5 carbohydrates and the Krebs Cycle
... WHAT THE HELL IS THE POINT OF ALL THIS Turning glucose into something else causes the concentration in the cell to drop, thus making it easier to suck glucose into the cell via a ...
... WHAT THE HELL IS THE POINT OF ALL THIS Turning glucose into something else causes the concentration in the cell to drop, thus making it easier to suck glucose into the cell via a ...
Glucose Metabolism Glycolysis Expectations
... • Concept: Phosphoryl group transfer potential • Chemical logic? ...
... • Concept: Phosphoryl group transfer potential • Chemical logic? ...
cellular respiration
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), • completes the oxidation of o ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), • completes the oxidation of o ...
Chapter 8 Introduction to Enzymes and Metabolism
... reactions to be used for endergonic reactions. The conversion of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) into Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and free inorganic phosphate (Pi) liberates energy. Conversely, conversion of ADP+Pi into ATP consumes energy. Thus, in the cell catabolic reactions that liberate energy are ...
... reactions to be used for endergonic reactions. The conversion of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) into Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and free inorganic phosphate (Pi) liberates energy. Conversely, conversion of ADP+Pi into ATP consumes energy. Thus, in the cell catabolic reactions that liberate energy are ...
Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... The Purpose of Cellular Respiration It is to make and break bonds to generate ATP and electrons. You end up with ATP, H ions and electrons. The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase. ****Hydrogen ions are bonded with oxygen to make water ...
... The Purpose of Cellular Respiration It is to make and break bonds to generate ATP and electrons. You end up with ATP, H ions and electrons. The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase. ****Hydrogen ions are bonded with oxygen to make water ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... a) Both involve accessing energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane. ...
... a) Both involve accessing energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane. ...
Chapter 26 Nutrition and Metabolism *Lecture PowerPoint
... – Weight in pounds x 0.37 = estimate of RDA of protein – Higher intake recommended under conditions of stress, infection, injury, and pregnancy – Excessive intake overloads the kidneys with nitrogenous waste and can cause kidney damage ...
... – Weight in pounds x 0.37 = estimate of RDA of protein – Higher intake recommended under conditions of stress, infection, injury, and pregnancy – Excessive intake overloads the kidneys with nitrogenous waste and can cause kidney damage ...
f212 molecules biodiversity food health 2.1.3 enzymes
... • Coenzymes – small organic molecules that attach temporarily to the active site of an enzyme (just before or with the substrate). • They are changed in the reaction, but are recycled to be used again. • The enzyme can only work effectively when it is attached. • Many are derived from vitamins. NAD ...
... • Coenzymes – small organic molecules that attach temporarily to the active site of an enzyme (just before or with the substrate). • They are changed in the reaction, but are recycled to be used again. • The enzyme can only work effectively when it is attached. • Many are derived from vitamins. NAD ...
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
... itself. On the other hand, ATP is formed by the transfer of phosphoryl group to ADP from other compounds. These compounds have a higher transfer potential than does ATP like phosphoenolpyruvate, acetyl released is then used to carry out various functions, which we have discussed in the beginning its ...
... itself. On the other hand, ATP is formed by the transfer of phosphoryl group to ADP from other compounds. These compounds have a higher transfer potential than does ATP like phosphoenolpyruvate, acetyl released is then used to carry out various functions, which we have discussed in the beginning its ...
enzymes - iLearning Centre
... Speed up the rates of chemical reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction Not destroyed by the reactions they catalyse Highly specific that is each enzyme can only catalyse one kind of substrate Needed in small quantities because they are not used up but released at the end of a react ...
... Speed up the rates of chemical reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction Not destroyed by the reactions they catalyse Highly specific that is each enzyme can only catalyse one kind of substrate Needed in small quantities because they are not used up but released at the end of a react ...
ENZYMES
... – Enzymes work best at an optimum temperature • Optimum temperature for human enzymes is ______, C or _________, F ...
