Sample Chapters - Pearson Canada
... Biosynthetic and degradative pathways are never simple reversals of one another, even though they often begin and end with the same metabolites. The existence of separate unidirectional pathways is important for two reasons. First, to proceed in a particular direction, a pathway must be exergonic in ...
... Biosynthetic and degradative pathways are never simple reversals of one another, even though they often begin and end with the same metabolites. The existence of separate unidirectional pathways is important for two reasons. First, to proceed in a particular direction, a pathway must be exergonic in ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... How does NAD+ trap electrons from glucose and other organic molecules? • Enzymes called dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons & 2 protons) from the substrate (e.g., glucose), thereby oxidizing it. • The enzyme delivers the 2 electrons along with 1 proton to its coenzyme, NAD+ • ...
... How does NAD+ trap electrons from glucose and other organic molecules? • Enzymes called dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons & 2 protons) from the substrate (e.g., glucose), thereby oxidizing it. • The enzyme delivers the 2 electrons along with 1 proton to its coenzyme, NAD+ • ...
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts
... What role does NADH and FADH2 have in connecting the citrate cycle to ATP synthesis? Why is the citrate cycle considered the hub of metabolism? Biochemical Applications of the Citrate Cycle: Fluoroacetate is found in poisonous plants and it is the active ingredient in "compound 1080" which is used b ...
... What role does NADH and FADH2 have in connecting the citrate cycle to ATP synthesis? Why is the citrate cycle considered the hub of metabolism? Biochemical Applications of the Citrate Cycle: Fluoroacetate is found in poisonous plants and it is the active ingredient in "compound 1080" which is used b ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP ...
... Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP ...
Document
... the enzyme active sites to form covalent adducts. • The side chain of amino acid may be hydroxyl or sulfhydryl groups; these include the amino acids serine (as diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)), cysteine, threonine or tyrosine. • Irreversible inhibitors are generally specific for one class of enzyme ...
... the enzyme active sites to form covalent adducts. • The side chain of amino acid may be hydroxyl or sulfhydryl groups; these include the amino acids serine (as diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)), cysteine, threonine or tyrosine. • Irreversible inhibitors are generally specific for one class of enzyme ...
top408b1_2006
... The dUDP pathway goes first up one tier to dUTP, and then down two tiers via dUTPase (an enzyme which guards against the use of U in DNA synthesis) which produces dUMP and PPi. There is also a dCDP pathway which goes "down" to dCMP and then deaminates – Fig 26.25 shows both and Fig 26.26 shows the d ...
... The dUDP pathway goes first up one tier to dUTP, and then down two tiers via dUTPase (an enzyme which guards against the use of U in DNA synthesis) which produces dUMP and PPi. There is also a dCDP pathway which goes "down" to dCMP and then deaminates – Fig 26.25 shows both and Fig 26.26 shows the d ...
Document
... The nicotinamide nucleotide is derived from vitamin B3. The adenine nucleotide is derived from ATP. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... The nicotinamide nucleotide is derived from vitamin B3. The adenine nucleotide is derived from ATP. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
FREE Sample Here
... A. It transfers its terminal phosphate to an enzyme and is released as ADP. B. It transfers its two terminal phosphates to an enzyme, and is released as AMP. C. It covalently attaches to both of the substrates. D. It transfers either one or two terminal phosphate(s) to one of the substrates and is r ...
... A. It transfers its terminal phosphate to an enzyme and is released as ADP. B. It transfers its two terminal phosphates to an enzyme, and is released as AMP. C. It covalently attaches to both of the substrates. D. It transfers either one or two terminal phosphate(s) to one of the substrates and is r ...
INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
... From these studies it was concluded that purines are synthesized de novo not as free purines but first as the nucleotide inosinic acid (hypoxanthine-ribose-5'-phosphate), which is then converted into the adenine and guanine nucleotides. ...
... From these studies it was concluded that purines are synthesized de novo not as free purines but first as the nucleotide inosinic acid (hypoxanthine-ribose-5'-phosphate), which is then converted into the adenine and guanine nucleotides. ...
17. Amino acids are precursors of many specialized biomolecules
... tetrapyrrole derivative, and the typical pigments found in bile, urine, and feces, a deficiency of which will ...
... tetrapyrrole derivative, and the typical pigments found in bile, urine, and feces, a deficiency of which will ...
Spring 2016 Practice Final Exam w/ solution
... e (2 pts). How many ATP molecules are needed to fix a molecule of CO2 in (i) C3 plant (normal plant) and (ii) in a C4 plant? Ans: (i) 3 ATPs (ii) 5 ATPs f (2 pts). The net reaction for oxidative phosphorylation can be written as: 2NADH + 2H+ + O2 → 2H2O + 2NAD+ Write an analogous equation for the li ...
... e (2 pts). How many ATP molecules are needed to fix a molecule of CO2 in (i) C3 plant (normal plant) and (ii) in a C4 plant? Ans: (i) 3 ATPs (ii) 5 ATPs f (2 pts). The net reaction for oxidative phosphorylation can be written as: 2NADH + 2H+ + O2 → 2H2O + 2NAD+ Write an analogous equation for the li ...
Mitochondrial Inputs - School of Applied Physiology
... – Phosphoenyl pyruvate carboxykinase • Swap carboxyl group for phosphate • Generates 3-C phosphoenolpyruvate from OA ...
... – Phosphoenyl pyruvate carboxykinase • Swap carboxyl group for phosphate • Generates 3-C phosphoenolpyruvate from OA ...
