Oxidation
... Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form of energy for most organisms. • Hydrocarbon chains are a highly reduced form of carbon. • The energy yield per gram of fatty acid oxidized is greater than that per gram of carbohydrate oxidized. Energy Energy ...
... Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form of energy for most organisms. • Hydrocarbon chains are a highly reduced form of carbon. • The energy yield per gram of fatty acid oxidized is greater than that per gram of carbohydrate oxidized. Energy Energy ...
General Metabolism II - Illinois Institute of Technology
... NAD+ and NADH (and NADP+ and NADPH) Wavelength have extended aromatic systems But the nicotinamide ring absorbs strongly at 340 only in the reduced (NADH, NADPH) forms Spectrum is almost pH-independent, too! So we can monitor NAD and NADPdependent reactions by appearance or disappearance of absorpti ...
... NAD+ and NADH (and NADP+ and NADPH) Wavelength have extended aromatic systems But the nicotinamide ring absorbs strongly at 340 only in the reduced (NADH, NADPH) forms Spectrum is almost pH-independent, too! So we can monitor NAD and NADPdependent reactions by appearance or disappearance of absorpti ...
Chapter 5- Enzymes
... C. It speeds up a particular reaction D. It occurs in only one type of cell ...
... C. It speeds up a particular reaction D. It occurs in only one type of cell ...
20 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... Fig. 20.4. One-electron steps in the reduction of FAD. When FAD and FMN accept single electrons, they are converted to the half-reduced semiquinone, a semistable free radical form. They can also accept two electrons to form the fully reduced form, FADH2. However, in most dehydrogenases, FADH2 is nev ...
... Fig. 20.4. One-electron steps in the reduction of FAD. When FAD and FMN accept single electrons, they are converted to the half-reduced semiquinone, a semistable free radical form. They can also accept two electrons to form the fully reduced form, FADH2. However, in most dehydrogenases, FADH2 is nev ...
The Acid End-products of Glucose Metabolism of Oral
... in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate. It could be that the other strains were impermeable to 2oxoglutarate but the enzyme assays and the results of the experiment with radioactively labelled substrates suggest this is due to an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle. The probable pathway in haemophili is ...
... in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate. It could be that the other strains were impermeable to 2oxoglutarate but the enzyme assays and the results of the experiment with radioactively labelled substrates suggest this is due to an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle. The probable pathway in haemophili is ...
Bio 6B Lecture Slides - R1
... to another by means of ATP. • Catabolic pathway (catabolism): breaking down of macromolecules. Releases energy which may be used to produce ATP. • Anabolic pathway (anabolism): building up of macromolecules. Requires energy from ATP. • Metabolism: the balance of catabolism and anabolism in the body. ...
... to another by means of ATP. • Catabolic pathway (catabolism): breaking down of macromolecules. Releases energy which may be used to produce ATP. • Anabolic pathway (anabolism): building up of macromolecules. Requires energy from ATP. • Metabolism: the balance of catabolism and anabolism in the body. ...
03. Metabolism of lipids
... • Number of turns of fatty acid spiral = 8-1 = 7 turns • ATP from fatty acid spiral = 7 turns and 5 per turn = 35 ATP. ...
... • Number of turns of fatty acid spiral = 8-1 = 7 turns • ATP from fatty acid spiral = 7 turns and 5 per turn = 35 ATP. ...
Cellular Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy
... Oxidation and reduction always occur together: As one material is oxidized, the electrons it loses are transferred to another material, reducing that material. In a redox reaction, we call the reactant that becomes reduced an oxidizing agent and the one that becomes oxidized a reducing agent (Figure ...
... Oxidation and reduction always occur together: As one material is oxidized, the electrons it loses are transferred to another material, reducing that material. In a redox reaction, we call the reactant that becomes reduced an oxidizing agent and the one that becomes oxidized a reducing agent (Figure ...
Glycolysis
... - Pyruvate: enters the mitochondria & is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to yield energy in the form of ATP - NADH: utilizes mitochondria & oxygen to yield energy 2- In cells with no mitochondria or adequate oxygen (or Both) (Anaerobic glycolysis) Lactate ...
... - Pyruvate: enters the mitochondria & is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to yield energy in the form of ATP - NADH: utilizes mitochondria & oxygen to yield energy 2- In cells with no mitochondria or adequate oxygen (or Both) (Anaerobic glycolysis) Lactate ...
Key enzymes in glycolysis
... - Pyruvate: enters the mitochondria & is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to yield energy in the form of ATP - NADH: utilizes mitochondria & oxygen to yield energy 2- In cells with no mitochondria or adequate oxygen (or Both) (Anaerobic glycolysis) Lactate ...
... - Pyruvate: enters the mitochondria & is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to yield energy in the form of ATP - NADH: utilizes mitochondria & oxygen to yield energy 2- In cells with no mitochondria or adequate oxygen (or Both) (Anaerobic glycolysis) Lactate ...
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... feedback. Enzymes that are subject to this form of regulation are often multimeric and have allosteric binding sites for regulatory substances. Their substrate/velocity plots are not hyperbolar, but sigmoidal (S-shaped). ...
... feedback. Enzymes that are subject to this form of regulation are often multimeric and have allosteric binding sites for regulatory substances. Their substrate/velocity plots are not hyperbolar, but sigmoidal (S-shaped). ...
Glycolysis and the Catabolism of Hexoses
... • The phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the direct transfer of the anhydride phosphate in 1,3-BPG to an ADP to generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. • The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of ...
