Name: Date: ______ Block: ______ ENZYMES A CATALYST is a
... A CATALYST is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of ACTIVATION ENERGY needed to start that reaction. ENZYMES are the biological molecules (proteins or RNA) that act as catalysts in a living organism. The seemingly simple act of breaking down food molecules to relea ...
... A CATALYST is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of ACTIVATION ENERGY needed to start that reaction. ENZYMES are the biological molecules (proteins or RNA) that act as catalysts in a living organism. The seemingly simple act of breaking down food molecules to relea ...
Glucose
... combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate containing three carboxyls. Two carbon atoms emerged from the cycle as CO2 from the oxidation of isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate. The energy released by these oxidations was conserved in the reduction of three NAD+ and one FAD and the production of one ATP ...
... combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate containing three carboxyls. Two carbon atoms emerged from the cycle as CO2 from the oxidation of isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate. The energy released by these oxidations was conserved in the reduction of three NAD+ and one FAD and the production of one ATP ...
Formatted - RESPIRATION
... This reaction is considered to be the committed reaction of glycolysis as this conversion is irreversible. Conversion of fructose-1,6-diphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate requires a different enzyme, phosphatase. Moreover, once fructose-1,6-diphosphate is formed, it is destined to be used further i ...
... This reaction is considered to be the committed reaction of glycolysis as this conversion is irreversible. Conversion of fructose-1,6-diphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate requires a different enzyme, phosphatase. Moreover, once fructose-1,6-diphosphate is formed, it is destined to be used further i ...
The Process of Cellular Respiration
... are transferred to energy carriers. Follow the reactions in Figure 9–5 and you will see how this happens. First, look at the 6 carbon atoms in citric acid. One is removed, and then another, releasing 2 molecules of carbon dioxide and leaving a 4-carbon molecule. Why is the Krebs cycle a “cycle”? Bec ...
... are transferred to energy carriers. Follow the reactions in Figure 9–5 and you will see how this happens. First, look at the 6 carbon atoms in citric acid. One is removed, and then another, releasing 2 molecules of carbon dioxide and leaving a 4-carbon molecule. Why is the Krebs cycle a “cycle”? Bec ...
Document
... X-linked trait (HGPRT gene is on X chromosome). Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID): lack of adenosine deaminase (ADA). Lack of ADA causes accumulation of deoxyadenosine. Immune cells, which have potent salvage pathways, accumulate dATP, which blocks production of other dNTPs by its action on r ...
... X-linked trait (HGPRT gene is on X chromosome). Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID): lack of adenosine deaminase (ADA). Lack of ADA causes accumulation of deoxyadenosine. Immune cells, which have potent salvage pathways, accumulate dATP, which blocks production of other dNTPs by its action on r ...
reactants -> products. - University of San Diego Home Pages
... If more than one enzyme share the same substrate, KM also will determine how to decide which pathway the substrate will take Vmax tells about pathways ...
... If more than one enzyme share the same substrate, KM also will determine how to decide which pathway the substrate will take Vmax tells about pathways ...
Engineering of metabolic pathways by artificial enzyme channels
... metabolic channels by additive manufacturing (AM) for efficient production of valuable chemical products. ...
... metabolic channels by additive manufacturing (AM) for efficient production of valuable chemical products. ...
Metabolic changes in the glucose-induced apoptotic blastocyst
... Embryo extraction for metabolite assays. At each stage, embryos were washed in BSA-free media for 1 min and then quick frozen on a glass slide by dipping in cold isopentane equilibrated with liquid N2. After freeze-drying overnight in a vacuum at –35oC, the embryos were extracted in nanoliter volume ...
... Embryo extraction for metabolite assays. At each stage, embryos were washed in BSA-free media for 1 min and then quick frozen on a glass slide by dipping in cold isopentane equilibrated with liquid N2. After freeze-drying overnight in a vacuum at –35oC, the embryos were extracted in nanoliter volume ...
Lecture 8: 9/9
... 1. Covalent catalysis: The active site contains a nucleophile that is briefly covalently modified. 2. General acid‐base catalysis: A molecule other than water donates or accepts a proton. 3. Metal ion catalysis: Metal ions function in a number of ways including serving as an electrophilic cataly ...
... 1. Covalent catalysis: The active site contains a nucleophile that is briefly covalently modified. 2. General acid‐base catalysis: A molecule other than water donates or accepts a proton. 3. Metal ion catalysis: Metal ions function in a number of ways including serving as an electrophilic cataly ...
ENERGY-PRODUCING ABILITY OF BACTERIA
... bonds. This biomolecule is the one that is used as the universal energy currency in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. However, there are also other high energy phosphates that can be utilized as intermediates or as direct energy transporters instead of ATP. These include phosphoenolpyruvate (PE ...
... bonds. This biomolecule is the one that is used as the universal energy currency in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. However, there are also other high energy phosphates that can be utilized as intermediates or as direct energy transporters instead of ATP. These include phosphoenolpyruvate (PE ...
Cellular Respiration - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... place inside the mitochondria, where oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons. Because they require oxygen, these phases are called aerobic. During these phases, notice where CO2 and H2O, the end products of cellular respiration, and ATP, the main outcome of respiration, are produced. • Glycolysis [ ...
... place inside the mitochondria, where oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons. Because they require oxygen, these phases are called aerobic. During these phases, notice where CO2 and H2O, the end products of cellular respiration, and ATP, the main outcome of respiration, are produced. • Glycolysis [ ...
