Download Water and macromolecules

FIGURE 2.1. Water is a polar molecule, while the chlorine molecule is nonpolar.
FIGURE 2.2. Formation of sodium chloride, an ionic compound.
FIGURE 2.3. (A) Structure of the nonpolar compound octane. (B) Ionic compounds
are insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
FIGURE 2.4. Ionic compounds dissolve readily in water, forming hydrated ions.
FIGURE 2.5. Acid sand bases, respectively, give up and accept H+ when dissolved
in water.
UNFIGURE 2.1.
FIGURE 2.6. The hydrogen bond.
FIGURE 2.7. Glucose, a monosaccharide, easily switches between three isomers.
FIGURE 2.8. Some mono saccharides, each shown as a common isomer.
FIGURE 2.9. The disaccharide lactose.
FIGURE 2.10. The polysaccharides glycogen and cellulose.
FIGURE 2.11. Deoxyribose, N-acetyl glucosamine and mannose-6-phosphate are
modified sugars.
FIGURE 2.12. A nucleoside comprises a base and a ribose; a nucleotide comprises
a nucleoside plus phosphate.
FIGURE 2.13. Seven bases found in nucleosides.
FIGURE 2.14. Phosphate groups can attach to hydroxyl groups or to other
phosphate groups.
FIGURE 2.15. Inositol trisphosphate, a multiply phosphorylated polyalcohol.
FIGURE 2.16. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is formed of two nucleotides
joined via their phosphate groups. The reduced form, NADH(A), is a strong reducing
agent and energy currency. The oxidized form, NAD+, is shown in (B).
FIGURE 2.17. The reversible reduction of pyruvate to lactate.
FIGURE 2.18. Amino acids and the peptide bond.
FIGURE 2.19. Oleic acid, oleate, and glycerol.
FIGURE 2.20. Glycerides and the lipid bilayer.
FIGURE 2.21. Hydrolysis is the breaking of covalent bonds by the addition of the
elements of water.
FIGURE 2.22. Hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
UNFIGURE 2.2.
UNFIGURE 2.3.