Glycolysis 1
... The second of two substrate level phosphorylation reactions in glycolysis that couples energy released from phosphate hydrolysis (∆Gº’ = -62 kJ/mol) to that of ATP synthesis (∆Gº’ = +30.5 kJ/mol). Unlike phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate is a stable compound in cells that is utilized by many other metab ...
... The second of two substrate level phosphorylation reactions in glycolysis that couples energy released from phosphate hydrolysis (∆Gº’ = -62 kJ/mol) to that of ATP synthesis (∆Gº’ = +30.5 kJ/mol). Unlike phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate is a stable compound in cells that is utilized by many other metab ...
AMINOACID METABOLISM
... Thus GLUTAMATE serves as ‘COLLECTION CENTRE’ for amino groups in the biological system. GDH can utilise NAD or NADP. * This reaction is important as it reversibly links glutamate metabolism with TCA CYCLE through α Ketoglutarate. GDH – regulated allosterically – GTP & ATP inhibits & viceversa ...
... Thus GLUTAMATE serves as ‘COLLECTION CENTRE’ for amino groups in the biological system. GDH can utilise NAD or NADP. * This reaction is important as it reversibly links glutamate metabolism with TCA CYCLE through α Ketoglutarate. GDH – regulated allosterically – GTP & ATP inhibits & viceversa ...
Muscle
... • AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the cellular energy sensor • Metabolic inputs to this sensor determine whether its output (protein kinase activity) takes place • The competition between ATP (inactivate) and AMP (activate) for binding to the AMPK allosteric sites determines the activity of A ...
... • AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the cellular energy sensor • Metabolic inputs to this sensor determine whether its output (protein kinase activity) takes place • The competition between ATP (inactivate) and AMP (activate) for binding to the AMPK allosteric sites determines the activity of A ...
CHAPTER 6
... • A membrane-bound enzyme that is actually part of the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway • FAD is covalently bound to the enzyme ...
... • A membrane-bound enzyme that is actually part of the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway • FAD is covalently bound to the enzyme ...
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
... NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM Mark Rush Nucleotides serve various metabolic functions. For example, they are: ...
... NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM Mark Rush Nucleotides serve various metabolic functions. For example, they are: ...
Pyruvate Metabolism
... acids or carbohydrates. This means that the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is an important step, and must be tightly controlled. On the other hand, the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ...
... acids or carbohydrates. This means that the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is an important step, and must be tightly controlled. On the other hand, the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... by NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... by NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Chapter 4 General metabolism
... pyruvate bypass that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA through the concerted action of pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA synthetase (Figure 4.3). These reactions followed by transport of the formed acetyl CoA to the mitochondria could in principle “by-pass” the act ...
... pyruvate bypass that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA through the concerted action of pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA synthetase (Figure 4.3). These reactions followed by transport of the formed acetyl CoA to the mitochondria could in principle “by-pass” the act ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Getting energy to make atp
... lactic acid and 2 ATP Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells resulting in burning and fatigue Eventually lactic acid is sent to liver and converted back to pyruvic acid ...
... lactic acid and 2 ATP Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells resulting in burning and fatigue Eventually lactic acid is sent to liver and converted back to pyruvic acid ...
What Is the Chemical Logic of the TCA Cycle?
... • A membrane-bound enzyme that is actually part of the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway ...
... • A membrane-bound enzyme that is actually part of the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway ...
Answers to Mastering Concepts Questions
... 5. At what point does O2 enter the energy pathways of aerobic respiration? What is the role of O2? Why does respiration stop if a person cannot breathe? Why would a cell die if it could not make ATP? O2 enters the energy pathways at the electron transport chain; it is the final electron acceptor. C ...
... 5. At what point does O2 enter the energy pathways of aerobic respiration? What is the role of O2? Why does respiration stop if a person cannot breathe? Why would a cell die if it could not make ATP? O2 enters the energy pathways at the electron transport chain; it is the final electron acceptor. C ...
enzyme names end in “ase”
... key, where the lock is complimentary to the key. As the E and S bind, they form the EnzymeSubstrate complex (ES). This is an intermediate in the reaction that will cause S to be changed into a product (P). The enzyme acts as a sort of scaffold, holding the substrate so that one specific reaction may ...
... key, where the lock is complimentary to the key. As the E and S bind, they form the EnzymeSubstrate complex (ES). This is an intermediate in the reaction that will cause S to be changed into a product (P). The enzyme acts as a sort of scaffold, holding the substrate so that one specific reaction may ...
A1981MS54300001
... my own head, but Towers, somewhat more altruistically, hoped that such a review would prove useful to others too. "It seemed that PAL was a logical candidate to be a control enzyme for phenylpropanoid metabolism, but among the difficulties with this hypothesis was the extreme variability of enzyme a ...