Chapter 25 Chapter Topics Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... Fatty Acid Biosynthesis, con’t. • Not simply the reverse of Fatty Acid oxidation, though the chemistry is similar. • Energy difference from two reactions: • “Activation” of acetyl-CoA to make C-C bond formation irreversible. • NADPH as electron donor in double bond reduction (FAD was acceptor in oxi ...
... Fatty Acid Biosynthesis, con’t. • Not simply the reverse of Fatty Acid oxidation, though the chemistry is similar. • Energy difference from two reactions: • “Activation” of acetyl-CoA to make C-C bond formation irreversible. • NADPH as electron donor in double bond reduction (FAD was acceptor in oxi ...
glucose
... • Carboxylation of pyruvate is located in mitochondrial matrix – at the same time it can serve as anaplerotic reaction of citric acid cycle (se lecture citric acid cycle) • Oxaloacetate cannot be transported across mitochondrial membrane – it must be transported in form of malate or aspartate ...
... • Carboxylation of pyruvate is located in mitochondrial matrix – at the same time it can serve as anaplerotic reaction of citric acid cycle (se lecture citric acid cycle) • Oxaloacetate cannot be transported across mitochondrial membrane – it must be transported in form of malate or aspartate ...
fermentation
... acetyl CoA, producing CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP. • In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Then, acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle. • One glucose molecule is completely broken down in two turns of the Krebs cycle. These two then ...
... acetyl CoA, producing CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP. • In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Then, acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle. • One glucose molecule is completely broken down in two turns of the Krebs cycle. These two then ...
NUCLEOTIDE metabolism class of 2016
... Also familiarize yourselves with • the basis of other disorders associated with the nucleotide metabolism (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, adenosine deaminase deficiency) • why/how nucleotide analogs and inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis are used in various drug therapies ...
... Also familiarize yourselves with • the basis of other disorders associated with the nucleotide metabolism (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, adenosine deaminase deficiency) • why/how nucleotide analogs and inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis are used in various drug therapies ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... ensuing flow of protons back across the membrane is used to make ATP. Because this mode of ATP production links the phosphorylation of ADP with the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, it is called oxidative phosphorylation. Figure 9.2 summarizes the four processes in cellular respiration. Formally, cellula ...
... ensuing flow of protons back across the membrane is used to make ATP. Because this mode of ATP production links the phosphorylation of ADP with the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, it is called oxidative phosphorylation. Figure 9.2 summarizes the four processes in cellular respiration. Formally, cellula ...
15. The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in
... - Nutrients are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. - Organisms can obtain far more energy from nutrient by aerobic metabolism. - Three process: citric acid cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation ...
... - Nutrients are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. - Organisms can obtain far more energy from nutrient by aerobic metabolism. - Three process: citric acid cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation ...
video slide - Course
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
Chapter 9 Notes
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
75. In yeast, if the electron transport system is shut down because of
... a) An agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell. b) An agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it. c) An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose, but is not capable of being metabolized. d) An agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+. e) An ...
... a) An agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell. b) An agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it. c) An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose, but is not capable of being metabolized. d) An agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+. e) An ...
Acyl-CoA
... - Thiolysis (or breaking bonds with –SH group—cf hydrolysis and phosphorolysis) initiated by nucleophilic attack of the thiol group (-SH) of CoA on the keto group within β-ketoacyl-CoA results in the cleavage of Cα-Cβ bond, thereby releasing the first acetyl-CoA (to enter the Krebs cycle) and an out ...
... - Thiolysis (or breaking bonds with –SH group—cf hydrolysis and phosphorolysis) initiated by nucleophilic attack of the thiol group (-SH) of CoA on the keto group within β-ketoacyl-CoA results in the cleavage of Cα-Cβ bond, thereby releasing the first acetyl-CoA (to enter the Krebs cycle) and an out ...
12-Glycolysis2016-11-15 13:225.6 MB
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
Reversible Competitive Inhibitor
... Video Clip – Reversible Inhibitors From a drug discovery standpoint, enzymes are very interesting, but only in as much as they can serve as drug targets. Drugs that interfere in an enzyme's function are called inhibitors. Inhibitors are classified as being reversible or irreversible. Among the rever ...
... Video Clip – Reversible Inhibitors From a drug discovery standpoint, enzymes are very interesting, but only in as much as they can serve as drug targets. Drugs that interfere in an enzyme's function are called inhibitors. Inhibitors are classified as being reversible or irreversible. Among the rever ...
Bean Brew - Science Case Network
... sauce on the table and held it up. “It turns out that this fungus will increase the efficiency of the first stage of brewing soy sauce. Did you know that brewing soy sauce is one of the original biotech industries? They were shipping the stuff in barrels to Asia over 500 years ago and in bottles to ...
... sauce on the table and held it up. “It turns out that this fungus will increase the efficiency of the first stage of brewing soy sauce. Did you know that brewing soy sauce is one of the original biotech industries? They were shipping the stuff in barrels to Asia over 500 years ago and in bottles to ...
Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training
... Beta oxidation—series of reactions that results in the formation of acetyl-CoA from free fatty acids Bioenergetics—flow of energy in a biological system Creatine phosphate—high energy compound in cells used to regenerate ATP Electron Transport Chain (ETC)—a series of reactions in mitochondria that c ...
... Beta oxidation—series of reactions that results in the formation of acetyl-CoA from free fatty acids Bioenergetics—flow of energy in a biological system Creatine phosphate—high energy compound in cells used to regenerate ATP Electron Transport Chain (ETC)—a series of reactions in mitochondria that c ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.