .independently of rodents
or fleas. Epidemic are more likely to occur when overcrowding in
insanitary accommodation allows
the infected droplets to spread
readily from persons to persons. Cool humid condition favor
transmission .
Endemic foci of wild rodent plague persist in many rural of the world
, including North & South America , Africa & many parts of Asia .
Constant surveillance must be maintained to prevents its spread to
urban populations , especially in areas where living conditions are
below standard . Plague has been employed as a biological warfare
agent . its potential application in bio- terrorism is over major concern.
Traditionally, three severe forms of human plague are described
1-Bubonic
2- Pneumonic
3- Septicemic plague this may occur as a primary infection or as
complication of bubonic or pneumonic plague
Main species :Pasteurella pestis or Yersinia pestis
P. multocida pathogenic for one or more of the following animals
.rabbit, rats, horses, sheep, fowl. Dogs , cats & swine
P. pseudotuberculosis . produces an infection of birds , rodents , &
other animals . & rarely transmitted to humans….
All of them are gram
–ve
in smear from the tissues . stained with
methylene blue ,cocco-bacillus
Pathogenesis & pathology:Some Pasteurella species have narrow host ranges . producing disease
in only a few types of animals . other affect a large variety of hosts .
pasteurellae generally produce disease by rapid invasion of the host
body. Multiplying in many tissues until overwhelming .
Sepsis
supervenes when the population of pasteurellae reach a high level .
autolysis probably liberates sufficient toxin to be harmful to the host
tissues
Self test 1:Some Pasteurella species have ---------------- host ranges
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
Prevention
Vaccines have been prepared from various Pasteurella for the
protective inoculation of exposed hosts .vaccines against plague &
tularemia can be prepared from.
1- a virulent live bacteria
2- heat killed or formalin inactivated suspension of virulent
bacteria
3- chemical fractions of the bacilli
The 2 first of those have been used on million of persons in endemic
area 7 have given some protection that however is incomplete & of
relatively short duration . therefore repeated vaccination of exposed
individuals is essential in maintaining
Epidemiology & Control :Pasteurella infections are animal disease & are only accidentally
transmitted to humans . the risk to humans can be reduced if the
animal infection rate can be kept low .& this is the principle of
control measures …
Control measures are directed toward breaking the
infection chain at several points …
1- reduction of wild rodent population & continuous survey of the
rate of plague infection practical measures include ,shooting,
trapping, poisoning
2- reduction of rat population in cities & continuous survey for
plague infection in trapped rats.
3- Widespread application of insecticides to kill fleas
4- Chemoprophylaxis ( tetracycline ) in all contact whenever plague
is suspected
5- Prompt & efficient chemotherapy of cases ( human plague
carriers exceedingly rate )
6- Active immunization as supplementary
endemic areas, troops
measure in highly
& in persons who may be forced into
situation potential exposure
7- Strict isolation of plague cases & observation for pneumonic
involvement
Treatment:Y. pestis is sensitive to many antibiotic .including aminoglycosides,
chloramphnicol. co-trimoxazole &tetracyclines, but not penicillin
When plague is suspected , patients should be isolated & respiratory
precaution observed for at least 48 h. antibiotic therapy should be
started without waiting for confirmation of the diagnosis.
Intramuscular streptomycin is highly effective. Chloramphenicol ( given
intravenously for the( first 4 days) is recommended in patients with
meningitis symptoms
Self test 2:-------------------given intravenously for the first 4 days is recommended
in patients with meningitis symptoms
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word (s):1-Pasteurella infections are-------------- disease& are only---------transmitted to humans
2- ---------------- . produces an infection of birds , rodents , & other
animals . & rarely transmitted to ----------------.
3- Plague was
introduced into Europe from Asia in the----------
century
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1.