... – Enzymes work best at an optimum temperature • Optimum temperature for human enzymes is ______, C or _________, F ...
Ch6-4_Enzymes-New
... A competitive inhibitor molecule occupies the active site and blocks entry of the substrate. ...
... A competitive inhibitor molecule occupies the active site and blocks entry of the substrate. ...
Problem Set 8 Key
... the PDH complex (+1 NADH) and TCA cycle (+3 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP). Total ATP: 4 NADH x 2.5 + 2 FADH2 x 1.5 + 3.67 ATP -1 ATP = 15.67 ATP ...
... the PDH complex (+1 NADH) and TCA cycle (+3 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP). Total ATP: 4 NADH x 2.5 + 2 FADH2 x 1.5 + 3.67 ATP -1 ATP = 15.67 ATP ...
how cells release chemical energy
... 2. Be able to summarize the events that occur during the three stages of aerobic respiration as illustrated in Figure 7.3. [pp.lOS-109] 3. Be able write the general equation for aerobic respiration; then state it in words. [p.10S] 4. Describe the energy-requiring steps of glycolysis. [p.llO] 5. Desc ...
... 2. Be able to summarize the events that occur during the three stages of aerobic respiration as illustrated in Figure 7.3. [pp.lOS-109] 3. Be able write the general equation for aerobic respiration; then state it in words. [p.10S] 4. Describe the energy-requiring steps of glycolysis. [p.llO] 5. Desc ...
Lecture 9
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
How Cells Obtain Energy from Food - Molecular Biology of the Cell
... produced—ATP and NADH. The pyruvate then passes from the cytosol into mitochondria. There, each pyruvate molecule is converted into CO 2 plus a two-carbon acetyl group—which becomes attached to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl CoA, another activated carrier molecule (see Figure 2-62). Large amounts ...
... produced—ATP and NADH. The pyruvate then passes from the cytosol into mitochondria. There, each pyruvate molecule is converted into CO 2 plus a two-carbon acetyl group—which becomes attached to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl CoA, another activated carrier molecule (see Figure 2-62). Large amounts ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
Cellular Respiration
... oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water. •As they are passed along the chain, the energy carried by these electrons is stored in the mitochondrion in a form that can be used to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. •Oxidative phosphorylation produces almost 90% of the ATP generated by respira ...
... oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water. •As they are passed along the chain, the energy carried by these electrons is stored in the mitochondrion in a form that can be used to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. •Oxidative phosphorylation produces almost 90% of the ATP generated by respira ...
Biochemistry
... Oxygenase activity ↑ as temperature ↑. – C4 and CAM plants use different mechanisms to overcome this “problem” allowing them to grow efficiently in hot climates. ...
... Oxygenase activity ↑ as temperature ↑. – C4 and CAM plants use different mechanisms to overcome this “problem” allowing them to grow efficiently in hot climates. ...
Enzymes
... • Describe how changing temperature and pH will change the rate of reaction of an enzyme-catalysed reaction (C) • Explain the specificity of enzymes in terms of the ‘lock and key’ mechanism (B) • Explain how enzyme activity is affected by pH and temperature (A) • Link the effect of temperature and p ...
... • Describe how changing temperature and pH will change the rate of reaction of an enzyme-catalysed reaction (C) • Explain the specificity of enzymes in terms of the ‘lock and key’ mechanism (B) • Explain how enzyme activity is affected by pH and temperature (A) • Link the effect of temperature and p ...
Chapter 6
... conversion has consumed 2 moles of ATP and has thus been an energy drain on the cell. The glyceraldehyde-3-P is now oxidized to the corresponding acid. This reaction is one of the best understood examples of so-called substrate level phosphorylation (i.e. the synthesis of ATP which does not occur by ...
... conversion has consumed 2 moles of ATP and has thus been an energy drain on the cell. The glyceraldehyde-3-P is now oxidized to the corresponding acid. This reaction is one of the best understood examples of so-called substrate level phosphorylation (i.e. the synthesis of ATP which does not occur by ...
New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1992.
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.