... my own head, but Towers, somewhat more altruistically, hoped that such a review would prove useful to others too. "It seemed that PAL was a logical candidate to be a control enzyme for phenylpropanoid metabolism, but among the difficulties with this hypothesis was the extreme variability of enzyme a ...
Answers - U of L Class Index
... The enzymes in glycolysis that are also used in their reverse directions for gluconeogenesis are phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerokinase, phosphoglyceromutase, and enolase. ...
... The enzymes in glycolysis that are also used in their reverse directions for gluconeogenesis are phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerokinase, phosphoglyceromutase, and enolase. ...
Acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... and is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions, acetyl coenzyme A is formed in the mitochondria by the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA ...
... and is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions, acetyl coenzyme A is formed in the mitochondria by the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA ...
Swamp Thing
... itself mixed with other chemicals. So there are limits to their usefulness. Enter the thing from the swamp. What is an Enzyme?2 Enzymes are catalysts made by living organisms. There are thousands of different chemical reactions taking place in living things and almost every reaction has its own asso ...
... itself mixed with other chemicals. So there are limits to their usefulness. Enter the thing from the swamp. What is an Enzyme?2 Enzymes are catalysts made by living organisms. There are thousands of different chemical reactions taking place in living things and almost every reaction has its own asso ...
Chapter 10 Enzymes - Angelo State University
... Sulfa drugs such as sulfanilamide are similar in structure to paminobenzoic acid (PABA), which bacteria need to build folic acid in order to grow. Sulfanilamide blocks PABA from fitting into the active site of the enzyme which builds folic acid, causing the bacteria to eventually die. Since humans o ...
... Sulfa drugs such as sulfanilamide are similar in structure to paminobenzoic acid (PABA), which bacteria need to build folic acid in order to grow. Sulfanilamide blocks PABA from fitting into the active site of the enzyme which builds folic acid, causing the bacteria to eventually die. Since humans o ...
Respiration in Plants
... anaerobic conditions results in pyruvic acid converted to CO2 and ethanol. The enzymes, pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyse these reactions. Other organisms like some bacteria produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid. The steps involved are: ...
... anaerobic conditions results in pyruvic acid converted to CO2 and ethanol. The enzymes, pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyse these reactions. Other organisms like some bacteria produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid. The steps involved are: ...
Lipids lecture(6) by Prof.Dr.Moaed Al
... o intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) - contain endogenous cholesterol esters, which are taken up by liver cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and converted to ...
... o intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) - contain endogenous cholesterol esters, which are taken up by liver cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and converted to ...
1. What are enzymes? Be able to describe the chemical nature of
... activity; a metal ion or a coenzyme. ...
... activity; a metal ion or a coenzyme. ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis - University of San Diego Home
... Glycolytic endpoints -‐ depending on which cell and conditions, glucose metabolism results in the production of ethanol, lactate and CO2, H2O via pyruvate • This is the predominate fate of glucose in mamm ...
... Glycolytic endpoints -‐ depending on which cell and conditions, glucose metabolism results in the production of ethanol, lactate and CO2, H2O via pyruvate • This is the predominate fate of glucose in mamm ...
Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism Gluconeogenesis
... In fed state, glucose → glycogen and acetyl-CoA (fatty acid biosynthesis and fat storage) In fasted state, glycogen and protein → glucose Pathways are controlled by allosteric effectors and covalent modifications (hormonal control) of: hexokinase glucose-6-phosphatase phosphofructokinase-2/fructose- ...
... In fed state, glucose → glycogen and acetyl-CoA (fatty acid biosynthesis and fat storage) In fasted state, glycogen and protein → glucose Pathways are controlled by allosteric effectors and covalent modifications (hormonal control) of: hexokinase glucose-6-phosphatase phosphofructokinase-2/fructose- ...
GLYCOLYSIS (1).
... metabolism, and is also the main pathway for the metabolism of fructose, galactose and other CHO derived from the diet. • Glycolysis of glucose to provide ATP anaerobically is especially important, because skeletal muscles can perform under anoxic conditions. • Cardiac muscles have low glycolytic ac ...
... metabolism, and is also the main pathway for the metabolism of fructose, galactose and other CHO derived from the diet. • Glycolysis of glucose to provide ATP anaerobically is especially important, because skeletal muscles can perform under anoxic conditions. • Cardiac muscles have low glycolytic ac ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... metabolism, and is also the main pathway for the metabolism of fructose, galactose and other CHO derived from the diet. • Glycolysis of glucose to provide ATP anaerobically is especially important, because skeletal muscles can perform under anoxic conditions. • Cardiac muscles have low glycolytic ac ...
... metabolism, and is also the main pathway for the metabolism of fructose, galactose and other CHO derived from the diet. • Glycolysis of glucose to provide ATP anaerobically is especially important, because skeletal muscles can perform under anoxic conditions. • Cardiac muscles have low glycolytic ac ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.