H +
... enters glycolysis; fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle ...
... enters glycolysis; fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle ...
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... Tetrahydrofolate is a versatile carrier of one carbon units. It consists of 3 groups. A pteridine, an amino benzoate and a chain of one or more glutamate residues. Mammals can synthesize all three components but lack the enzymes that conjugate them together. Microorganisms do contain the necessary c ...
... Tetrahydrofolate is a versatile carrier of one carbon units. It consists of 3 groups. A pteridine, an amino benzoate and a chain of one or more glutamate residues. Mammals can synthesize all three components but lack the enzymes that conjugate them together. Microorganisms do contain the necessary c ...
File
... • Steps 3–4: Oxidative decarboxylations to give 2 NADH • Step 5: Substrate-level phosphorylation to give GTP • Step 6: Dehydrogenation to give reduced FADH2 • Step 7: Hydration • Step 8: Dehydrogenation to give NADH ...
... • Steps 3–4: Oxidative decarboxylations to give 2 NADH • Step 5: Substrate-level phosphorylation to give GTP • Step 6: Dehydrogenation to give reduced FADH2 • Step 7: Hydration • Step 8: Dehydrogenation to give NADH ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
Kreb`s Cycle - robertschem
... 14. Why is FAD used instead of NAD+? At one step of Krebs cycle, succinate is oxidized to become fumarate with the help of FAD. The energy involved succinate-fumarate reaction does not allow NAD+ to be reduced sufficiently. FAD is lower-energy and is able to help oxidize succinate in the process (an ...
... 14. Why is FAD used instead of NAD+? At one step of Krebs cycle, succinate is oxidized to become fumarate with the help of FAD. The energy involved succinate-fumarate reaction does not allow NAD+ to be reduced sufficiently. FAD is lower-energy and is able to help oxidize succinate in the process (an ...
ppt - 3.LF UK 2015
... The figure is found at: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/c11x11enzyme-cascade.jpg (December 2006) ...
... The figure is found at: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/c11x11enzyme-cascade.jpg (December 2006) ...
Flux distributions in anaerobic, glucose-limited
... of the set of mass balances cannot be determined. A typical singularity appears when the three reactions of ammonia assimilation catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase 11, glutamine synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) all are included in the stoichiometric matrix. Singularities can only be ...
... of the set of mass balances cannot be determined. A typical singularity appears when the three reactions of ammonia assimilation catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase 11, glutamine synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) all are included in the stoichiometric matrix. Singularities can only be ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
apbio ch 9 study guide
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
... In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH). In the electron transport chain, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions to for ...
Chapter 6
... – The citric acid cycle: • Extracts the energy of sugar by breaking the acetic acid molecules all the way down to CO2 • Uses some of this energy to make ATP • Forms NADH and FADH2 Laua Coronado ...
... – The citric acid cycle: • Extracts the energy of sugar by breaking the acetic acid molecules all the way down to CO2 • Uses some of this energy to make ATP • Forms NADH and FADH2 Laua Coronado ...
Bio II Elodea Lab: Photosynthesis and Cellular
... electrons from the reduced NADH and FADH2 and creates a ___________gradient across the membrane. For each electron pair passing down the chain from NADH, enough force is generated to produce ________ ATPs. Since it donates electrons electrons at a lower energy level, FADH2 is worth only_______ ATPs. ...
... electrons from the reduced NADH and FADH2 and creates a ___________gradient across the membrane. For each electron pair passing down the chain from NADH, enough force is generated to produce ________ ATPs. Since it donates electrons electrons at a lower energy level, FADH2 is worth only_______ ATPs. ...
Citric acid cycle
... phosphorylation: 2 net ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from the citric acid cycle. • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... phosphorylation: 2 net ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from the citric acid cycle. • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
Enzymes are Most Effective at Optimal Conditions
... role in various enzyme activities. This is because a higher concentration of substrate means it takes less time for substrate molecules to collide with the active site of the enzyme and the reaction rate increases (fig. 2b). Whereas, a low concentration of substrate means it takes longer for substra ...
... role in various enzyme activities. This is because a higher concentration of substrate means it takes less time for substrate molecules to collide with the active site of the enzyme and the reaction rate increases (fig. 2b). Whereas, a low concentration of substrate means it takes longer for substra ...
09_Lectures_PPT
... • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP ...
... • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP ...
09_Lectures_PPT
... • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP ...
... • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 23: Phospholipid Biosynthesis
... The activation process and activated product is exactly analogous to the formation of UDP-glucose as an activated glucose donor. The substrate phosphate ester displaces pyrophosphate (PPi). PPi concentration is kept very low because it is immediately broken down by pyrophosphatase, and this low prod ...
... The activation process and activated product is exactly analogous to the formation of UDP-glucose as an activated glucose donor. The substrate phosphate ester displaces pyrophosphate (PPi). PPi concentration is kept very low because it is immediately broken down by pyrophosphatase, and this low prod ...
pharmaceutical biochemistry
... compounds (lactate, glucoplastic amino acids, glycerol and propionic acid). Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are not identical pathways running in opposite directions, although they do share reversible steps. However, three reactions of glycolysis are irreversible and cannot be used in gluconeogenesis ...
... compounds (lactate, glucoplastic amino acids, glycerol and propionic acid). Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are not identical pathways running in opposite directions, although they do share reversible steps. However, three reactions of glycolysis are irreversible and cannot be used in gluconeogenesis ...
File - Mrs. LeCompte
... o FADH2 drops its e-s off at a different carrier after the first one, so its electrons only pass through two of the pumps. o When each of these three pick up the electrons, they pump a H+ out of the matrix (LOW [H+]) to the intermembrane space (HIGH [H+]). o This creates a proton gradient, which is ...
... o FADH2 drops its e-s off at a different carrier after the first one, so its electrons only pass through two of the pumps. o When each of these three pick up the electrons, they pump a H+ out of the matrix (LOW [H+]) to the intermembrane space (HIGH [H+]). o This creates a proton gradient, which is ...
Ch6
... Components of Metabolic Pathways Role of Electron Carriers • Energy harvested in stepwise process • Electrons transferred to electron carriers, which represent reducing power (easily transfer electrons to molecules) – Raise energy level of recipient molecule • NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH ...
... Components of Metabolic Pathways Role of Electron Carriers • Energy harvested in stepwise process • Electrons transferred to electron carriers, which represent reducing power (easily transfer electrons to molecules) – Raise energy level of recipient molecule • NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH ...
Water and macromolecules
... FIGURE 2.11. Deoxyribose, N-acetyl glucosamine and mannose-6-phosphate are modified sugars. ...
... FIGURE 2.11. Deoxyribose, N-acetyl glucosamine and mannose-6-phosphate are modified sugars. ...
Enzymes Review Game with Answers 2014 2015
... B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions. C) Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzym ...
... B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions. C) Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzym ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.