... • The phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the direct transfer of the anhydride phosphate in 1,3-BPG to an ADP to generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. • The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... leads to the generation of about 2.5 ATP, and FADH2 of about 1.5 ATP. • Overall efficiency of energy conservation is about 34% using the free energy changes under standard conditions and about 65% using actual free energy changes in cells. ...
... leads to the generation of about 2.5 ATP, and FADH2 of about 1.5 ATP. • Overall efficiency of energy conservation is about 34% using the free energy changes under standard conditions and about 65% using actual free energy changes in cells. ...
Cellular respiration
... • Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme. • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent d ...
... • Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme. • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent d ...
Lecture: 28 TRANSAMINATION, DEAMINATION AND
... Protein metabolism is a key physiological process in all forms of life. Proteins are converted to amino acids and then catabolised. The complete hydrolysis of a polypeptide requires mixture of peptidases because individual peptidases do not cleave all peptide bonds. ...
... Protein metabolism is a key physiological process in all forms of life. Proteins are converted to amino acids and then catabolised. The complete hydrolysis of a polypeptide requires mixture of peptidases because individual peptidases do not cleave all peptide bonds. ...
ADP
... Glurose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first key enzyme for the pathway. All hydrogen atoms coming from two times of dehydrogenation are accepted by NADP+ to generate NADPH + H+ Ribose-5-phosphate is a very important intermediate molecule during the pentose phosphate pathway. ...
... Glurose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first key enzyme for the pathway. All hydrogen atoms coming from two times of dehydrogenation are accepted by NADP+ to generate NADPH + H+ Ribose-5-phosphate is a very important intermediate molecule during the pentose phosphate pathway. ...
Exploration Activity: Enzymes
... also be able to demonstrate the impact of changes in HEAT and/or pH on enzyme function. 2. Prepare a 2 to 3 minute oral presentation describing how your model demonstrates both possible explanations of how enzymes interact with substrates and how heat and pH impact your enzyme’s function. 3. Present ...
... also be able to demonstrate the impact of changes in HEAT and/or pH on enzyme function. 2. Prepare a 2 to 3 minute oral presentation describing how your model demonstrates both possible explanations of how enzymes interact with substrates and how heat and pH impact your enzyme’s function. 3. Present ...
Detoxikace endogenních a exogenních látek
... Val, Leu, Ile and incorporate nitrogen into Gln, Ala Gln, Ala and other AA carry nitrogen to the liver, kidney, gut, and cells with rapid turnover rate (leukocytes) for biosyntheses (Nt), oxidation, or synthesis of glucose and ketone bodies The unused nitrogen is carried as Ala to the liver to the u ...
... Val, Leu, Ile and incorporate nitrogen into Gln, Ala Gln, Ala and other AA carry nitrogen to the liver, kidney, gut, and cells with rapid turnover rate (leukocytes) for biosyntheses (Nt), oxidation, or synthesis of glucose and ketone bodies The unused nitrogen is carried as Ala to the liver to the u ...
Enzyme Kinetics Lab
... The Enzyme Kinetics Lab Without enzymes, the dynamic steady state called “you” would quickly cease to exist. Reactions simply would not proceed fast enough for the body to process food, send signals among brain cells, make muscles contract, and do everything else to stay alive. Enzymes are a class o ...
... The Enzyme Kinetics Lab Without enzymes, the dynamic steady state called “you” would quickly cease to exist. Reactions simply would not proceed fast enough for the body to process food, send signals among brain cells, make muscles contract, and do everything else to stay alive. Enzymes are a class o ...
Lecture Eighteen - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... denitrificans) that entered into an endosymbiotic association with the ancestors of eukaryotes Now unable to live independently since most of their proteins are synthesised by nuclear genes However mitochondria retain their own DNA and transcription and translation machinery, which resembles the ...
... denitrificans) that entered into an endosymbiotic association with the ancestors of eukaryotes Now unable to live independently since most of their proteins are synthesised by nuclear genes However mitochondria retain their own DNA and transcription and translation machinery, which resembles the ...
medbiochem exam 1, 2000
... glucose + Pi ---------> glucose 6 phosphate + H20 Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The reaction is thermodynamically favored. B. The reaction is an exothermic reaction. C. The substrates are favored over product. D. The actual change in free energy would be -3.3Kcal/mole. 24. When oxida ...
... glucose + Pi ---------> glucose 6 phosphate + H20 Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The reaction is thermodynamically favored. B. The reaction is an exothermic reaction. C. The substrates are favored over product. D. The actual change in free energy would be -3.3Kcal/mole. 24. When oxida ...
Fermentation
... Lactic acid fermentation can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. However, extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. Following intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and clear the lactic acid fro ...
... Lactic acid fermentation can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. However, extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. Following intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and clear the lactic acid fro ...
Chapter 15 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... Regulation of Amino Acids catabolism in TCA Cycle Entering TCA cycle of amino acids via -ketoglutarate and succinyl-CoA has no apparent regulation site during their conversion to oxaloacetate. : Since oxaloacetate can not go further without acetyl-CoA, pyruvate dehydrogenase will be responsible for ...
... Regulation of Amino Acids catabolism in TCA Cycle Entering TCA cycle of amino acids via -ketoglutarate and succinyl-CoA has no apparent regulation site during their conversion to oxaloacetate. : Since oxaloacetate can not go further without acetyl-CoA, pyruvate dehydrogenase will be responsible for ...
03-1 Metabolism of carbohydrate
... Both activities are on the same protein. It’s a bifunctional enzyme. ...
... Both activities are on the same protein. It’s a bifunctional enzyme. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.