Q1. Animal , accidentally
Q2.b
Q2. P. pseudotuberculosis, humans
Q3.d
Q3.13th century
Q4.b
Q5.a
Self test 1
Narrow
Self test 2
Chloramphenicol
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:This module unit have designed to give students basic information's
about Haemophilus bacteria to be more care when they work in any
health foundation ( hospital, theater , recovery room, laboratory ect )
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1 Mention main characters & species of Haemophilus organisms
1/c-2 Haemophilus as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1-Mention main characters &species of Haemophilus organisms
2-2- Explain Haemophilus as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic
& drug sensitivity
3/ pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer:1-Haemophilic bacteria are
a. Small gram negative bacilli
b. Small gram negative cocci
c. Small gram positive bacilli
d. Small gram positive cocci
2- Haemophilic bacteria are
a. Anaerobic bacilli
b. Aerobic bacilli
c. Aerobic cocci
d. Anaerobic cocci
3- Haemophilic organisms require enriched media , usually containing
for isolation
a. Milk
b. Eggs
c. blood or its derivative
d. Sugar
4- H. influenzae. produces no
a. Enterotoxin
b. Both of them
c. Endotoxin
d. Exotoxin
5. H. influenzae formerly called
a. Pfeiffer's bacillus
c. Koch bacillus
b. Pasteur bacillus
d. All of them
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4/1 main characters and sepsis of Haemophilus organisms:-
H. influenzae on a blood agar plate.
This is a heterogeneous group of small gram negative , aerobic bacilli
which are nonmotile & nonsporeforming & which require enriched
media , usually containing blood or its derivative for isolation , it is so
called because of inability to grow on culture media without the
addition 0f all blood or of certain growth promoting factors (called X &
V factors) present in the blood ( but which may also be derived from
other sources) . whilst Haemophilus influenzae & certain other
Haemophilic species require both factors for growth , other require
only one or other of the two factors. H. influenzae & associated species
are common commensals in the respiratory tract: the common nocapsulate( R ) strains act as secondary opportunistic pathogens on
mucous membranes with lowered resistance from antecedent virus
infection or respiratory pollutants . the rare capsulate ( S ) strains act
as causal organisms of acute purulent meningitis & croup
(laryngoepiglottitis ) otitis, sinusitis. The blood of many individuals
over age 3 years has strong bactericidal power for H. influenzae, &
clinical infection are less frequent. Recently , however, bactericidal
antibodies have been absent from 25% of adults, & clinical infection
are occurring more often in adults.
H. influenzae. produces no
exotoxins ,& the role of its toxic somatic antigen in natural disease is
not clearly understood . the role of H.influenzae in human influenza of
the pandemic type ( particularly as occurred in 1918-1919 ) is not
definitely known. This organisms possibly a secondary invader
producing pneumonitis in the respiratory tract already damaged by
influenza virus. On the other hand it may have been contributory to
pandemic influenza in humans , just as H. suis is an essential causative
component of swine influenza. Swine influenza is caused by a virus
related to influenza type A but requires in addition the presence of H.
suis for the development of clinical symptoms. H. influenzae is not
pathogenic for laboratory animals. Encapsulated H . influenzae type b
is transmitted from person to person by the respiratory route. The
patient with influenzal meningitis is not an important source of
infection . H . influenzae type b enters by way of the respiratory tract
in small children & produces a nasopharyngitis, often with fever. Other
types rarely produce disease. There may be local extension with
involvement of the sinuses or of the middle ear. H . influenzae type b is
the commonest cause of otitis media , with pneumococcus the second
most common. The organisms may reach the bloodstream & be carried
to the meninges or , less frequently , may establish themselves in the
joints
Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus
influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first
described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A
member of the Pasteurellaceae family, it is generally aerobic, but can
grow as a facultative anaerobe. H. influenzae was mistakenly
considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral
etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, H. influenzae is responsible
for a wide range of clinical diseases.
H. influenzae was the first free-living organism to have its entire
genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and
published in 1995.
Main species
H. influenzae
H. suis
H. ducreyi
the causative organism of
chancriod ( soft chancre ) asexually transmitted disease
Self test 1:Most strains of -------------- are opportunistic pathogens
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
Pathogenicity:Most strains of H. influenzae are opportunistic pathogens - that is, they
usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems
only when other factors (such as a viral infection or reduced immune
function) create an opportunity.
