Chapter 9
... Hans Adolf Krebs – received the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his work on the series of chemical reactions known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (also called the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle). This is the basic system for the essential pathway of oxidation within the cell. Copyright © 2005 Pearson E ...
... Hans Adolf Krebs – received the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his work on the series of chemical reactions known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (also called the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle). This is the basic system for the essential pathway of oxidation within the cell. Copyright © 2005 Pearson E ...
Catalase enzyme lab
... and may involve covalent bonds. Finally, the products are released into solution and the enzyme is ready to form another enzyme-substrate complex. As is true of any catalyst, the enzyme is not used up as it carries out the reaction but is recycled again and again. One enzyme molecule can carry out t ...
... and may involve covalent bonds. Finally, the products are released into solution and the enzyme is ready to form another enzyme-substrate complex. As is true of any catalyst, the enzyme is not used up as it carries out the reaction but is recycled again and again. One enzyme molecule can carry out t ...
Monday 10-1 Lecture 1 Q: Thanks for podcasting How can one not
... Both can happen. Lock and key implies that the binding site exists independent of the ligand being present, and this is often the case. Induced fit (as we will talk about in class) happens when the ligand causes the structure of the enzyme to change to make a better binding site for the substrate or ...
... Both can happen. Lock and key implies that the binding site exists independent of the ligand being present, and this is often the case. Induced fit (as we will talk about in class) happens when the ligand causes the structure of the enzyme to change to make a better binding site for the substrate or ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... Glucose is transported through cell membrane of different tissues by different protein carriers or transporters. Extracellular glucose binds to the transporter, which then alters its conformations, then transport glucose across the membrane. •GLUT1: present mainly in red cells, and retina. •GLUT2: p ...
... Glucose is transported through cell membrane of different tissues by different protein carriers or transporters. Extracellular glucose binds to the transporter, which then alters its conformations, then transport glucose across the membrane. •GLUT1: present mainly in red cells, and retina. •GLUT2: p ...
Enzymes - fblocks
... Km of enzyme Km (Michaelis Constant) of an enzyme is numerically equal to the substrate concentration at which the velocity of reaction is equal to 1/2 Vmax Km is the substrate concentration at which 1/2 maximal velocity is reached If Km is small, the substrate concentration required for the reacti ...
... Km of enzyme Km (Michaelis Constant) of an enzyme is numerically equal to the substrate concentration at which the velocity of reaction is equal to 1/2 Vmax Km is the substrate concentration at which 1/2 maximal velocity is reached If Km is small, the substrate concentration required for the reacti ...
Enzymes_Group A
... At high [S], S saturates E, and the reaction rate is independent of the [S]. The value of v under this condition is called the maximum velocity, Vmax. At low [S], the reaction is first-order with respect to S. The plot of v versus [S] from low to high [S] is a rectangular hyperbola. The rate equ ...
... At high [S], S saturates E, and the reaction rate is independent of the [S]. The value of v under this condition is called the maximum velocity, Vmax. At low [S], the reaction is first-order with respect to S. The plot of v versus [S] from low to high [S] is a rectangular hyperbola. The rate equ ...
Friday Calvin Cycle How you will always remember… Rubisco
... hXp://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/cellresp/glycolysis.html ...
... hXp://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/cellresp/glycolysis.html ...
chapt06HOv2.ppt
... • Electron transport chain generates proton motive force • Drives synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase • Process proposed by British scientist Peter Mitchell in ...
... • Electron transport chain generates proton motive force • Drives synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase • Process proposed by British scientist Peter Mitchell in ...
Molecular Biology of the Cell
... lactate does not directly cause acidosis, nor is it responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness. This is because lactate itself is not capable of releasing a proton. The acidosis that is associated with increases in lactate concentration during heavy exercise arises from a separate reaction. When ...
... lactate does not directly cause acidosis, nor is it responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness. This is because lactate itself is not capable of releasing a proton. The acidosis that is associated with increases in lactate concentration during heavy exercise arises from a separate reaction. When ...
The Kinetics of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
... active site - a region of an enzyme comprised of different amino acids where catalysis occurs or a small portion of the surface of an enzyme which a specific chemical reaction is catalyzed substrate - the molecule being utilized and/or modified by a particular enzyme at its active site co-factor - o ...
... active site - a region of an enzyme comprised of different amino acids where catalysis occurs or a small portion of the surface of an enzyme which a specific chemical reaction is catalyzed substrate - the molecule being utilized and/or modified by a particular enzyme at its active site co-factor - o ...
Enzyme Reading - BizierDiemHonorsBiology
... As with any other protein, an enzyme's structure and shape are essential to its function. And like other proteins, an enzyme's shape is sensitive to changes in its surrounding environment. Therefore, factors such as pH and temperature can greatly affect how well an enzyme works or if it can work at ...
... As with any other protein, an enzyme's structure and shape are essential to its function. And like other proteins, an enzyme's shape is sensitive to changes in its surrounding environment. Therefore, factors such as pH and temperature can greatly affect how well an enzyme works or if it can work at ...
Biochemistry Lecture 15
... – Inhib'n when ↑[acetyl-CoA] • Prod of further metab • Serves as feedback inhibitor • May be formed when fats catabolized, when glycolysis not needed ...
... – Inhib'n when ↑[acetyl-CoA] • Prod of further metab • Serves as feedback inhibitor • May be formed when fats catabolized, when glycolysis not needed ...
21. glycolysis
... activity. The 2 lobes of hexokinase remain separate in the absence of its substrate molecule, i.e., glucose. However, the conformation changes markedly on binding with glucose and the 2 lobes of the enzyme come together Glucose and surround the substrate. This induced fit is shown in Fig, 21–5. Hexo ...
