Enzymes - دانشکده پزشکی
... • Little activity at low temperature (low number of collisions) • Rate increases with temperature (more successful collisions) – rate doubles for every 10°C increase in temperature • Most active at optimum temperatures (usually 37 C in humans) • Enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms display m ...
... • Little activity at low temperature (low number of collisions) • Rate increases with temperature (more successful collisions) – rate doubles for every 10°C increase in temperature • Most active at optimum temperatures (usually 37 C in humans) • Enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms display m ...
The Microbiological Degradation of Aromatic Compounds
... labile and difficult to separate; parts of this scheme are therefore still hypothetical. The corresponding ' diol ' intermediate has been isolated from cultures of naphthalene (Walker & Wiltshire, 1.953)and phenanthrene (Colla, Fiecchi & Treccani, 1959); evidence for its formation also exists in the ...
... labile and difficult to separate; parts of this scheme are therefore still hypothetical. The corresponding ' diol ' intermediate has been isolated from cultures of naphthalene (Walker & Wiltshire, 1.953)and phenanthrene (Colla, Fiecchi & Treccani, 1959); evidence for its formation also exists in the ...
Biochemistry - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... So now we have to go on in our further steps. This is the part (Refer Slide Time: 15:00) where we have the dithiol that undergoes oxidation and reduction. One important thing of this is this dithiol reacts with the lipoic acid with the lysine of the…Where is this lysine? It is present in E2 and thi ...
... So now we have to go on in our further steps. This is the part (Refer Slide Time: 15:00) where we have the dithiol that undergoes oxidation and reduction. One important thing of this is this dithiol reacts with the lipoic acid with the lysine of the…Where is this lysine? It is present in E2 and thi ...
Cellular Respiration
... matrix where they are converted into 2 Acetyl CoA (C2). Multienzyme complex: – 1st: each Pyruvate releases CO2 to form Acetate. – 2nd: Acetate is oxidized and gives electrons and H+ ions to 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH. – 3rd Acetate is combined with Coenzyme A to produce 2 Acetyl CoA molecules. ...
... matrix where they are converted into 2 Acetyl CoA (C2). Multienzyme complex: – 1st: each Pyruvate releases CO2 to form Acetate. – 2nd: Acetate is oxidized and gives electrons and H+ ions to 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH. – 3rd Acetate is combined with Coenzyme A to produce 2 Acetyl CoA molecules. ...
What are enzymes?
... catalyst, you have to put up with a bundle of side effects because chemicals are non-specific. The chemicals will do their thing to whatever they come across. When an enzyme does the job, there are no side effects. For instance, when enzymes transform starch into sugar, you can be sure that that is ...
... catalyst, you have to put up with a bundle of side effects because chemicals are non-specific. The chemicals will do their thing to whatever they come across. When an enzyme does the job, there are no side effects. For instance, when enzymes transform starch into sugar, you can be sure that that is ...
Enzymes
... Loosely associated coenzymes are more like cosubstrates because they bind to and are released from the enzyme just as substrates and products are. The use of the same coenzyme by a variety of enzymes and their source in vitamins sets coenzymes apart from normal substrates, however. Enzymes that use ...
... Loosely associated coenzymes are more like cosubstrates because they bind to and are released from the enzyme just as substrates and products are. The use of the same coenzyme by a variety of enzymes and their source in vitamins sets coenzymes apart from normal substrates, however. Enzymes that use ...
23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle
... 23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that connects the intermediate acetyl CoA from the catabolic pathways in stage 2 with electron transport and the synthesis of ATP in stage 3. Learning Goal Describe the oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle. Genera ...
... 23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that connects the intermediate acetyl CoA from the catabolic pathways in stage 2 with electron transport and the synthesis of ATP in stage 3. Learning Goal Describe the oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle. Genera ...
File
... Creatine phosphate breaks down to release energy and phosphate that is used to convert ADP to ATP at a fast rate. This system can only support strenuous muscle activity for around 10 seconds, when the creatine phosphate supply runs out. It is restored when energy demands are low. Lactic acid metabol ...
... Creatine phosphate breaks down to release energy and phosphate that is used to convert ADP to ATP at a fast rate. This system can only support strenuous muscle activity for around 10 seconds, when the creatine phosphate supply runs out. It is restored when energy demands are low. Lactic acid metabol ...
Activated Sugar Precursors: Biosynthetic Pathways and Biological
... intermediate G6P by the enzyme activity phosphoglucomutase (Pgm; EC 5.4.2.2) (MehraChaudhary et al., 2011). The glycolysis intermediate F6P is also of central importance in sugar nucleotides biosynthesis. The vast majority of sugar nucleotides can be synthesised by living organism using either G1P o ...
... intermediate G6P by the enzyme activity phosphoglucomutase (Pgm; EC 5.4.2.2) (MehraChaudhary et al., 2011). The glycolysis intermediate F6P is also of central importance in sugar nucleotides biosynthesis. The vast majority of sugar nucleotides can be synthesised by living organism using either G1P o ...
Energy Transformation — Cellular Respiration
... When physicians recognized that the breakdown of fats released ketone bodies, they were able to diagnose diseases such as diabetes and anorexia more easily, because people with these illnesses have bad breath. In starvation and severe diabetes mellitus, the body does not metabolize sugars properly, ...
... When physicians recognized that the breakdown of fats released ketone bodies, they were able to diagnose diseases such as diabetes and anorexia more easily, because people with these illnesses have bad breath. In starvation and severe diabetes mellitus, the body does not metabolize sugars properly, ...