Naturally-acquired disease caused by H. influenzae seems to occur in
humans only. In infants and young children, H. influenzae type b (Hib)
causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis.
Occasionally, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and
infectious arthritis. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in
the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased
to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of
lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing
countries where vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated H.
influenzae causes ear infections (otitis media), eye infections
(conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children and is associated with
pneumonia.
H. influenzae Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram negative
cocco-bacilli.
Interaction with Streptococcus pneumoniae:Both H. influenzae and Strep. pneumoniae can be found in the upper
respiratory system of humans. A study of competition in a laboratory
revealed that, in a Petri dish, Strep. pneumoniae always overpowered
H. influenzae by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide and stripping off
the surface molecules that H. influenzae needs for survival.
When both bacteria are placed together into a nasal cavity, within 2
weeks, only H. influenzae survives. When either is placed separately
into a nasal cavity, each one survives. Upon examining the upper
respiratory tissue from mice exposed to both bacteria species, an
extraordinarily large number of neutrophils (immune cells) was found.
In mice exposed to only one bacteria, the cells were not present.
Treatment:Haemophilus influenzae produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able
to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to
the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases cefotaxime and
ceftriaxone are the elected antibiotics, delivered directly into the
bloodstream, and for the less severe cases an association of ampicillin
and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or
fluoroquinolones. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be
used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Self test 2:H. influenzae and Strep. pneumoniae can be found in the----------system of humans
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word (s) :1- In infants and young children, H. influenzae type b (Hib) causes , ---------------------, ------------------, and acute bacterial --------------- .
2- Haemophilus influenzae produces--------------------, and it is also able
to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to-------------------- family of antibiotics
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Q1.a
Post test
Q1. bacteremia, pneumonia
Q2.b
and acute bacterial meningitis
Q3.c
Q2. beta-lactamases, penicillin
Q4.d
Q5.a
Self test 1
H. influenzae
Self test 2
in the upper respiratory system of humans
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:This module unit have designed to give students basic information's
about Bordettela bacteria to be more care when they work in any
health foundation ( hospital, theater , recovery room, laboratory ect )
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1 Main characters & species of Bordettela organisms
1/c 2 Bordettela as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 4 or more out of 5 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 4 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 4 or more degrees out of 5 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 4 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1 Mention main characters & species of Bordettela organisms
2-2 Bordettela as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic & drug
sensitivity
3/ pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer:1-Bordettela organisms are
c. Gram- positive coccobacilli
b. Gram-negative comma shape d. All of them
a. Gram-negative coccobacilli
2- Bordettela is named after
a. Louis Pasteur
b. Jules Bordet
c. Lazzaro Spallanzani
d-John Needham
3- Bordettela species with the exception 0f Bor. petrii, are
a. Facultative aerobes
b. Obligate anaerobes
c. Obligate aerobes
d. Facultative anaerobes
4- Bordettela species are
a. highly fastidious
b. low fastidious
c. Some time highly fastidious
d. No one of them
5- Bro. parapertussis & Bor. bronchiseptica do not require
a. Serum for their growth
b. Gelatin for their growth
c. Eggs growth
d. Blood for their growth
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
4-1Main characters & species of Bordettela organisms:
The genus Bordettela is named after Jules Bordet.
Bordettela is a genus of small (0.2 - 0.7 µm), Gram-negative coccobacilli
of the phylum proteobacteria. Bordettela species, with the exception
of Bor. petrii, are obligate aerobes as well as highly fastidious, or
difficult to culture. Three species are human pathogens (Bor. pertussis,
Bor. parapertussis, Bor. bronchiseptica is also motile); which cause one
of the most frequent & serious bacterial respiratory infection of
childhood
in communities not protected effectively by vaccination
Bordettela used to be classified in the genus Haemophilus . However,
growth is not dependent on either of nutritional factors X & V Bro.
