LECT35 trans1
... amino acids and different tRNA species? A: The key lies in the tRNA itself. Besides the anticodon, tRNAs have other bases that set them apart. These bases called “identity elements” are found in the terminal ends (acceptor stem) and internal in the tRNA. Q: Do they also proofreading? A: Yes, but spa ...
... amino acids and different tRNA species? A: The key lies in the tRNA itself. Besides the anticodon, tRNAs have other bases that set them apart. These bases called “identity elements” are found in the terminal ends (acceptor stem) and internal in the tRNA. Q: Do they also proofreading? A: Yes, but spa ...
fulltext
... to sugar alcohols and cyclitols includes the biosynthetic pathways leading to glucitol, inositols, and pseudosaccharides. Extensively used are reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations employing sound chemical principles and mechanisms. Keywords: ...
... to sugar alcohols and cyclitols includes the biosynthetic pathways leading to glucitol, inositols, and pseudosaccharides. Extensively used are reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations employing sound chemical principles and mechanisms. Keywords: ...
Sourcing, Storing And Handling Enzymes
... Enzymes are found in living organisms. Their function is to speed up chemical reactions which would otherwise be too slow to maintain life. Enzymes catalyse a specific reaction on a specific chemical or group of related chemicals, called their ‘substrate(s)’. Enzymes are proteins whose shape and str ...
... Enzymes are found in living organisms. Their function is to speed up chemical reactions which would otherwise be too slow to maintain life. Enzymes catalyse a specific reaction on a specific chemical or group of related chemicals, called their ‘substrate(s)’. Enzymes are proteins whose shape and str ...
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
... effect on glycolysis. This makes a great exam question. Arsenate is a substrate for the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzyme, which normally uses phosphate and makes 1,3-disphosphoglycerate, is fooled by the arsenate and makes the arsenate ester instead. With the phosphate est ...
... effect on glycolysis. This makes a great exam question. Arsenate is a substrate for the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzyme, which normally uses phosphate and makes 1,3-disphosphoglycerate, is fooled by the arsenate and makes the arsenate ester instead. With the phosphate est ...
Study of the distribution of autotrophic CO2 fixation
... CO2 acceptor, from succinyl-CoA is similar in both pathways. Succinyl-CoA is reduced to 4-hydroxybutyrate, which is activated to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and then dehydrated to crotonyl-CoA by 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase. This [4Fe–4S] and FAD-containing dehydratase (Martins et al., 2004; Buckel & ...
... CO2 acceptor, from succinyl-CoA is similar in both pathways. Succinyl-CoA is reduced to 4-hydroxybutyrate, which is activated to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and then dehydrated to crotonyl-CoA by 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase. This [4Fe–4S] and FAD-containing dehydratase (Martins et al., 2004; Buckel & ...
Ch13.doc
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
Lipid Breakdown - Rose
... spiral, not a cycle; each turn of the spiral results in a shorter substrate for the next turn. This contrasts with cyclic processes such as the TCA cycle, which begin and end with the same compound. Energetics of fatty acid oxidation It is useful to compare the energetics for glucose and fatty acid ...
... spiral, not a cycle; each turn of the spiral results in a shorter substrate for the next turn. This contrasts with cyclic processes such as the TCA cycle, which begin and end with the same compound. Energetics of fatty acid oxidation It is useful to compare the energetics for glucose and fatty acid ...
Selected Solutions to End of Chapter 13 Problems
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
Enzymes
... • This is how enzymes are substrate-specific • The way in which the enzyme and substrate fit together is similar to the way in which a key fits a lock • The enzyme is like the lock and the substrate is the key that fits it ...
... • This is how enzymes are substrate-specific • The way in which the enzyme and substrate fit together is similar to the way in which a key fits a lock • The enzyme is like the lock and the substrate is the key that fits it ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism Glucose Metabolism Oxidation of Glucose
... Citric Acid Cycle . ● When the blood glucose level is high (after meals ) the excess is converted to glycogen and stored (Glycogenesis ) .The body has limited capacity for storing glycogen and the remaining excess glucose is converted to fat and stored ...
... Citric Acid Cycle . ● When the blood glucose level is high (after meals ) the excess is converted to glycogen and stored (Glycogenesis ) .The body has limited capacity for storing glycogen and the remaining excess glucose is converted to fat and stored ...
Enzymes
... – CN- is a rapidly-acting, highly toxic inhibitor, which interferes with the iron containing enzyme cytochrome oxidase: ...
... – CN- is a rapidly-acting, highly toxic inhibitor, which interferes with the iron containing enzyme cytochrome oxidase: ...
ppt
... organisms. There are a number of molecules that serve as electron carriers. – NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used in respiration. Reduced to NADH. – NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is another used in photosynthesis. Reduced to NADPH – These molecules readily give up el ...
... organisms. There are a number of molecules that serve as electron carriers. – NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used in respiration. Reduced to NADH. – NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is another used in photosynthesis. Reduced to NADPH – These molecules readily give up el ...
Enzyme kinetics and its relevance to enzyme assay
... Coenzymes also behave like substrates and relationships can be expressed in terms of their Michaelis constants. An early method for the determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase with lactate as substrate and NAD+ as coenzyme (Wacker, Ulmer, and Vallee, 1956) gave a reaction curve from which it wa ...
... Coenzymes also behave like substrates and relationships can be expressed in terms of their Michaelis constants. An early method for the determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase with lactate as substrate and NAD+ as coenzyme (Wacker, Ulmer, and Vallee, 1956) gave a reaction curve from which it wa ...
