Ch - wlhs.wlwv.k12.or.us
... ● Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration ● Glycolysis accepts ● Proteins must be ...
... ● Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration ● Glycolysis accepts ● Proteins must be ...
Coenzyme A and Acyl Carrier Protein
... acids can enter mitochondria without carnitine transport but they must be still activated before βoxidation can occur. Similarly, peroxisomes in animal cells have a distinct fatty acid β-oxidation system with a separate set of enzymes, including as many as three acyl-CoA oxidases. The acyl-CoA oxida ...
... acids can enter mitochondria without carnitine transport but they must be still activated before βoxidation can occur. Similarly, peroxisomes in animal cells have a distinct fatty acid β-oxidation system with a separate set of enzymes, including as many as three acyl-CoA oxidases. The acyl-CoA oxida ...
enzymes lecture 1
... illustrates that a particular enzyme molecule (A) forms a permanent enzyme-substrate complex (B) may be destroyed and resynthesized several times (C) interacts with a specific type of substrate molecule which is complementary to its shape (D) reacts at identical rates under all conditions ...
... illustrates that a particular enzyme molecule (A) forms a permanent enzyme-substrate complex (B) may be destroyed and resynthesized several times (C) interacts with a specific type of substrate molecule which is complementary to its shape (D) reacts at identical rates under all conditions ...
Ch_9 - Bartlett High School
... - Substrate-level phosphorylation – ATP produced from the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP ...
... - Substrate-level phosphorylation – ATP produced from the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP ...
Note Set 11 1 GLYCOLYSIS (also known as: EMBDEN
... •4 calcium binding sites •very sensitive to Ca++ ; can respond to 1µM • without Ca++, the active site of phosphorylase kinase is blocked •Ca ++ binding to calmodulin causes a conformational change is calmodulin that results in "unblocking" of the phos kinase active site so it can now bind its substr ...
... •4 calcium binding sites •very sensitive to Ca++ ; can respond to 1µM • without Ca++, the active site of phosphorylase kinase is blocked •Ca ++ binding to calmodulin causes a conformational change is calmodulin that results in "unblocking" of the phos kinase active site so it can now bind its substr ...
Preparation of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle Recap 1. We have
... Aerobic conditions 1. Converts to acetyl CoA (by pyruvate dehydrogenase) for use in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (leads to more ATP production) 2. Converts to oxaloacetate , which can then shuttle into the synthesize glucose (can also be done from lactate) Anaerobic conditions 3. It i ...
... Aerobic conditions 1. Converts to acetyl CoA (by pyruvate dehydrogenase) for use in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (leads to more ATP production) 2. Converts to oxaloacetate , which can then shuttle into the synthesize glucose (can also be done from lactate) Anaerobic conditions 3. It i ...
2. Large-scale Metabolic Reconstruction
... exchange equations are added to the GSM on the basis that these transporters are necessary components of normal metabolic functions. For example, the uptake of macro nutrients (e.g., amino acids, glucose), the secretion of by-products (e.g., alanine, lactate, ammonia) and the exchange of free compou ...
... exchange equations are added to the GSM on the basis that these transporters are necessary components of normal metabolic functions. For example, the uptake of macro nutrients (e.g., amino acids, glucose), the secretion of by-products (e.g., alanine, lactate, ammonia) and the exchange of free compou ...
Fundamentals of Biochemistry
... in order to regenerate NAD+ (from NADH)—which is required for the continuity of anaerobic glycolysis—in a process known as “homolactic fermentation” ...
... in order to regenerate NAD+ (from NADH)—which is required for the continuity of anaerobic glycolysis—in a process known as “homolactic fermentation” ...
Chapter Eleven - Wright State University
... ￭ Understand the structure of a typical cell (Fig. 18.2), noting especially the ribosomes and the mitochondria. Understand the structure of a mitochondrion (Fig. 18.3). ￭ Understand the structures of AMP, ADP, and ATP. Appreciate that the breaking of the terminal phosphatephosphate bond of ATP relea ...
... ￭ Understand the structure of a typical cell (Fig. 18.2), noting especially the ribosomes and the mitochondria. Understand the structure of a mitochondrion (Fig. 18.3). ￭ Understand the structures of AMP, ADP, and ATP. Appreciate that the breaking of the terminal phosphatephosphate bond of ATP relea ...
Enzyme - CIE Alevel notes!
... The active site of an enzyme is a region, usually a cleft or depression, to which another molecule or molecules can bind. The shape of the active sit allows the substrate to fit perfectly. The idea that the enzyme has a particular shape into which the substrate fit exactly is known as the lock and k ...
... The active site of an enzyme is a region, usually a cleft or depression, to which another molecule or molecules can bind. The shape of the active sit allows the substrate to fit perfectly. The idea that the enzyme has a particular shape into which the substrate fit exactly is known as the lock and k ...