parapertussis & Bor. bronchiseptica do not require blood for their
growth. The three species resemble each other in being small
Gram – negative bacilli. In causing infection of the respiratory tract, &
in sharing some surface antigens …
Main species:Bor. pertussis
Bor. hinzii
Bor. parapertussis
Bor. holmesii
Bor. bronchiseptica Bor. petrii
Bor. ansorpii Bor. avium
Bordettela
Flagellated Bor. bronchiseptica
Self test 1:Bordettela used to be classified in the genus -------------
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of the module unit
4-2 Bordettela as disease-causing agents , toxins , antibiotic &
drug sensitivity :Bor. pertussis and occasionally Bor. parapertussis cause pertussis or
whooping cough in humans, and some Bor. parapertussis strains can
colonies sheep. Bor. bronchiseptica rarely infects healthy humans
though disease in immunocompromised patients has been reported.
Bor. bronchiseptica causes several diseases in other mammals,
including kennel cough and atrophic rhinitis in dogs and pigs,
respectively. Other members of the genus cause similar diseases in
other mammals, and in birds (Bor. hinzii, Bor. avium).The most often
thoroughly studied of the Bordettela species are Bor. bronchiseptica,
Bor. pertussis and Bor. parapertussis and the pathogenesis of
respiratory disease caused by these bacteria has been reviewed.
Transmission occurs by direct contact, or via respiratory aerosol
droplets, or vomits. Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells
in the nasopharynax and this interaction with epithelial cells is
mediated by a series of protein adhesions. These include filamentous
haemaglutinin, pertactin, fimbriae, and pertussis toxin (though
expression of pertussis toxin is unique to Bor. pertussis). As well as
assisting in adherence to epithelial cells, some of these are also
involved in attachment to immune effecter cells .The initial catarrhal
phase of infection produces symptoms similar to those of the common
cold and during this period, large numbers of bacteria can be recovered
from the pharynx. Thereafter the bacteria proliferate and spread
further into the respiratory tract, where the secretion of toxins causes
ciliostasis and facilitates the entry of bacteria to tracheal/bronchial
ciliated cells. One of the first toxins to be expressed is tracheal
cytotoxin which is a disaccharide-tetrapeptide derived from
peptidoglycan. Unlike most other Bordettela toxins, tracheal cytotoxin
is expressed constitutively, being a normal product of the breakdown
of the bacterial cell wall. Other bacteria recycle this molecule back into
the cytoplasm, but in Bordettela and Neisseria gonorrhoeae it is
released into the environment. Tracheal cytotoxin itself is able to
reproduce paralysis of the ciliary escalator, inhibition of DNA synthesis
in epithelial cells and ultimately killing of the same. One of the most
important of the regulated toxins is adenylate cyclase toxin, which aids
in the evasion of innate immunity. The toxin is delivered to phagocytic
immune cells upon contact. Immune cell functions are then inhibited
in part by the resulting accumulation of cyclic AMP. Recently
discovered activities of adenylate cyclase toxin, including
transmembrane pore formation and stimulation of calcium influx, may
also contribute to the intoxication of phagocytes.
Bor. pertussis survives for only brief periods outside the human host.
There are no vectors. Transmission is largely by the respiratory route
from early cases & possibly via carries. The organism adheres to &
multiplies rapidly on the surface of the epithelium in the trachea &
bronchi & interferes with ciliary action. The blood is not invaded.
Disintegrating organisms
liberate an endotoxin that irritates surface
cell , giving rise to catarrhal symptoms & causing marked
lymphocytosis
later may be necrosis of parts of epithelium &
polymorphnuclear infiltration ,with peribronchial
inflammation &
interstitial pneumonia . Secondary invaders like staphylococci or H.
influenzae may give rise to bacterial pneumonia .
Prevention:During the first year of life every infant should receive 3 injection of
killed phase I organisms in proper concentration. This vaccine is usually
administered in combination with toxiod of diphtheria & tetanus . an
infants exposed to whooping cough with out prior immunization can
obtain temporary passive protection with hyperimmune globulin.
Prophylactic administration of erythromycin for 5 days may also
benefit such infants or heavily exposed adults…
Treatment….
