Cellular Respiration
... receives a phosphate group. The product of this step is two molecules of a new three-carbon compound. As shown in Figure 7-3, the oxidation of G3P is accompanied by the reduction of two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD!) to NADH. NAD! is similar to NADP!, a compound involved in th ...
... receives a phosphate group. The product of this step is two molecules of a new three-carbon compound. As shown in Figure 7-3, the oxidation of G3P is accompanied by the reduction of two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD!) to NADH. NAD! is similar to NADP!, a compound involved in th ...
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
... 4) Both NADPH and ATP are needed by the cell, but ribose-5-P is not This can be done by recycling ribose-5-P, as in case 3 above, if fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P made in this way proceed through glycolysis to produce ATP and pyruvate, and pyruvate continues through the TCA cycle to make more ...
... 4) Both NADPH and ATP are needed by the cell, but ribose-5-P is not This can be done by recycling ribose-5-P, as in case 3 above, if fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P made in this way proceed through glycolysis to produce ATP and pyruvate, and pyruvate continues through the TCA cycle to make more ...
Fatty acid oxidation and the P-oxidation complex in
... from CEA, France. At the end of the incubation period at 34 "C - 1 h for M . microti and M . avium, 20 h for M . leprae - bacteria were collected on G F C filters (Whatman) and washed four times with buffered Tween 80. The I4CO2 evolved during incubation was trapped in 400p1 I MNaOH. Assimilation wa ...
... from CEA, France. At the end of the incubation period at 34 "C - 1 h for M . microti and M . avium, 20 h for M . leprae - bacteria were collected on G F C filters (Whatman) and washed four times with buffered Tween 80. The I4CO2 evolved during incubation was trapped in 400p1 I MNaOH. Assimilation wa ...
acyl-CoA
... • Acyl-carnitine is transported across the membrane by the carnitine carrier protein. • Acyl-carnitine is converted to acyl-CoA by carnitine palmitoyl transferase II in the mitochondrial matrix. • The fatty acyl-CoA is ready for the reactions of the oxidation pathway ...
... • Acyl-carnitine is transported across the membrane by the carnitine carrier protein. • Acyl-carnitine is converted to acyl-CoA by carnitine palmitoyl transferase II in the mitochondrial matrix. • The fatty acyl-CoA is ready for the reactions of the oxidation pathway ...
- Circle of Docs
... when glucose enter a cell, it is trapped by addition of a phosphate glucokinase (found only in liver) and hexokinase (found in all other tissues) catalyze glucose-6P kinase at end of an enzyme – adds phosphate groups Vmax = maximum velocity at which the enzyme will work 3. Which of the following is ...
... when glucose enter a cell, it is trapped by addition of a phosphate glucokinase (found only in liver) and hexokinase (found in all other tissues) catalyze glucose-6P kinase at end of an enzyme – adds phosphate groups Vmax = maximum velocity at which the enzyme will work 3. Which of the following is ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders
... A more oxidized cytosolic redox state in autism could favor anaerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation as a source of adenosine triphosphate. Although skeletal muscle can tolerate this shift in metabolism, consequences for brain function could be devastating due to its heavy reliance on mit ...
... A more oxidized cytosolic redox state in autism could favor anaerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation as a source of adenosine triphosphate. Although skeletal muscle can tolerate this shift in metabolism, consequences for brain function could be devastating due to its heavy reliance on mit ...
Topic guide 1.2: Enzymes
... more quickly. However, applying too much heat can cause enzymes to denature. The increased vibrations and collisions put strains on the bonds of the tertiary structure and can break the hydrogen and ionic bonds. The breaking of these bonds affects the important three-dimensional shape; more importan ...
... more quickly. However, applying too much heat can cause enzymes to denature. The increased vibrations and collisions put strains on the bonds of the tertiary structure and can break the hydrogen and ionic bonds. The breaking of these bonds affects the important three-dimensional shape; more importan ...
Sampling techniques and comparative extraction procedures for
... metabolic pathways leading to the production of organic acids and secondary metabolites in the ¢lamentous fungus Monascus ruber [3,7]. We thus considered the methodology of Ruijter and Visser [8] to determine key intermediates in this organism. This method was actually identical to the yeast samplin ...
... metabolic pathways leading to the production of organic acids and secondary metabolites in the ¢lamentous fungus Monascus ruber [3,7]. We thus considered the methodology of Ruijter and Visser [8] to determine key intermediates in this organism. This method was actually identical to the yeast samplin ...
Respiration and Photosynthesis Class Work Where does the energy
... Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy C6H12O6 + CO2 b. Photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which is then used to create glucose and carbon dioxide. As glucose is broken down through the catabolic process of respiration energy is released through the ...
... Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy C6H12O6 + CO2 b. Photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which is then used to create glucose and carbon dioxide. As glucose is broken down through the catabolic process of respiration energy is released through the ...
16 E. Folic Acid 1. Chemistry coenzyme DHFA DHFA reductase
... of available nicotinic acid and tryptophan in corn. ...
... of available nicotinic acid and tryptophan in corn. ...
Pod photosynthesis and seed dark CO2 fixation support oil
... (Singh and Mehta 1992) and its synthesis from sucrose constitutes one of the major metabolic activity of embryos during seed development (Perry and Harwood 1993). Dennis (1989) presented a model depicting the probable pathway of triacylglycerol synthesis from sucrose. The model is primarily based on ...
... (Singh and Mehta 1992) and its synthesis from sucrose constitutes one of the major metabolic activity of embryos during seed development (Perry and Harwood 1993). Dennis (1989) presented a model depicting the probable pathway of triacylglycerol synthesis from sucrose. The model is primarily based on ...
