enzyme structure
... received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his biochemical research and his discovery of cellfree fermentation". Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out. Typically, to generate the name of an enzyme, the suffix -ase is added to the name of its ...
... received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his biochemical research and his discovery of cellfree fermentation". Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out. Typically, to generate the name of an enzyme, the suffix -ase is added to the name of its ...
Overview of Aerobic Respiration
... Glycolysis starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells An energy investment of ATP starts glycolysis ...
... Glycolysis starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells An energy investment of ATP starts glycolysis ...
4.6 Fermentation
... 4.6 Fermentation Energy and Exercise Quick Energy 1. Cells contain only enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity 2. Then cells rely on lactic acid fermentation (can supply for about 90 seconds) 3. Lactic acid build-up causes burning in muscles. Only way to get rid of lactic acid is chemical ...
... 4.6 Fermentation Energy and Exercise Quick Energy 1. Cells contain only enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity 2. Then cells rely on lactic acid fermentation (can supply for about 90 seconds) 3. Lactic acid build-up causes burning in muscles. Only way to get rid of lactic acid is chemical ...
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)
... neutral or slightly acid pH and an anaerobic environment. The major products formed under these conditions are carbon dioxide and ethanol. The sequence of reactions involved in this pathway is presented in Figure 8-1. However, certain facets of the alcoholic fermentation of yeast bear additional con ...
... neutral or slightly acid pH and an anaerobic environment. The major products formed under these conditions are carbon dioxide and ethanol. The sequence of reactions involved in this pathway is presented in Figure 8-1. However, certain facets of the alcoholic fermentation of yeast bear additional con ...
cyt c - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
... electron pair from NADH to oxygen • 4 H+ flow back into matrix per ATP to cytosol • 10/4 = 2.5 for electrons entering as NADH • For electrons entering as succinate (FADH2), about 6 H+ pumped per electron pair to oxygen • 6/4 = 1.5 for electrons entering as succinate ...
... electron pair from NADH to oxygen • 4 H+ flow back into matrix per ATP to cytosol • 10/4 = 2.5 for electrons entering as NADH • For electrons entering as succinate (FADH2), about 6 H+ pumped per electron pair to oxygen • 6/4 = 1.5 for electrons entering as succinate ...
19-6-SA-V1-S1__mcq_a..
... loosely attached to the enzyme and can be separated by dialysis and is essential for enzyme action. 79. _________activity, It is defined as the amount of substrate the enzyme converts (reactions catalyzed), per mg protein in the enzyme preparation, per unit of time 86. This class of enzyme will carr ...
... loosely attached to the enzyme and can be separated by dialysis and is essential for enzyme action. 79. _________activity, It is defined as the amount of substrate the enzyme converts (reactions catalyzed), per mg protein in the enzyme preparation, per unit of time 86. This class of enzyme will carr ...
23 Metabolism and Energy Production
... How many of each are produced in one turn of the citric acid cycle? A ___ CO2 B. ___ NADH C. ___ FADH2 D. ___ GTP ...
... How many of each are produced in one turn of the citric acid cycle? A ___ CO2 B. ___ NADH C. ___ FADH2 D. ___ GTP ...
Enzymes
... A number of factors affect enzyme activity : T°C, pH, concentration, contact time with the substrate, trace metals, salt and salt ions, and oxidizing agents. enzymes in beverages can occur naturally in the ingredients used to formulate the beverage. Most fruits contain low levels of pectinase, and t ...
... A number of factors affect enzyme activity : T°C, pH, concentration, contact time with the substrate, trace metals, salt and salt ions, and oxidizing agents. enzymes in beverages can occur naturally in the ingredients used to formulate the beverage. Most fruits contain low levels of pectinase, and t ...
Microbial fermentation (Enzymology,metabolic pathways and
... Enzymes are usually sold based on the activity (u/ml or u/gm). If the efficiency of enzymes are considered, their cost, is based on active enzyme protein u/mg protein (specific activity). The commercial exploitation of enzymes range from high-volume but low cost (industrial enzymes) to low volum ...
... Enzymes are usually sold based on the activity (u/ml or u/gm). If the efficiency of enzymes are considered, their cost, is based on active enzyme protein u/mg protein (specific activity). The commercial exploitation of enzymes range from high-volume but low cost (industrial enzymes) to low volum ...
File
... Outline the process of glycolysis. one hexose sugar / glucose is converted to two 3-carbon compounds / pyruvate; at start 2 ATP are used / phosphorylation of glucose; net gain of 2 ATP / 4 ATP produced in total; ...
... Outline the process of glycolysis. one hexose sugar / glucose is converted to two 3-carbon compounds / pyruvate; at start 2 ATP are used / phosphorylation of glucose; net gain of 2 ATP / 4 ATP produced in total; ...
Biochem19_Aerobic Respiration
... • Mitochondria have their own genetic information (DNA). • They make their own ribosomes that are very similar to those of bacteria. • The DNA and ribosomes allow the mitochondria to synthesize their own proteins. • Mitochondria are self-replicating. They grow in size and divide to produce new mitoc ...
... • Mitochondria have their own genetic information (DNA). • They make their own ribosomes that are very similar to those of bacteria. • The DNA and ribosomes allow the mitochondria to synthesize their own proteins. • Mitochondria are self-replicating. They grow in size and divide to produce new mitoc ...