Bor. pertussis is susceptible to several antimicrobial drugs in vitro .
administration of erythromycin or ampicillin drug the catarrhal stage
promotes the elimination of the organisms & may have prophylactic
value. Treatment after the onset of the paroxysmal phase rarely alters
the clinical course . Oxygen inhalation & sedation may prevent anoxic
damage to the brain …
Hyperimmune globulin ( prepared from sera of immune persons
repeatedly injected with pertussis vaccine ) may be given to debilitated
or unimmunized children very early in the illness with some possible
benefit.
Self test 2
Bor. pertussis survives for only ------------- outside the human
Note: check your answer with the key at the end of module unit
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with the correct word (s:-)
1--------------- is susceptible to several antimicrobial drugs in vitro
2- During the ------ -- of life every infant should receive------ injection of
killed phase I organisms in proper concentration. This vaccine is
usually administered in combination with --------- -------- &----------
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1.a
Q1- Bor. pertussis
Q2.b
Q2- first year ,3, toxiod of diphtheria
Q3.c
& tetanus
Q4.a
Q5.d
Self test 1
Haemophilus
Self test 2
brief periods
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007.
Ministry Of Higher Education And Scientific Research
Foundation Of Technical Education
Institute Of Medical Technology/Baghdad
Abdullah Lafteh /Ansaethesia dep
2009-2010
1. Over view
1- A/ Target population
This learning package had been designed to the first year students in
the anesthesia department of the institute of medical technology
Baghdad .
1- B/ Rationale
This unit will aid those who want to learn the general properties of
Fungi and comparison between fungi and bacteria and know the main
fungal diseases of man
1- C/ central idea
1. General properties of fungi.
2. Compassion between Fungi and bacteria.
3. Fungal diseases of man.
4. Types of infection.
5. Laboratory diagnosis.
1- D/ Instructions:-
1. Study over view thoroughly.
2. Identify the goal of this modular unit.
3. Do the pre- test and if you:
a- Get (4) or more 0ut 0f (5), you don’t need to proceed.
b- Get less than (4) you have to study this modular unit well.
4. After studying the next of this modular unit, do the post test
and if you:
a- Get (4) or more out if (5), so go on studying the next
modular unit.
b- Get less than (4) go back and study this modular unit, or any
part of it again and than to the post – test again .
2- Performance objectives
After studying this modular unit, you should able to :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe the general properties of fungi .
Explain the comparative between Fungi and bacteria.
Explain the fungi diseases of man.
List the types of infection.
List the Laboratory diagnosis of fungi.
3- Pre – test
Put circle around the letters of the correct answer :
1. Moulds are reproduce by means of :
a- Budding
b- Conjugation
c- Spores
d- Binary Fission
2. The classification of fungi is based on :
a- Method of sexual reproduction.
b- Shape of mycelium.
c- Method of a sexual reproduction.
d- Types of spores.
3. Yeast are identified according to :
a- Type of asexual reproduction .
b- Ferment sugars and assimilate nitrogen compounds.
c- Diseases produces .
d- Cell wall components.
4-Allergic diseases of the air ways may result from :
a- Inhalation of fungal spores.
b- Ingestion of spore from digestive system .
c- Invade spore from the skin.
d- Contaminated wounds by spoors .
5-Yeast infections are usually caused by :
a- Dermatophytes
b- Aspergillums
c- Mushroom
d- Candida species
Note : Check your answer in key answer at the end lecture.
The modular unit of this package :
General properties of Fungi
1. They are Eukaryotes .
2. Majority are multicellular (Molds) while some of them are
unicellular (yeast) .
3. Lacking chlorophyll.
4. The preserved food is glycogen not starch .
5. According to the number of cells they are divided:
a- Yeast: Oval in shaped, unicellular. Multiply by budding e.g.
Mouilia.
b- Yeast like fungi : When the bud un separated from the mother
cell and elongated to form tubular Hyphae .
c- Molds : Multicellular fungi grow to from network of branching
tubs with septa called mycelium.
The spore : Is used for reproduction unlike bacteria which is used for
survival.