Toxic Alcohols
... • A 25 year old man presents to the ED with blurry vision • For the past few days he has been feeling “cruddy” • He admits to the ingestion of homemade everclear 3 days prior ...
... • A 25 year old man presents to the ED with blurry vision • For the past few days he has been feeling “cruddy” • He admits to the ingestion of homemade everclear 3 days prior ...
Abbreviations and Symbols for Chemical Names of Special Interest
... are built up from these units. The standardization of treatment will involve certain unimportant changes in the (as yet partly developed) systems for individual groups. This standardization is desirable for two reasons. a) The work of authors, editors, and readers is made simpler if the same princip ...
... are built up from these units. The standardization of treatment will involve certain unimportant changes in the (as yet partly developed) systems for individual groups. This standardization is desirable for two reasons. a) The work of authors, editors, and readers is made simpler if the same princip ...
Thermodynamics (Classical) for Biological Systems Prof. GK
... standard Gibbs free energy changes at pH 7, delta G dash, … recall that it is a different from delta G naught, because the physiological pH is pH 7; delta G naught is defined under conditions of pH 0, which is irrelevant. So, we use delta G dash; this is what we again recalled in the previous soluti ...
... standard Gibbs free energy changes at pH 7, delta G dash, … recall that it is a different from delta G naught, because the physiological pH is pH 7; delta G naught is defined under conditions of pH 0, which is irrelevant. So, we use delta G dash; this is what we again recalled in the previous soluti ...
Biochemical Pathways in Prokaryotes Can Be
... five classes perfectly. Indeed, unknown species can be classified into these five groups and in some cases into distinct subgroups through the determination of patterns of enzyme arrangement and control (Byng et al. 1983b). Hence, once a ...
... five classes perfectly. Indeed, unknown species can be classified into these five groups and in some cases into distinct subgroups through the determination of patterns of enzyme arrangement and control (Byng et al. 1983b). Hence, once a ...
General Amino Acid Metabolism
... another is catalyzed by a family of transaminases which are also called aminotransferases. Most of the amino acids undergo these reaction except lysine and threonine The main reaction of amino Acid : A. Transamination: the tunneling of amino groups to glutamate i. Transamination is the exchange of t ...
... another is catalyzed by a family of transaminases which are also called aminotransferases. Most of the amino acids undergo these reaction except lysine and threonine The main reaction of amino Acid : A. Transamination: the tunneling of amino groups to glutamate i. Transamination is the exchange of t ...
Colorimetric End-Point Determination
... or non-plasma specific enzymes which have no known physiological function in the plasma. While some of these enzymes are secreted, others come from the disintegration of cells during the normal process of breakdown and replacement. Certain enzymes appear in body fluids in much higher concentration f ...
... or non-plasma specific enzymes which have no known physiological function in the plasma. While some of these enzymes are secreted, others come from the disintegration of cells during the normal process of breakdown and replacement. Certain enzymes appear in body fluids in much higher concentration f ...
fiiformis1 - Plant Physiology
... Organelles from the -crude homogenate of autotrophically grown cells were separated in a linear sucrose gradient. As indicated by the distribution of Chl and Cyt oxidase, chloroplasts and mitochondria were clearly separated equilibrating at densities of 1.18 and 1.20 g. cm-3, respectively (Fig. la, ...
... Organelles from the -crude homogenate of autotrophically grown cells were separated in a linear sucrose gradient. As indicated by the distribution of Chl and Cyt oxidase, chloroplasts and mitochondria were clearly separated equilibrating at densities of 1.18 and 1.20 g. cm-3, respectively (Fig. la, ...
2 H
... Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle ...
... Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle ...
Unit 8A
... A more oxidized cytosolic redox state in autism could favor anaerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation as a source of adenosine triphosphate. Although skeletal muscle can tolerate this shift in metabolism, consequences for brain function could be devastating due to its heavy reliance on mit ...
... A more oxidized cytosolic redox state in autism could favor anaerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation as a source of adenosine triphosphate. Although skeletal muscle can tolerate this shift in metabolism, consequences for brain function could be devastating due to its heavy reliance on mit ...
Kreb`s cycle - Secondary Education
... result of electron transport? The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases. As H+ ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate, forming high-energy AT ...
... result of electron transport? The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases. As H+ ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate, forming high-energy AT ...
" Vitamins "
... Vitamins are organic nutrients (molecules), that are required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions,(the most prominent ...
... Vitamins are organic nutrients (molecules), that are required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions,(the most prominent ...
2 ATP - jpsaos
... • Where inner membrane of mito • Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC • Output 34 ATP – Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Krebs • 36-38 ATP total from 1 glucose molecule • Add 2 ATP to start reaction! ...
... • Where inner membrane of mito • Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC • Output 34 ATP – Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Krebs • 36-38 ATP total from 1 glucose molecule • Add 2 ATP to start reaction! ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.