Modified and Modifying Enzymes
... performs the same or similar function of another enzyme. This generally arises due to similar but different genes encoding these enzymes and frequently is tissue-type specific or dependent on the growth or developmental ...
... performs the same or similar function of another enzyme. This generally arises due to similar but different genes encoding these enzymes and frequently is tissue-type specific or dependent on the growth or developmental ...
Concept 3.1 Nucleic Acids Are Informational
... • 1st: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed (energy of the universe is constant) • 2nd: every energy transfer of transformation makes the universe more disordered (every process increases the entropy of the universe) • Entropy: quantitative measure of diso ...
... • 1st: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed (energy of the universe is constant) • 2nd: every energy transfer of transformation makes the universe more disordered (every process increases the entropy of the universe) • Entropy: quantitative measure of diso ...
Design a Kid
... Horizontal (H-H or H-h) Upward slant (h-h) Determine eye color: Dark eyes are dominant over light. Darker eyes are produced in the presence of more active alleles. In this situation, the large letters (A or B) represent alleles which are active in depositing dark pigment. Small letters (a and b) rep ...
... Horizontal (H-H or H-h) Upward slant (h-h) Determine eye color: Dark eyes are dominant over light. Darker eyes are produced in the presence of more active alleles. In this situation, the large letters (A or B) represent alleles which are active in depositing dark pigment. Small letters (a and b) rep ...
11A
... 1. What are Light-Independent Reaction often called? 2. Why is there a need to go on with Light – Independent reactions? Why not stop with the Light –Dependant Reactions since ATP and NADPH are energy carrying molecules? 3. Where does the Carbon Dioxide come from? What will happen to it and what wi ...
... 1. What are Light-Independent Reaction often called? 2. Why is there a need to go on with Light – Independent reactions? Why not stop with the Light –Dependant Reactions since ATP and NADPH are energy carrying molecules? 3. Where does the Carbon Dioxide come from? What will happen to it and what wi ...
檔案下載
... – An integral protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane (the other enzymes are in the matrix) •Directly associated with the electron-transport chain ...
... – An integral protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane (the other enzymes are in the matrix) •Directly associated with the electron-transport chain ...
Honors Enzyme reading
... The substrate molecule normally does not fit exactly in the active site. This induces a change in the enzymes conformation (shape) to make a closer fit. In reactions that involve breaking bonds, the inexact fit puts stress on certain bonds of the substrate. This lowers the amount of energy needed to ...
... The substrate molecule normally does not fit exactly in the active site. This induces a change in the enzymes conformation (shape) to make a closer fit. In reactions that involve breaking bonds, the inexact fit puts stress on certain bonds of the substrate. This lowers the amount of energy needed to ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy
... Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single step that transfers all the hydrogen in the fuel to oxygen at one time. o Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. ...
... Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single step that transfers all the hydrogen in the fuel to oxygen at one time. o Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. ...
(Enzymes Lecture Notes).
... substrate, and chemically so different that it cannot bind to active site. How does E shut down Enzyme 1? 5. Enz 1 is a special type of enzyme called an allosteric enzyme. It causes feedback inhibition. Allosteric enzymes contains two distinct subunits, one with active site (binds substrate A and ca ...
... substrate, and chemically so different that it cannot bind to active site. How does E shut down Enzyme 1? 5. Enz 1 is a special type of enzyme called an allosteric enzyme. It causes feedback inhibition. Allosteric enzymes contains two distinct subunits, one with active site (binds substrate A and ca ...
Enzyme Article
... catalyst, you have to put up with a bundle of side effects because chemicals are non-specific. The chemicals will do their thing to whatever they come across. When an enzyme does the job, there ...
... catalyst, you have to put up with a bundle of side effects because chemicals are non-specific. The chemicals will do their thing to whatever they come across. When an enzyme does the job, there ...
File
... • At least 25 selenoproteins have been identified, but the metabolic functions have been identified for only about one-half of them ...
... • At least 25 selenoproteins have been identified, but the metabolic functions have been identified for only about one-half of them ...
Lecture 28 - Citrate Cycle
... of cellular metabolism because it not only links the oxidation of metabolic fuels (carbohydrate, fatty acids and proteins) to ATP synthesis, but it also provides shared metabolites for numerous other metabolic pathways. ...
... of cellular metabolism because it not only links the oxidation of metabolic fuels (carbohydrate, fatty acids and proteins) to ATP synthesis, but it also provides shared metabolites for numerous other metabolic pathways. ...
BIOTRANSFORMATION
... • These reactions usually involves covalent attachments of small polar endogenous molecules such as Glucoronic acid, Sulfate, Glycine to either unchanged drugs or Phase I product having suitable functional groups as COOH,-OH,-NH2,- SH. • Thus is called as Conjugation reactions. • Since the product f ...
... • These reactions usually involves covalent attachments of small polar endogenous molecules such as Glucoronic acid, Sulfate, Glycine to either unchanged drugs or Phase I product having suitable functional groups as COOH,-OH,-NH2,- SH. • Thus is called as Conjugation reactions. • Since the product f ...
enzymology
... This type of control in cells is exercised at the gene level. If the gene for that enzyme is activated then enzyme synthesis takes place and the process is called enzyme induction. On the contrary, if enzyme synthesis is inhibited it is called repression. This type of control mechanism is operative ...
... This type of control in cells is exercised at the gene level. If the gene for that enzyme is activated then enzyme synthesis takes place and the process is called enzyme induction. On the contrary, if enzyme synthesis is inhibited it is called repression. This type of control mechanism is operative ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.