Multiple Choice Questions- Chemistry and Metabolism of nucleotides
... 17- A physician evaluates a 32-year-old patient for fatigue. The patient is found to have an elevated white blood cell count and an enlarged spleen. A referral to an oncologist results in a diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Treatment with hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor is ...
... 17- A physician evaluates a 32-year-old patient for fatigue. The patient is found to have an elevated white blood cell count and an enlarged spleen. A referral to an oncologist results in a diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Treatment with hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor is ...
Lecture 17: Nitrogen metabolism
... acids. Those that cannot be synthesized have to come from diet/food. ...
... acids. Those that cannot be synthesized have to come from diet/food. ...
Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity
... frequencies of each separate active site; that is, if each site makes one error in 104 nucleotides, the overall reaction will have one error in 108 nucleotides. A comparable editing mechanism is observed in the enzymes that attach amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. ...
... frequencies of each separate active site; that is, if each site makes one error in 104 nucleotides, the overall reaction will have one error in 108 nucleotides. A comparable editing mechanism is observed in the enzymes that attach amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. ...
METABOLISM OF XENOBIOTICS - Keluarga IKMA FKMUA 2010
... Cytochrome P450 Hemoprotein, like hemoglobin. Widely distributed across species. Present in highest amount in liver and small intestines, mainly in the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Substrate specificity. NADPH is involved in reaction mechanism in cyt P450. Lipids also components o ...
... Cytochrome P450 Hemoprotein, like hemoglobin. Widely distributed across species. Present in highest amount in liver and small intestines, mainly in the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Substrate specificity. NADPH is involved in reaction mechanism in cyt P450. Lipids also components o ...
Nutrition Lecture 7/8 - Website of Neelay Gandhi
... binding proteins. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by the intestine and carried by the circulatory system to the specific tissues that they will be put to use. The different types of vitamin are differentiated by their solubility in water. They can be stored enough to last for several weeks. In t ...
... binding proteins. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by the intestine and carried by the circulatory system to the specific tissues that they will be put to use. The different types of vitamin are differentiated by their solubility in water. They can be stored enough to last for several weeks. In t ...
Biology: Cellular Respiration Practice Problems
... 13. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme (aka catalyst) for one step of the process was missing or defective? 14. On average, how many ATP can be made from each NADH during the electron transport process? 15. On average, how many ATP can be made from each FADH2 during ...
... 13. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme (aka catalyst) for one step of the process was missing or defective? 14. On average, how many ATP can be made from each NADH during the electron transport process? 15. On average, how many ATP can be made from each FADH2 during ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Metabolism Overview
... •Specific internal conc. of inorganic ions, metabolites & enzymes are maintained. •Energy for Rx is extracted from external sources either by photosynthetic reactions or solely chemically from the ingestion & catabolism of energy-containing molecules. •Metabolic pathways in each organism are specifi ...
... •Specific internal conc. of inorganic ions, metabolites & enzymes are maintained. •Energy for Rx is extracted from external sources either by photosynthetic reactions or solely chemically from the ingestion & catabolism of energy-containing molecules. •Metabolic pathways in each organism are specifi ...
The Biochemistry of Alcohol Toxicity -R-ES-O-N-A-N--CE--I-O-c
... reaction, which accounts for the observed accumulation of lactate. Other redox reactions depending on NAD+ that occur in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Figure 2) also sitftilarly become slower in the presence of alcohol. The maximum rate of oxidation of acetate may not be more than 25% of the normal. ...
... reaction, which accounts for the observed accumulation of lactate. Other redox reactions depending on NAD+ that occur in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Figure 2) also sitftilarly become slower in the presence of alcohol. The maximum rate of oxidation of acetate may not be more than 25% of the normal. ...
Chapter 19a Oxidative Phosphorylation and
... Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic theory is correct? A) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) It predicts that oxidative phosphorylation can occur even in the absence of an intac ...
... Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic theory is correct? A) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) It predicts that oxidative phosphorylation can occur even in the absence of an intac ...
Cell Respiration
... cost of food item or game). Not long after you arrive you realize that no vendor has change for a 100$ bill.You have 2 choices: 1. Use a 100$ bill for each purchase, over paying for everything and run out of money fast or 2. do not buy anything. Neither choice is reasonable. ...
... cost of food item or game). Not long after you arrive you realize that no vendor has change for a 100$ bill.You have 2 choices: 1. Use a 100$ bill for each purchase, over paying for everything and run out of money fast or 2. do not buy anything. Neither choice is reasonable. ...
cellular respiration
... production of 3 ATP molecules. Why is there a difference? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ...
... production of 3 ATP molecules. Why is there a difference? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ...
Amino Acid Degradation
... Ala, Ser, Cys, and Gly. I. Amino Acids that are Catabolized into Pyruvate. Pyruvate is the entry point for amino acids that contain 3 carbons, alanine, serine and cysteine. Alanine transaminase reversibly transfers the amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. Note ...
... Ala, Ser, Cys, and Gly. I. Amino Acids that are Catabolized into Pyruvate. Pyruvate is the entry point for amino acids that contain 3 carbons, alanine, serine and cysteine. Alanine transaminase reversibly transfers the amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. Note ...
Metabolism of lipids
... • The FAs are built by sequential addition of two-carbon units derived from acetyl CoA. The activated donor of the two-carbon units in the elongation step is malonyl-ACP (a three-carbon unit) but during the elongation, CO2 is released. This drives the reaction • The reducing agent is NADPH. • Elonga ...