KEY Glycolysis True or false. If false, indicate why 1. ____F___
... 10. ___T____ ATP synthase requires H+ ions to operate 11. ____F___ The total amount of ATP produced by all cellular respiration activities is ~ 24 12. ___F____ Cellular respiration can be represented by: C6H12O6 + CO2 - O2 + H2O + energy 13. ____T___ Oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur in prokar ...
... 10. ___T____ ATP synthase requires H+ ions to operate 11. ____F___ The total amount of ATP produced by all cellular respiration activities is ~ 24 12. ___F____ Cellular respiration can be represented by: C6H12O6 + CO2 - O2 + H2O + energy 13. ____T___ Oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur in prokar ...
Coenzymes and Cofactors (PDF Available)
... not account for all of the types of catalytic reactions of enzymes. For example, an important class of enzymatic reactions are redox reactions, and in general protein functional groups are not suited to redox chemistry. One notable exception is cysteine, which can be oxidized by one electron per cys ...
... not account for all of the types of catalytic reactions of enzymes. For example, an important class of enzymatic reactions are redox reactions, and in general protein functional groups are not suited to redox chemistry. One notable exception is cysteine, which can be oxidized by one electron per cys ...
... of the product and indicate any other substrates and/or products (e.g. ATP) that are involved in this CH2OPO3 reaction. OR ii) Most of the key energy generating steps in the TCA cycle generate energy with an identical O biochemical mechanism. The substrate for one of these reactions, Pyruvate, is sh ...
Practice Cellular Respiration Test
... ____ 24. When glucose undergoes combustion in the presence of air, it releases heat rapidly. In ...
... ____ 24. When glucose undergoes combustion in the presence of air, it releases heat rapidly. In ...
Enzymes are macromolecules that help accelerate (catalyze
... forces that require close contact, a substrate must have a matching shape to fit into the site. However, the active site of some enzymes assume a shape that is complementary to that of the substrate only after the substrate is bound. This process of dynamic recognition is called induced fit. Enzymes ...
... forces that require close contact, a substrate must have a matching shape to fit into the site. However, the active site of some enzymes assume a shape that is complementary to that of the substrate only after the substrate is bound. This process of dynamic recognition is called induced fit. Enzymes ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... enolate anion intermediate. This is phosphorylated by phosphate transfer from GTP. A metal ion such as Mn++ is required, in addition to Mg++ associated with the nucleotide substrate. ...
... enolate anion intermediate. This is phosphorylated by phosphate transfer from GTP. A metal ion such as Mn++ is required, in addition to Mg++ associated with the nucleotide substrate. ...
Enzymes - CSUN Moodle
... • Kinetic mechanism: the order of binding of substrates and release of products • When two or more reactants are involved, enzyme kinetics allows to distinguish between different kinetic mechanisms – Sequential mechanism – Ping-Pong mechanism ...
... • Kinetic mechanism: the order of binding of substrates and release of products • When two or more reactants are involved, enzyme kinetics allows to distinguish between different kinetic mechanisms – Sequential mechanism – Ping-Pong mechanism ...
video slide - Northwest Florida State College
... Role of NADH and FADH2 a) Donate electrons to the electron transport chain a) FADH2 does not generate as much E because it is a lower energy level carrier b) Eventually powers ATP synthesis via oxidative ...
... Role of NADH and FADH2 a) Donate electrons to the electron transport chain a) FADH2 does not generate as much E because it is a lower energy level carrier b) Eventually powers ATP synthesis via oxidative ...
BIO 101 Worksheet Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
... 9. _______ATP is synthesized by a ATP synthase 10. _______ ATP synthase requires H+ ions to operate 11. _______ The total amount of ATP produced by all cellular respiration activities is ~ 24 12. _______ Cellular respiration can be represented by: C6H12O6 + CO2 - O2 + H2O + energy 13. _______ Oxida ...
... 9. _______ATP is synthesized by a ATP synthase 10. _______ ATP synthase requires H+ ions to operate 11. _______ The total amount of ATP produced by all cellular respiration activities is ~ 24 12. _______ Cellular respiration can be represented by: C6H12O6 + CO2 - O2 + H2O + energy 13. _______ Oxida ...
energy for
... Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increase ...
... Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increase ...
Enzyme and metabolic pathway lecture 2
... 65. For each 18 C fatty acid chain: Shows the first steps to determine the amount of ATP produced. 1) If you have an 18 carbon fatty acid chain, it will produce 9 acetyl coA (remember, each acetyl coA contains 2 carbons, so you divide 18/2 = 9. The acetyl coA in a fatty acid are linked by 9-1 bonds ...
... 65. For each 18 C fatty acid chain: Shows the first steps to determine the amount of ATP produced. 1) If you have an 18 carbon fatty acid chain, it will produce 9 acetyl coA (remember, each acetyl coA contains 2 carbons, so you divide 18/2 = 9. The acetyl coA in a fatty acid are linked by 9-1 bonds ...
active site
... There has to be a system for shutting down a metabolic pathway or the cell would not only be inefficient there would be chemical chaos. The pathways must be tightly controlled so only substances that are needed and the right amounts are produced. This is accomplished by two ways: gene regulation and ...
... There has to be a system for shutting down a metabolic pathway or the cell would not only be inefficient there would be chemical chaos. The pathways must be tightly controlled so only substances that are needed and the right amounts are produced. This is accomplished by two ways: gene regulation and ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.