File - need help with revision notes?
... bacteria, there may be an individual with mutations and altered enzymes. This individual will be naturally selected when the bacterial population is exposed to antibiotics. It will survive and reproduce, so that all then have then altered enzymes capable of producing the enzyme, beta lactamase that ...
... bacteria, there may be an individual with mutations and altered enzymes. This individual will be naturally selected when the bacterial population is exposed to antibiotics. It will survive and reproduce, so that all then have then altered enzymes capable of producing the enzyme, beta lactamase that ...
" Enzymes "
... substrate, each enzyme is said to possess one or more active sites where the substrate can be taken up. The active site of the enzyme may contain free hydroxyl group of serine, hydroxyl group of tyrosine, SH-thiol (Sulfhydryl) group of cysteine or imindazolle group of histidine to interact with ther ...
... substrate, each enzyme is said to possess one or more active sites where the substrate can be taken up. The active site of the enzyme may contain free hydroxyl group of serine, hydroxyl group of tyrosine, SH-thiol (Sulfhydryl) group of cysteine or imindazolle group of histidine to interact with ther ...
Enzymes Biotechnology Handbook
... Industrial biotechnology is the practice of using cells to generate industrially useful products. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes, or speeds up, a chemical reaction. Enzymes are the focal point of biotechnological processes, without them biotechnology as a subject would not exist. The main adv ...
... Industrial biotechnology is the practice of using cells to generate industrially useful products. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes, or speeds up, a chemical reaction. Enzymes are the focal point of biotechnological processes, without them biotechnology as a subject would not exist. The main adv ...
Learning Outcome Check List
... Explain that ATP is used to transfer energy to carry out cell processes Explain the reversible nature of ATP production Describe how ATP is synthesised Describe glycolysis Describe the progression of respiration pathways, both in the presence and absence of oxygen ...
... Explain that ATP is used to transfer energy to carry out cell processes Explain the reversible nature of ATP production Describe how ATP is synthesised Describe glycolysis Describe the progression of respiration pathways, both in the presence and absence of oxygen ...
Ch. 9
... • In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2 • Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking ...
... • In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2 • Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking ...
Enzyme
... Temperature affects the energy content and hence the mobility of the enzyme and substrate molecules. Higher temperature enables enzyme and substrate molecules to collide more frequently and therefore facilitates the substrate molecule to bind with the active site of the enzyme. If the temperature i ...
... Temperature affects the energy content and hence the mobility of the enzyme and substrate molecules. Higher temperature enables enzyme and substrate molecules to collide more frequently and therefore facilitates the substrate molecule to bind with the active site of the enzyme. If the temperature i ...
enzymes
... site, but is somewhere else on the molecule • The allosteric site is the site where small molecules bind and affect a change in the active site or the substrate binding site • The binding of this specific molecule causes a change in the conformation of enzyme what cause the active site to become eit ...
... site, but is somewhere else on the molecule • The allosteric site is the site where small molecules bind and affect a change in the active site or the substrate binding site • The binding of this specific molecule causes a change in the conformation of enzyme what cause the active site to become eit ...
unit 1: introduction to biology
... after feeding in the electrons and protons at the electron carrier proteins of The ETC, they are recycled to NAD+ (and FAD) again, while the protons are actively transported across the mitochondrial membrane; as a consequence of this ‘proton-pumping’ process, a so-called proton gradient along the ...
... after feeding in the electrons and protons at the electron carrier proteins of The ETC, they are recycled to NAD+ (and FAD) again, while the protons are actively transported across the mitochondrial membrane; as a consequence of this ‘proton-pumping’ process, a so-called proton gradient along the ...
Fructose-1,6 - LSU School of Medicine
... All the intermediates of glycolysis are part of gluconeogenesis In addition, gluconeogenesis involves oxaloacetate and (indirectly) malate O- ...
... All the intermediates of glycolysis are part of gluconeogenesis In addition, gluconeogenesis involves oxaloacetate and (indirectly) malate O- ...
NADH - Mrs. Yu`s Science Classes
... - 2 NADH are produced - 4 ATP are produced - 2 pyruvate are formed. In summary, glycolysis takes 1 glucose and turns it into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a net of 2 ATP (made 4 ATP, but used 2 ATP). ...
... - 2 NADH are produced - 4 ATP are produced - 2 pyruvate are formed. In summary, glycolysis takes 1 glucose and turns it into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a net of 2 ATP (made 4 ATP, but used 2 ATP). ...
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... to the site of the electron transport chain. • Brain and muscle cells employ a transport mechanism that passes electrons from cytoplasmic NADH through the membrane to FAD molecules inside the mitochondria, forming FADH2. This cytoplasmic NADH generates 1.5 molecules of ATP. • Liver, heart, and kidne ...
... to the site of the electron transport chain. • Brain and muscle cells employ a transport mechanism that passes electrons from cytoplasmic NADH through the membrane to FAD molecules inside the mitochondria, forming FADH2. This cytoplasmic NADH generates 1.5 molecules of ATP. • Liver, heart, and kidne ...
Enzymes
... How does enzyme lower activation energy of reaction? – Orients substrates for optimal interaction –Strains substrate bonds –Provides a favorable microenvironment -May covalently bond to the substrate ...
... How does enzyme lower activation energy of reaction? – Orients substrates for optimal interaction –Strains substrate bonds –Provides a favorable microenvironment -May covalently bond to the substrate ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.