Characteristic
Fungal
Bacterial
1. Nucleus
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
2. Mitochondria
Present
Absent
3. Cell wall.
glucose + Mannose
Muramic acid
4. Branching .
+
____
5. Dimorphism.
+
____
6. Disease produces
Chronic
Acute
Moulds (Filamentous Fungi)
Which are composed of branching filamentous, Hyphae, that grow by
apical extension, forming an interwoven mass .
Yeasts
Which are unicellular and oval round in shaped most reproduced by an
a sexual process called budding in which the cell develops a
protuberance, which enlarges and eventually separates from the
parent cell.
Dimorphic fungi
Which are capable of changing their growth to either mycelial or yeast
phase , depending on the growth conditions.
Self test 1
1. Moulds are composed of ………….. filaments .
2. Yeast which are ……….. and oval in shape.
3. Dimorphic fungi which are capable of …….. their growth.
Check your answer with key answer at the last page.
fungal diseases of man
fungal pathogens
some fungi can establish and infection in all exposed in individuals e.g.
The systemic pathogens Histoplaswe copsulatum and coccidioedes
immitis.In some mycoses the form and severity of the infections
depend on the degree of exposure to the fungus, the site and the
method of the entry in to the body, and the level of immuno
competence of the host.
Allergic diseases of the air ways may result from inhalation of fungal
spores.
Types of infection
1. Superficial mycoses
Disease of the skin , hair, nail and mucous membranes are the most
common of all fungal infections and have a world wide distribution .
Self test (2)
Enumerate the factors that effect on form and severity of mycoses?
Check your answer with key answer at the last page .
2- Subcutaneous mycoses
Mycoses of the skin , subcutaneous tissues, fascia and bone, which
show slow localized spread, occur mainly in the tropics and subtropics;
they result from the tropics and subtropics; saprophytic fungi from soil
or decaying vegetation in to the subcutaneous tissue.
3- Systemic mycosis
Deep – seated fungal infection generally result from the inhalation of
air borne spores produced by the caused moulds .
Self test (3)
Subcutaneous mycoses occur mainly in the tropics and they result from
…………… of saprophytic fungi.
Check your answer with key answer at the last page.
Systemic mycoses caused by pathogens such as Aspergillums, Candida
and Cryptococcus species have widespread distribution. These
infection are being seen with increasing in patients compromised by
disease or drug treatment for along time .The first indication that a
patient may a have a systemic mycosis is often their failure to respond
to antibacterial antibiotics .
Self test (4)
The first indication that a patient may a have a systemic mycosis
is often their…………………………………………………………….
Check your answer with key answer at the last page .
Laboratory diagnosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Recognition of the Pathogen in tissue by microscopy.
Isolation of the causal fungus in cuture.
Use the serological test.
Detection of fungal DNA by the (PCR)
Post – test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer
1. Moulds are produce by means of :
a- Spores
b- Binary fission
c- Conjugation
d- Budding
2. The classification of fungi is based on:
a- Type of spores
b- Method of asexual reproduction
c- Shape of mycelium
3. Yeast identified according to :
a- Diseases produces
b- Cell wall components
c- Type of asexual reproduction
d- Ferment sugars and assimilate nitrogen compounds
4. Allergic diseases of the air ways may result from :
a- Invade spore from the skin
b- Contaminated wands by spores
c- Inhalation of fungal spores
d- Ingestion of spores from digestive system
5. Yeast infections are usually caused by :
a- Mushroom
b- Candida species
c- Dermatophytes
d- Aspergillus's
Note : Check your answer in key at the end of lecture .
Pre - Test
Post - Test
Question
Answer
Question
Answer
1
c
1
a
2
a
2
b
3
b
3
d
4
a
4
c
5
d
5
b
Answer of the self test
Q1/
1. Branching
2. Unicellular
3. Changing
Q2/
1. Degree of exposure to fungus.
2. Site and method of the entry into the body.
3. Level of the immune competence of the host
Q3/1- Traumatic inoculation
Q4/ Failure to respond to antibacterial antibiotics .
