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Vitiligo and alopecia areata: apples and oranges?
Vitiligo and alopecia areata: apples and oranges?

... and both diseases have been reported to develop or worsen following this treatment (39,40). Therefore, vitiligo and alopecia areata appear to depend primarily on IFN-c, while psoriasis and other TH17 diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis) require IL-17, IL-23, IL-22 and TNF-a. B ...
This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate
This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate

... As a powerful oxidizing agent, HOCl can react with many oxidizable functional groups but it most readily reacts with thiol compounds, such as glutathione (GSH) and cysteine [14]. Until recently, it was suspected that HOCl exerted its oxidizing function predominantly at the cell membrane but recent s ...
development of a carbohydrate microarray system and
development of a carbohydrate microarray system and

... In the last two decades, the spread of foodborne and environmental pathogens across the globe has increased significantly because of strain variation and emerging antibiotic resistance, as well as the increase in the international travel of people and the shipment of livestock, plants, and vegetable ...
Changing geographic ranges of ticks and tick
Changing geographic ranges of ticks and tick

... Tick density must be above a threshold to support tick­borne pathogen transmission cycles, and the higher the density of ticks, the more efficient transmission cycles are likely to be (Norman et al., 1999; Ogden et al., 2007). Tick density has two principal determinants: density of hosts (be they re ...
A - Personal.psu.edu
A - Personal.psu.edu

... the scientific community due to its ramifications on human health. The disease caused by B. pertussis, whooping cough, is an acute, severe coughing illness that can progress to become spasmodic. Extreme cases may lead to regurgitation, convulsions, collapse, coma, and death (3). A closely related me ...
Annual Conference 2017
Annual Conference 2017

... Background: Vaccines based in the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing HCV antigens elicited Tcell immune responses in preclinical and clinical studies. However, MVA still contains several immunomodulatory genes that counteract the host antiviral immune response and deletion of some of th ...
Differential Host Immune Responses to Epidemic and Endemic
Differential Host Immune Responses to Epidemic and Endemic

... in all age-groups. The aim of the study was to compare host immune responses to epidemic (T2218) and endemic strains of S. dysenteriae type 1. Shigellacidal activity of serum from rabbits immunized with epidemic or endemic strains, S. dysenteriae type 1-infected patients, and healthy adult controls ...
Collaborative Bioinspired Algorithms
Collaborative Bioinspired Algorithms

... Use this idea to generate attribute strings that represent receptors Antibody production through a random concatenation from gene ...
AP-Chapter-15 - McLaren
AP-Chapter-15 - McLaren

... • The immune system is comprised of cells, chemicals, and barriers that protect your body from pathogens. • Some processes are active, some passive, some inborn, and others change with experience. Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe ...
Wolbachia confers sex-specific resistance and tolerance to
Wolbachia confers sex-specific resistance and tolerance to

... mosquitoes  (Ye  et  al.,  2013),  the  lack  of  evidence  for  antibacterial  protection  in  flies  is   ...
the role of intestinal epithelial cells and the regulation
the role of intestinal epithelial cells and the regulation

... microbes from entering host tissues. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) acts as the first line of antigen-specific immunity at the interface between the gut microbiota and the intestinal epithelium. Polymeric IgA secreted by plasma cells in the intestinal lamina propria is transported across IECs by ...
Ketamine and Peripheral Inflammation
Ketamine and Peripheral Inflammation

... exit the circulation. Additionally, the released cytokines (TNF, IL1) promote the leukocytes extravasation. All the immune-competent cells present at the site of infection or injury will remove foreign bodies and injured materials by phagocytosis. At the same time, they release cytokines and other m ...
Updates in diagnosis and management of Ebola hemorrhagic fever
Updates in diagnosis and management of Ebola hemorrhagic fever

... and hepatocellular necrosis in both infected patients and nonhuman primates with the secondary disturbance in protein and coagulation factor synthesis might be the underlying factor for the hemorrhagic tendencies, fibrinolysis, consumptive coagulopathy, increased concentrations of fibrin degradation ...
(CD32) Phenotype and Level of Expression
(CD32) Phenotype and Level of Expression

Immunotherapy: Radical treatment of Allergic diseases
Immunotherapy: Radical treatment of Allergic diseases

What makes peanuts so allergenic?
What makes peanuts so allergenic?

... studies of da Costa Santiago et al.,4 who demonstrated a correlation of allergenicity with structural uniqueness of proteins, while homologous proteins common in eukaryotic organisms and high amino acid conservation levels result in lower allergenicity or lead to immunological tolerance. However, li ...
Anaphylaxis_01 (Pathophysiology)
Anaphylaxis_01 (Pathophysiology)

... Cremophor EL, such as older preparations of propofol and paclitaxel. It has been proposed that under physiologic conditions, Cremophor formed large micelles with serum lipids and cholesterol, stimulating complement activation. Some human mast cells express receptors for "anaphylatoxins" C3a and C5a, ...
Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now
Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now

Scientific Research Summary
Scientific Research Summary

... therefore no evidence of mutagenic activity was detected. The second test was a mouse lymphoma assay. This test has been shown to detect missing classes of mutations that are not capable of detection in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Mouse lymphoma cell lines were exposed to varying concentra ...
Physiology, Regulation, and Pathogenesis of Nitrogen Metabolism
Physiology, Regulation, and Pathogenesis of Nitrogen Metabolism

... aromatic alcohol biosynthesis is enhanced under anaerobic conditions compared to aerobic conditions, by the presence of precursor amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan), and in alkaline conditions compared to acidic conditions, but it is reduced greatly in the presence of ammonia. Als ...
View PDF - OMICS International
View PDF - OMICS International

... Bacillus anthracis a Category A agent with the potential to be used in a large-scale bioterrorism attack. The current vaccine, known as Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), consists of a culture filtrate from an attenuated strain adsorbed to aluminum salts as an adjuvant. Although considered to be safe a ...
Development of an Antigen-independent Affinity Assay to Study the
Development of an Antigen-independent Affinity Assay to Study the

... of developing Systemic lupus erythematosus and other auto immune diseases and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections [13]. FcγRIIa is the only FcγR found on platelets where it triggers platelet aggregation [8]. FcγRIIb, being the only inhibitory receptor, plays an important role for the p ...
Molecular Biology, Genetics and Applications of Yersiniophages
Molecular Biology, Genetics and Applications of Yersiniophages

... The genus Yersinia in the family Enterobacteriaceae consists of 12 species, three of which are human pathogens. Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis cause primarily gastrointestinal infections, whereas Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague. Bacteriophages (phages) are v ...
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Chronic stress and ageing: effects on immune function
Chronic stress and ageing: effects on immune function

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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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