... activity. The 2 lobes of hexokinase remain separate in the absence of its substrate molecule, i.e., glucose. However, the conformation changes markedly on binding with glucose and the 2 lobes of the enzyme come together Glucose and surround the substrate. This induced fit is shown in Fig, 21–5. Hexo ...
Chapter 8
... Pyrimidine nucleotides are hydrolyzed, yielding the building blocks of pyrimidine, ribose and phosphate. C and U are degraded to CO2, H2O and β alanine. T is degraded to CO2, H2O and β aminoisobutyric acid. ...
... Pyrimidine nucleotides are hydrolyzed, yielding the building blocks of pyrimidine, ribose and phosphate. C and U are degraded to CO2, H2O and β alanine. T is degraded to CO2, H2O and β aminoisobutyric acid. ...
Effect of Nicotinamide on Proliferation, Differentiation, and Energy
... 400, or 500 μM nicotinamide. After 2, 4, 6, or 8 days, the Cells were cultured for 72 h as described in Section cells were harvested and analyzed with MTT to test the Several factors related to energy metabolism analysis above. effect of nicotinamide on proliferation of the preadipocytes Total cellu ...
... 400, or 500 μM nicotinamide. After 2, 4, 6, or 8 days, the Cells were cultured for 72 h as described in Section cells were harvested and analyzed with MTT to test the Several factors related to energy metabolism analysis above. effect of nicotinamide on proliferation of the preadipocytes Total cellu ...
Chapter 15
... • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from the N-terminal end of its chain. • Removal of this small fragment changes not only the primary structure but also the tertiary structur ...
... • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from the N-terminal end of its chain. • Removal of this small fragment changes not only the primary structure but also the tertiary structur ...
Lecture 9 – Cellular Respiration
... lower energy than NADH, and so enter the electron transport chain at a protein further along in the chain The transport proteins alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
... lower energy than NADH, and so enter the electron transport chain at a protein further along in the chain The transport proteins alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
1 Anaerobic Respiration
... An important way of making ATP without oxygen is called fermentation. It involves glycolysis but not the other two stages of aerobic respiration. Many bacteria and yeasts carry out fermentation. People use these organisms to make yogurt, bread, wine, and biofuels. Human muscle cells also use ferment ...
... An important way of making ATP without oxygen is called fermentation. It involves glycolysis but not the other two stages of aerobic respiration. Many bacteria and yeasts carry out fermentation. People use these organisms to make yogurt, bread, wine, and biofuels. Human muscle cells also use ferment ...
Metabolic networks: enzyme function and metabolite structure
... network, and that they had not considered the irreversibility of certain types of reactions. As a result, glucose was estimated to be two reaction steps away from pyruvate due to the connectivity of glucose to ATP, through hexokinase, which in turn is connected to ADP, which is connected to pyruvate ...
... network, and that they had not considered the irreversibility of certain types of reactions. As a result, glucose was estimated to be two reaction steps away from pyruvate due to the connectivity of glucose to ATP, through hexokinase, which in turn is connected to ADP, which is connected to pyruvate ...
NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenase. From a model enzyme to
... Several high resolution structures of PseFDH are available to date: the apo-enzyme (resolution 1.80 Å) [17], the ternary complex of enzyme with NAD+ and azide mimicking putative transition state (2.05 Å) [17], and a complex with ADPR (1.50 Å) [23]. Several other binary complexes of PseFDH (PseFDH-fo ...
... Several high resolution structures of PseFDH are available to date: the apo-enzyme (resolution 1.80 Å) [17], the ternary complex of enzyme with NAD+ and azide mimicking putative transition state (2.05 Å) [17], and a complex with ADPR (1.50 Å) [23]. Several other binary complexes of PseFDH (PseFDH-fo ...
Chapter 19 Lipid Metabolism
... Can synthesize fatty acids from sugars, some amino acids, and other fatty acids. →Fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. The body synthesizes palmitic acid (16:0), and then modifies it to form other fatty acids. Synthesis of Palmitic Acid 8 acetyl-CoA + 7 ATP +14NADPH +14H+ → pa ...
... Can synthesize fatty acids from sugars, some amino acids, and other fatty acids. →Fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. The body synthesizes palmitic acid (16:0), and then modifies it to form other fatty acids. Synthesis of Palmitic Acid 8 acetyl-CoA + 7 ATP +14NADPH +14H+ → pa ...
The following Text was taken from the Student Lab Manual for
... detailed aspects of enzyme biochemistry than just substrates and temperature and pH optimums. When studying a particular enzyme, biologists often study the interactions between the enzyme and its substrate and the reaction rate of the enzyme in great detail. One of the most common approaches for mea ...
... detailed aspects of enzyme biochemistry than just substrates and temperature and pH optimums. When studying a particular enzyme, biologists often study the interactions between the enzyme and its substrate and the reaction rate of the enzyme in great detail. One of the most common approaches for mea ...
darkreactions
... • Therefore acetyl CoA costs 9-2 = 7 ATP and 6-2=4 NAD(P)H • At 2.5 ATP per NAD, that total is 7 + 2.5 * 4 = 17 ATP required per acetyl CoA • When we oxidize acetyl CoA we get 10 ATP (see TCA-cycle lecture), ...
... • Therefore acetyl CoA costs 9-2 = 7 ATP and 6-2=4 NAD(P)H • At 2.5 ATP per NAD, that total is 7 + 2.5 * 4 = 17 ATP required per acetyl CoA • When we oxidize acetyl CoA we get 10 ATP (see TCA-cycle lecture), ...
2 Pyruvate
... respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP Without O2, the electron transport chain will cease to operate In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
... respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP Without O2, the electron transport chain will cease to operate In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.