... • The FAs are built by sequential addition of two-carbon units derived from acetyl CoA. The activated donor of the two-carbon units in the elongation step is malonyl-ACP (a three-carbon unit) but during the elongation, CO2 is released. This drives the reaction • The reducing agent is NADPH. • Elonga ...
Ch23_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
... 25) Pyruvate is converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions because ________. A) reduction of pyruvate provides NAD+ which is needed for glycolysis B) lactate is storage for of pyruvate for use later when more ATP is needed C) lactate releases oxygen upon conversion to acetyl-CoA D) reduction of ...
... 25) Pyruvate is converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions because ________. A) reduction of pyruvate provides NAD+ which is needed for glycolysis B) lactate is storage for of pyruvate for use later when more ATP is needed C) lactate releases oxygen upon conversion to acetyl-CoA D) reduction of ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... It’s one of two energy-rich products of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in phototrophs ATP then provides drivers for almost everything else other than redox ...
... It’s one of two energy-rich products of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in phototrophs ATP then provides drivers for almost everything else other than redox ...
Evolution of Amino Acid Metabolism Inferred through Cladistic
... energy. This energy is used for other needs that will be more difficult to satisfy for competitor cells without confluence. This optimization of pathways is considered as a general basic rule of comparative biochemistry (1). For these early anabolisms, common enzymes or common reactions shared by tw ...
... energy. This energy is used for other needs that will be more difficult to satisfy for competitor cells without confluence. This optimization of pathways is considered as a general basic rule of comparative biochemistry (1). For these early anabolisms, common enzymes or common reactions shared by tw ...
From CO2 to cell: energetic expense of creating biomass using the
... live in microaerobic environments and may have oxygen tolerant versions of these enzymes (Shiba et al. 1985; Beh et al. 1993). Accordingly, sensitivity to oxygen has also been suggested to be a major driver in the distribution of these two autotrophic pathways (Berg 2011). At hydrothermal vents, mul ...
... live in microaerobic environments and may have oxygen tolerant versions of these enzymes (Shiba et al. 1985; Beh et al. 1993). Accordingly, sensitivity to oxygen has also been suggested to be a major driver in the distribution of these two autotrophic pathways (Berg 2011). At hydrothermal vents, mul ...
electron transport chain
... • They can use this proton-motive force not only to generate ATP but also to pump nutrients and waste products across the membrane and to rotate their flagella. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... • They can use this proton-motive force not only to generate ATP but also to pump nutrients and waste products across the membrane and to rotate their flagella. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Citric Acid Cycle - chem.uwec.edu - University of Wisconsin
... 1.7. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase The mechanism involves a series of transfer reactions ...
... 1.7. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase The mechanism involves a series of transfer reactions ...
Glycolysis - Oregon State University
... The aldolase reaction puts together pieces so A fructose molecule is made with two phosphates in tow Metabolic Melody gluconeogenesis liver’s specialty And one of Oh these gets cleaved offis by a fructose phosphatase Producing sugar foracting the body most admirably (slow) Unless F2,6BP's blocking p ...
... The aldolase reaction puts together pieces so A fructose molecule is made with two phosphates in tow Metabolic Melody gluconeogenesis liver’s specialty And one of Oh these gets cleaved offis by a fructose phosphatase Producing sugar foracting the body most admirably (slow) Unless F2,6BP's blocking p ...
Vitamins B, E, K
... • Folate transport and metabolism are linked, complex, and still being actively studied. Rest of this is FYI • “PCFT” (Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter) is a folateproton symporter located in apical membrane of brush border cells in small intestine (along with lots of other carriers like Na-glucose ...
... • Folate transport and metabolism are linked, complex, and still being actively studied. Rest of this is FYI • “PCFT” (Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter) is a folateproton symporter located in apical membrane of brush border cells in small intestine (along with lots of other carriers like Na-glucose ...
Nucleotides: Synthesis and Degredation
... enzyme is aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) catalyzes the condensation of carbamoyl phosphate with aspartate with the release of Pi ATCase is the major site of regulation in bacteria; it is activated by ATP and inhibited by CTP carbamoyl phosphate is an “activated” compound, so no energy input is ...
... enzyme is aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) catalyzes the condensation of carbamoyl phosphate with aspartate with the release of Pi ATCase is the major site of regulation in bacteria; it is activated by ATP and inhibited by CTP carbamoyl phosphate is an “activated” compound, so no energy input is ...
Lecture 4 - Citric Acid Cycle 1 2 3 4 - chem.uwec.edu
... 1.7. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase The mechanism involves a series of transfer reactions ...
... 1.7. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase The mechanism involves a series of transfer reactions ...
MethyZobaciZZus: a New Genus of Obligately Methylotrophic Bacteria
... 54.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Nitrogen-limited cells accumulate over 5% of their dry weight as a glycogen-like reserve material. This polysaccharide is a homoglucan which is similar to glycogen in its iodine-staining properties and its degree of degradation by phosphorylase a . Some of the glucos ...
... 54.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Nitrogen-limited cells accumulate over 5% of their dry weight as a glycogen-like reserve material. This polysaccharide is a homoglucan which is similar to glycogen in its iodine-staining properties and its degree of degradation by phosphorylase a . Some of the glucos ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.