Enzymes
... How does enzyme lower activation energy of reaction? – Orients substrates for optimal interaction –Strains substrate bonds –Provides a favorable microenvironment -May covalently bond to the substrate ...
... How does enzyme lower activation energy of reaction? – Orients substrates for optimal interaction –Strains substrate bonds –Provides a favorable microenvironment -May covalently bond to the substrate ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Cells need a constant supply of ATP, so they continually recycle ADP to ATP. For example, an active muscle cell recycles its ATP at a rate of about 10 million molecules per second! • Both fermentation and cellular respiration start with the same process – glycolysis. To understand how cells get en ...
... • Cells need a constant supply of ATP, so they continually recycle ADP to ATP. For example, an active muscle cell recycles its ATP at a rate of about 10 million molecules per second! • Both fermentation and cellular respiration start with the same process – glycolysis. To understand how cells get en ...
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
... Pyruvate formed in the aerobic conditions undergoes conversion to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a bridge between glycolysis and aerobic metabolism – citric acid cycle. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and enzymes of cytric acid cycle are located in the ...
... Pyruvate formed in the aerobic conditions undergoes conversion to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a bridge between glycolysis and aerobic metabolism – citric acid cycle. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and enzymes of cytric acid cycle are located in the ...
Lesson 3.Carbohydrate Metabolism
... group to ADP to form one ATP; three molecules of NAD are reduced; and one molecule of FAD is reduced. Although one molecule of GTP leads to the production of one ATP, the production of the reduced NAD and FAD are far more significant in the cell’s energy-generating process. This is because NADH and ...
... group to ADP to form one ATP; three molecules of NAD are reduced; and one molecule of FAD is reduced. Although one molecule of GTP leads to the production of one ATP, the production of the reduced NAD and FAD are far more significant in the cell’s energy-generating process. This is because NADH and ...
Enzyme Activity
... _____ 2. Based on your answer above, what would you say about enzymes? a. Enzymes are very specific b. Enzymes are nonspecific c. A specific enzyme can regulate only one type of reaction d. A specific enzyme can regulate several different types of reactions e. Both a and c Base your answers to quest ...
... _____ 2. Based on your answer above, what would you say about enzymes? a. Enzymes are very specific b. Enzymes are nonspecific c. A specific enzyme can regulate only one type of reaction d. A specific enzyme can regulate several different types of reactions e. Both a and c Base your answers to quest ...
"Value of Digestive Enzymes" by Bill Evans
... All plant and animal cells produce enzymes, made from protein molecules (long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds). Enzymes are catalysts, which are required for chemical reactions to take place. Without them, no living cell could function or survive; life could not occur. Enzymes a ...
... All plant and animal cells produce enzymes, made from protein molecules (long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds). Enzymes are catalysts, which are required for chemical reactions to take place. Without them, no living cell could function or survive; life could not occur. Enzymes a ...
6-1
... Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm. Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2 ...
... Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm. Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2 ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... • AcetylCoA generated from pyruvate by the action of PDH and by β-oxidation of fatty acids is in the mitochondria. • For fatty acid biosynthesis, acetylCoA has to be transported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. This is done via a shuttle system called the Citrate Shuttle. • AcetylCoA reacts w ...
... • AcetylCoA generated from pyruvate by the action of PDH and by β-oxidation of fatty acids is in the mitochondria. • For fatty acid biosynthesis, acetylCoA has to be transported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. This is done via a shuttle system called the Citrate Shuttle. • AcetylCoA reacts w ...
Metabolism of fat File
... • The products of this reaction are acetyl-CoA and an acyl-CoA derivative containing two carbons less than the original acyl-CoA molecule that underwent this oxidation. • The acyl-CoA formed in the cleavage reaction renters the oxidative pathway at reaction 1. ...
... • The products of this reaction are acetyl-CoA and an acyl-CoA derivative containing two carbons less than the original acyl-CoA molecule that underwent this oxidation. • The acyl-CoA formed in the cleavage reaction renters the oxidative pathway at reaction 1. ...
Catalytic Strategies
... binding between enzyme and substrate involves an induced fit mechanism? • What catalytic strategy is used by this ...
... binding between enzyme and substrate involves an induced fit mechanism? • What catalytic strategy is used by this ...
BIOTRANSFORMATION PHASE I Phase II
... Azo- and Nitro-reductions can be catalyzed •by enzymes of intestinal flora • by cytochrome P450 (usually oxidizing enzyme), has the capacity to reduce xenobiotics under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions (substrate rather than oxygen, accept electrons and is reduced) •interactions with reducing agen ...
... Azo- and Nitro-reductions can be catalyzed •by enzymes of intestinal flora • by cytochrome P450 (usually oxidizing enzyme), has the capacity to reduce xenobiotics under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions (substrate rather than oxygen, accept electrons and is reduced) •interactions with reducing agen ...
ATP - RCSD
... three main stages • Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation • As the electron transport chain passes electrons down the energy hill, it also pumps hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, into the narrow intermembrane space, and produces a concentration gradient of H+ across the membra ...