Chapter 1
... an inhibitor for a previous allosteric enzyme earlier in the series • In this example, product F serves to inhibit the activity of enzyme E1 – Product F acts as a negative allosteric effector on one of the early enzymes in the pathway ...
... an inhibitor for a previous allosteric enzyme earlier in the series • In this example, product F serves to inhibit the activity of enzyme E1 – Product F acts as a negative allosteric effector on one of the early enzymes in the pathway ...
chapt05_lecture
... Phosphorylation 1. In the folds or cristae of the mitochondria are molecules that serve as electron transporters. a. Include FMN, coenzyme Q, and several cytochromes b. These accept electrons from NADH and FADH2. The hydrogens are not transported with the electrons. c. Oxidized FAD and NAD are reuse ...
... Phosphorylation 1. In the folds or cristae of the mitochondria are molecules that serve as electron transporters. a. Include FMN, coenzyme Q, and several cytochromes b. These accept electrons from NADH and FADH2. The hydrogens are not transported with the electrons. c. Oxidized FAD and NAD are reuse ...
White Paper - National Enzyme Company
... vegetables, grains and herbs. While fibers are an important part of a healthy diet, they can also act as anti-nutritive factors. Fibers may bind to minerals and other nutrients, blocking their bioavailability and preventing their absorption. Fiber-breaking enzymes function to break up these fibers t ...
... vegetables, grains and herbs. While fibers are an important part of a healthy diet, they can also act as anti-nutritive factors. Fibers may bind to minerals and other nutrients, blocking their bioavailability and preventing their absorption. Fiber-breaking enzymes function to break up these fibers t ...
Enzymes - Food Science & Human Nutrition
... Catalyze the hydrolysis (with help of water) of substrates (i.e. breaking of bonds) By far the most important enzymes with respect to food quality and use in food processing Some important food reaction examples: Texture, protein modification – proteases (cleave the ...
... Catalyze the hydrolysis (with help of water) of substrates (i.e. breaking of bonds) By far the most important enzymes with respect to food quality and use in food processing Some important food reaction examples: Texture, protein modification – proteases (cleave the ...
1. Products of Amino Acid Transamination Name
... Answer Lactate and alanine are converted to pyruvate by their respective dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase, producing pyruvate and NADH + H+ and, in the case of alanine, NH4+. Complete oxidation of 1 mol of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O produces 12.5 mol of ATP via the citric ...
... Answer Lactate and alanine are converted to pyruvate by their respective dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase, producing pyruvate and NADH + H+ and, in the case of alanine, NH4+. Complete oxidation of 1 mol of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O produces 12.5 mol of ATP via the citric ...
BCMB 3100 – Chapters 6,7,8 Enzyme Basics • Six Classes (IUBMB
... Enzyme Kinetics • Enzyme-substrate complex (ES) - complex formed when specific substrates fit into the enzyme active site E + S ...
... Enzyme Kinetics • Enzyme-substrate complex (ES) - complex formed when specific substrates fit into the enzyme active site E + S ...
Fatty Acid Oxid
... Human genetic diseases have been identified that involve mutations in: the plasma membrane fatty acid transporter CD36 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferases I & II (required for transfer of fatty acids into mitochondria) Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases for various chain lengths of fatty acids Hydroxyacyl ...
... Human genetic diseases have been identified that involve mutations in: the plasma membrane fatty acid transporter CD36 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferases I & II (required for transfer of fatty acids into mitochondria) Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases for various chain lengths of fatty acids Hydroxyacyl ...
Unusual dehydrations in anaerobic bacteria
... using the antibody-gold technique [46]. The activity of the debydratase was stimulated, however, by boiled membranes due to the RNA content. It was then found that AMP, ADP or ATP were much more effective than RNA. Other nucleotides were not as stimulatory as those containing adenosine. AMP was prob ...
... using the antibody-gold technique [46]. The activity of the debydratase was stimulated, however, by boiled membranes due to the RNA content. It was then found that AMP, ADP or ATP were much more effective than RNA. Other nucleotides were not as stimulatory as those containing adenosine. AMP was prob ...
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
... 7–10% of wet weight Use glycogen to export glucose to the bloodstream when blood sugar is low Glycogen stores are depleted after approximately 24 hrs of fasting (in humans) De novo synthesis of glucose for glycogen ...
... 7–10% of wet weight Use glycogen to export glucose to the bloodstream when blood sugar is low Glycogen stores are depleted after approximately 24 hrs of fasting (in humans) De novo synthesis of glucose for glycogen ...
normal myocardial metabolism: fueling cardiac contraction
... and utilization.19,20 Lactate decarboxylation is another important source of pyruvate for PDH, because lactate produced by other organs and skeletal muscle can be extracted from blood and rapidly oxidized by lactate dehydrogenase into pyruvate. Pyruvate enters mitochondria with H+ by means of a spec ...
... and utilization.19,20 Lactate decarboxylation is another important source of pyruvate for PDH, because lactate produced by other organs and skeletal muscle can be extracted from blood and rapidly oxidized by lactate dehydrogenase into pyruvate. Pyruvate enters mitochondria with H+ by means of a spec ...
Slide 1
... Enzymes are mostly proteins, and hence they consists of amino acids. Enzymes are present in all living cells, where they help converting nutrients into energy and fresh cell material. Enzymes breakdown of food materials into simpler ...
... Enzymes are mostly proteins, and hence they consists of amino acids. Enzymes are present in all living cells, where they help converting nutrients into energy and fresh cell material. Enzymes breakdown of food materials into simpler ...
Chapter 9 - Slothnet
... Negative and positive feedback A high concentration of a metabolic product inhibits action of an enzyme in the pathway. Excess product of one pathway can activate an enzyme in another ...
... Negative and positive feedback A high concentration of a metabolic product inhibits action of an enzyme in the pathway. Excess product of one pathway can activate an enzyme in another ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.