Enzymes - Ústav lékařské biochemie a laboratorní diagnostiky
... zymogenic cells of gastric mucosa located mainly in fundus. The proteolysis proceeds at pH lower than 5 as an intramolecular reaction (autoactivation), or due to active pepsin itself (autocatalysis). At pH higher than 2 the released peptides remain bound to pepsin and act as inhibitors of pepsin act ...
... zymogenic cells of gastric mucosa located mainly in fundus. The proteolysis proceeds at pH lower than 5 as an intramolecular reaction (autoactivation), or due to active pepsin itself (autocatalysis). At pH higher than 2 the released peptides remain bound to pepsin and act as inhibitors of pepsin act ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... products of the depolymerization process, e.g., glucose and cellobiose (two glucose molecules linked by a b(1 ! 4) bond), is avoided when the sugar is immediately converted to ethanol (Gauss et al. 1976; Olofsson et al. 2008). The ethanol can probably be removed continuously by a moderate stripping ...
... products of the depolymerization process, e.g., glucose and cellobiose (two glucose molecules linked by a b(1 ! 4) bond), is avoided when the sugar is immediately converted to ethanol (Gauss et al. 1976; Olofsson et al. 2008). The ethanol can probably be removed continuously by a moderate stripping ...
Document
... NAD+ and NADH (and NADP+ and NADPH) Wavelength have extended aromatic systems But the nicotinamide ring absorbs strongly at 340 only in the reduced (NADH, NADPH) forms Spectrum is almost pH-independent, too! So we can monitor NAD and NADPdependent reactions by appearance or disappearance of absorpti ...
... NAD+ and NADH (and NADP+ and NADPH) Wavelength have extended aromatic systems But the nicotinamide ring absorbs strongly at 340 only in the reduced (NADH, NADPH) forms Spectrum is almost pH-independent, too! So we can monitor NAD and NADPdependent reactions by appearance or disappearance of absorpti ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology
... NAD+ and NADH (and NADP+ and NADPH) Wavelength have extended aromatic systems But the nicotinamide ring absorbs strongly at 340 only in the reduced (NADH, NADPH) forms Spectrum is almost pH-independent, too! So we can monitor NAD and NADPdependent reactions by appearance or disappearance of absorpti ...
... NAD+ and NADH (and NADP+ and NADPH) Wavelength have extended aromatic systems But the nicotinamide ring absorbs strongly at 340 only in the reduced (NADH, NADPH) forms Spectrum is almost pH-independent, too! So we can monitor NAD and NADPdependent reactions by appearance or disappearance of absorpti ...
8.3 What Happens During Cellular Respiration?
... enters the cytoplasm, where it provides the energy needed by the cell – Without this continuous recycling, life would cease – People produce, use, and then regenerate the equivalent of their body weight of ATP daily © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... enters the cytoplasm, where it provides the energy needed by the cell – Without this continuous recycling, life would cease – People produce, use, and then regenerate the equivalent of their body weight of ATP daily © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
... ENTRY OF OTHER CARBOHYDRATES INTO GLYCOLYSIS: ...
... ENTRY OF OTHER CARBOHYDRATES INTO GLYCOLYSIS: ...
Part a
... Each pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA 1. Decarboxylation: removal of 1 C to produce acetic acid and CO2 2. Oxidation: H+ is removed from acetic acid and picked up by NAD+ 3. Acetic acid + coenzyme A forms acetyl ...
... Each pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA 1. Decarboxylation: removal of 1 C to produce acetic acid and CO2 2. Oxidation: H+ is removed from acetic acid and picked up by NAD+ 3. Acetic acid + coenzyme A forms acetyl ...
Chapter 15
... Oxidoreductases: oxidation-reduction reactions (oxidase-reductase). Transferases: transfer a group between two compounds. Hydrolases: hydrolysis reactions. Lyases: add or remove groups involving a double bond without hydrolysis. Isomerases: rearrange atoms in a molecule to form a isomer. Ligases: fo ...
... Oxidoreductases: oxidation-reduction reactions (oxidase-reductase). Transferases: transfer a group between two compounds. Hydrolases: hydrolysis reactions. Lyases: add or remove groups involving a double bond without hydrolysis. Isomerases: rearrange atoms in a molecule to form a isomer. Ligases: fo ...
Control of Maximum Rates of Glycolysis in Rat Cardiac Muscle
... stimulation of glycolysis resulted in increased cytosolic NADH/NAD ratios and the rate of disposal of glycolytically produced NADH appeared to limit the maximum glycolytic rate. In aerobic hearts, oxidation of glucose and lactate increased linearly as developed ventricular pressure was raised from 6 ...
... stimulation of glycolysis resulted in increased cytosolic NADH/NAD ratios and the rate of disposal of glycolytically produced NADH appeared to limit the maximum glycolytic rate. In aerobic hearts, oxidation of glucose and lactate increased linearly as developed ventricular pressure was raised from 6 ...
Jeopardy 2
... during fermentation that allows cells to continue to make ATP using glycolysis when oxygen is low? A: What is NAD+? S2C06 Jeopardy Review Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; publishing as Pearson Prenctice Hall © 2006 ...
... during fermentation that allows cells to continue to make ATP using glycolysis when oxygen is low? A: What is NAD+? S2C06 Jeopardy Review Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; publishing as Pearson Prenctice Hall © 2006 ...
What`s Missing: A Deeper Understanding of Misfolded Enzymes and
... most Enzymes are made in the cell by the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (er) and are transported to different organelles by the Golgi Apparatus ...
... most Enzymes are made in the cell by the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (er) and are transported to different organelles by the Golgi Apparatus ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.