... three main stages • Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation • As the electron transport chain passes electrons down the energy hill, it also pumps hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, into the narrow intermembrane space, and produces a concentration gradient of H+ across the membra ...
5-Metabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides
... thymine + deoxyribose-1-phosphate <——> thymidine + Pi ...
... thymine + deoxyribose-1-phosphate <——> thymidine + Pi ...
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism
... released for every two phosphoglycolate molecules converted. Therefore, the reaction of ribulose bisphosphate with oxygen rather than CO2 and the release of CO2 during photorespiration reduce the productivity of C3 plants under normal atmospheric conditions (21% O2 and 0.036% CO2). The oxygenase rea ...
... released for every two phosphoglycolate molecules converted. Therefore, the reaction of ribulose bisphosphate with oxygen rather than CO2 and the release of CO2 during photorespiration reduce the productivity of C3 plants under normal atmospheric conditions (21% O2 and 0.036% CO2). The oxygenase rea ...
Enzymes lII: Clinical Applications
... measuring the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction. The initial rate of an enzymatic reaction is directly proportional to the amount of enzyme present when the substrate concentrations are maintained at saturating levels (i.e., zero-order kinetics with respect to substrate concentration) a ...
... measuring the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction. The initial rate of an enzymatic reaction is directly proportional to the amount of enzyme present when the substrate concentrations are maintained at saturating levels (i.e., zero-order kinetics with respect to substrate concentration) a ...
Chapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS Living cells require a
... Acetyl CoA condenses with a 4C compound called Oxalo acetic acid (OAA), forming a 6C citric acid. As the first compound formed during kreb’s cycle is citric acid, this cycle is also called ‘citric acid’ cycle. Orgnic acids containing three carboxylic acid groups (COOH) are also formed during this cy ...
... Acetyl CoA condenses with a 4C compound called Oxalo acetic acid (OAA), forming a 6C citric acid. As the first compound formed during kreb’s cycle is citric acid, this cycle is also called ‘citric acid’ cycle. Orgnic acids containing three carboxylic acid groups (COOH) are also formed during this cy ...
AP Biology Chapter Objectives – Campbell 7th Edition Modified from
... 1. In general terms, distinguish between fermentation and cellular respiration. 2. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration. Write the specific chemical equation for the degradation of glucose. 3. Define oxidation and reduction. 4. Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved ...
... 1. In general terms, distinguish between fermentation and cellular respiration. 2. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration. Write the specific chemical equation for the degradation of glucose. 3. Define oxidation and reduction. 4. Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved ...
Biochemical Patterns of Some Heterotrophic Marine
... sharing the same tone of blue colour in presence of cyclohexylamine according to Mizzel& Simpson (1961). Therefore it was not possible to profit by the differences in the colours as for ithe other amino acids (e.g. glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, and so on). ...
... sharing the same tone of blue colour in presence of cyclohexylamine according to Mizzel& Simpson (1961). Therefore it was not possible to profit by the differences in the colours as for ithe other amino acids (e.g. glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, and so on). ...
Ethylene Glycol Poisoning
... – The first two steps in ethylene glycol metabolism cause the reduction of NAD to NADH. The elevated NADH to NAD ration causes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate ...
... – The first two steps in ethylene glycol metabolism cause the reduction of NAD to NADH. The elevated NADH to NAD ration causes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate ...
ADP
... in which ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH+H+ are yielded accompanying the degradation of glucose, and then ribose-5 phosphate can turn to glyceraldehyde -3- phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate further. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH , reduced form) ...
... in which ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH+H+ are yielded accompanying the degradation of glucose, and then ribose-5 phosphate can turn to glyceraldehyde -3- phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate further. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH , reduced form) ...
View Full Page PDF - Advances in Physiology Education
... errors create problems, when students try to balance the reactions of a metabolic pathway (13, 16). In this article, we present for the first time an overall equation describing the relationship between urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis. We suggest that students always ensure if the single reaction ...
... errors create problems, when students try to balance the reactions of a metabolic pathway (13, 16). In this article, we present for the first time an overall equation describing the relationship between urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis. We suggest that students always ensure if the single reaction ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... generates the high energy intermediate glyceraldehyde-3-P (GAP) which is then oxidized to produce NADH and 1,3bisphosphoglycerate. The next four reactions lead to the production of FOUR total ATP because each glucose molecule results in the production of TWO pyruvate. The net yield of ATP in glycoly ...
... generates the high energy intermediate glyceraldehyde-3-P (GAP) which is then oxidized to produce NADH and 1,3bisphosphoglycerate. The next four reactions lead to the production of FOUR total ATP because each glucose molecule results in the production of TWO pyruvate. The net yield of ATP in glycoly ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... million dalton. So, you can you can understand that, how complex this particular molecule is, each contain covalently linked lipoic acid. So, this is a huge enzyme and it is obviously allosteric in nature, intra cellular and it plays the different various significant roles as far as the TCA cycle i ...
... million dalton. So, you can you can understand that, how complex this particular molecule is, each contain covalently linked lipoic acid. So, this is a huge enzyme and it is obviously allosteric in nature, intra cellular and it plays the different various significant roles as far as the TCA cycle i ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.