Reference
1. Satish . Gupte. MD . 1982. The short textbook of medical
microbiology. Jaypee. Brothers medical publishers. 85-A, Kamla , Nagar
Delhi (India)
1-Over View
1/ A- Target population:This learning package had been designed to the 1st year students in the
anaesthesia department of the institute of medical technology/Bagdad
1/ B- Rational:Viruses are causative agents for many dangerous diseases (Small pox,
Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Measles ,Rubella--------ect ). For this reasons I
have designed this module unit to give the students a good knowledge
about viruses to help them to be more care when they work in the any
health foundation.
1/C- General ideas:1/c-1- Virus definition
1/c-2 Main phenomenon of virus
1/c-3 Virus particle composition & replication
1/c-4- Virus as causatives agents of diseases
1/c-4- Classification of viruses
1/D-Instruction:1-Study over view carefully
2-Identify the goal of this module unit
3-Do the pre test and if you:*Get 6 or more out of 7 degrees you do not need to proceed
*Get less than 6 degrees you have to study this module unit well
4-After studying the module unit contents do the post test and if
You:*Gate 6 or more degrees out of 6 then pass to study the next
module unit
*In the case you get less than 6 you must return to same module
unit to learn & understand the steps(s) which you have shortage
knowledge about it (them)&then do the post test again
2- Performance Objectives
After studding this module unit you should be able to:2-1- Define virus & list general phenomenon
2-2- Explain viruses replication
2-3 – Mention some viral diseases
2-4- Draw and labile virus particle composition
3/ pre test
Put circle around the letter of the correct answer:1-Viruses have
a. DNA only
b. DNA or RNA
c. RNA only
d. Both of them
2-All viruses multiply only in
a. living cells
b. Both of them
c. dead cells
d. No one of them
3-Viruses did not have any special
a. Spore
b. Capsule
c. Energy system
d-All of them
4-Viruses did not have
a. Ribosome's
b. Both of them
c. Transfer RNA
d. Nucleic acid
5-Viruses never effect by
a. Some antibiotic
b. All antibiotic
c. Penicillin
d. Tetracycline
6- Same viruses have special enzymes are called viron enzymes- virus
requires these enzymes to
a. Movement
b. Replicate
c. Attachment
d. all of them
7-Tere are some relationship between some viruses &cancer disease
such as
a. Pneumonia
b. T.B
c. Tonsillitis
d. Bovine leukemia
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
4/The module unit contents
Virus definition Main phenomenon of virus:A virus ( from the Latin virus meaning toxin or poison ) . Viruses are not
seen under ordinary microscope They can be seen under electron
microscope
. The first known virus, tobacco mosaic virus , was
discovered by Martinus Beijerinck in 1899 .& now more than 5000
types of virus have been described . The study of virus is known as
virology & is a branch of microbiology .Viruses don't grow by increasing
in size, They reproduce by replication ( multiplication ) in a living cell.
Viruses cause disease in animals , humans, plants , insect , & bacteria ,
Viruses pass through fine filters but bacteria don't pass through fine
filters .Viruses are about 100 times smaller than bacteria . the size of
the viruses may be from 10 – 30 millimicron . All viruses consist of 2- 3
pares .All of them have genes made from either DNA or RNA , molecule
that carry genetic information ;and all have protein coat that protect
these genes ;Some have an envelope of fat that surrounds them when
they are outside a cell. Viruses vary in shape from simple helical
icosahedral to more complex structures . The origin of viruses are
unclear : some may have evolved from plasmid – pieces of DNA that
can move between cell ------ while others may have evolved from
bacteria . The nucleic acid in viruses is one type – either
deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) type or ribonucleic acid ( ARN ) type .
but both DNA & RNA are not found in the same virus.
Viruses are pathogenic because of the presence of nucleic acid . the
nucleic acid is surrounded by a protein coat known as Capsid . Capsid is
made up of protein units known as Capsomeres . complete virus
particle is known as Virion . Virion may or may not be covered by an
envelope
Plant viruses ----- commonly RNA type .
Animal viruses ------ DNA or RNA type but not both types
Bacterial viruses ------ DNA type
Viruses multiply by replication
. there is increase of virus protein &
nucleic acid in the host cell . when cells are infected with virus nucleic
acid . complete virus particles made up . viruses spread in many ways ;
different species of virus use different methods for example , plant
viruses are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed
on sap
such as aphids . while animal viruses can be carried by blood –
sucking insect . these disease – bearing organisms are known as
vectors
. influenza viruses are spread by coughing & sneezing , &
other such as norovirus are transmitted by the fecal – oral rout when
they contaminate hands, food or water .Rotavirus is often spread by
direct contact with infected children . HIV is one of several viruses that
are transmitted through sex .Not all viruses cause disease . as many
viruses reproduce without causing any obvious harm to the infected
organism.. some viruses such as HIV can cause life – long or chronic
infection , & the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite‫أذى‬
the hosts, defense mechanisms.. However , viral infections in animals
usually cause an immune response , which can completely eliminate
a virus . These immune responses can also be produced by vaccines
that give lifelong immunity to a viral infection.. Microorganisms such
as bacteria also have defenses against viral infection . Antibiotics have
no effect on viruses , but antiviral drugs have been developed to treat
life threatening
Rotavirus
How antigenic shift, or reassortment, can result in novel and highly
pathogenic strains of human influenza
The general phenomenon of viruses:1 – all viruses containing a molecule of nucleic acid RNA OR DNA
2- viruses are growing & replicating in living cells only
3- viruses did not have any special energy systems
4- all viruses are smallest infectious agents 10- 30 millimicron &
because this size they are passing through filtration systems
5-viruses multiply by nucleic acid replication & by this phenomenon
viruses differ from bacteria & other microorganisms .which are
multiply by binary fission
6 viruses did not have ribosome's or transfer RNA . virus nucleic
acid use the host cell ribosome's & other bio systems .enzymes to
built it particle
7- viruses never affect by antibiotic
8- virus reproduction inside the host cell . it is affect by interferon
production
9- there are some relationship between some viruses & cancer
diseases ( leukemia )
10- Some viruses have special enzymes are called Virion enzymes
virus requires these enzymes to replicate their nucleic acid
Self test 1
HIV is one of several viruses that are transmitted through-----------
Note: check your answer with key at the end of module unit
The main stages of viruses multiply :1- Attachment
2- Penetration
3- Un coating & this stage lead to Eclipse
4- Transcription RNA
5- Translation
6- Replication
7- Transcription
8- Translation
9- Assembly
10-Release
Self test 2:The first step in viruses multiplication in living cell is----------
Note: check your answer with key at the end of module unit
Some viral diseases:Small pox
poliomyelitis
Rabies Measles Rubella Yellow fever
Influenza
Diagram illustrating the components of the complete virus
particle
5/post test
Fill in the blanks with correct word(s):1-viruses multiply by nucleic acid----------- & by this phenomenon
viruses differ from--------- & other------------------ .which are
multiply by-------------2- Small pox poliomyelitis are example fore------------,diseases
3-virus reproduction inside the--------- it is affect by---------Production
Notes: check your answers with the key at the end of the module unit
One degree for each answer
Key
Pre test
Post test
Q1.b
Q1. Replication, bacteria ,
microorganisms , binary fission
Q2.a
Q2. Viral diseases
Q3.d
Q3. host cell, interferon
Production
Q4.b
Q5.b
Q6.b
Q7.d
Self teas 1
Sex
Self tea2
attachment
References
1-Jawetz.,J.L.Melnik.and E.A.Adelberg.1978.Review of microbiology.
Altos.Californis.94022 13th Edition
2-Satish.Gupte.M.D.1982. The short text book of medical
microbiology. Japee. Brothers. Medical Publishers. 85.Kamal.
Delhi.11007
3-David Greenwood.Richard.,C.B.Salk and. John.F.Peuttherer 2002.
Medical microbiology .Churchill. Livingston 16th Edition
4-Evaluation Identification and treatment of UTI ,William Gluchman ,
DO., MBA , Facep , Karen Keaney Gluckman , MSN , APN , C , CWCN ,
CCCN ,J. Urgentcare medicine , OCT./ 2007