lecture5
... adrenocorticotropic hormone induce lipolysis (Figure 22.6). In contrast, insulin inhibits lipolysis. The released fatty acids are not soluble in blood plasma, and so, on release, serum albumin binds the fatty acids and serves as a carrier. By these means, free fatty acids are made accessible as a fu ...
... adrenocorticotropic hormone induce lipolysis (Figure 22.6). In contrast, insulin inhibits lipolysis. The released fatty acids are not soluble in blood plasma, and so, on release, serum albumin binds the fatty acids and serves as a carrier. By these means, free fatty acids are made accessible as a fu ...
Homework # 8 Energetics, Electron Transport
... reactions to produce CO2 and H2O? (Hint: do glycolyis and CAC) ...
... reactions to produce CO2 and H2O? (Hint: do glycolyis and CAC) ...
Nucleotide
... - Hypoxanthine (I) is commonly found in transfer RNA (tRNA) as an essential modification but in DNA as a mismatch due to its preferential base-pairing with cytosine (C) - In both DNA and tRNA, hypoxanthine (I) results from the deamination of adenine (A) ...
... - Hypoxanthine (I) is commonly found in transfer RNA (tRNA) as an essential modification but in DNA as a mismatch due to its preferential base-pairing with cytosine (C) - In both DNA and tRNA, hypoxanthine (I) results from the deamination of adenine (A) ...
Test Example
... (a) List the types of noncovalent interactions that are important in providing stability to the threedimensional structures of macromolecules. (b) Why is it important that these interactions be noncovalent, rather than covalent, bonds? Ans: (a) Noncovalent interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic ...
... (a) List the types of noncovalent interactions that are important in providing stability to the threedimensional structures of macromolecules. (b) Why is it important that these interactions be noncovalent, rather than covalent, bonds? Ans: (a) Noncovalent interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic ...
Amino Acids Metabolism: Disposal of Nitrogen.
... NH4+ from metabolic processes as nucleotide degradation. -This toxic ammonia is converted into amino group of glutamine that transported to liver or kidneys. - Glutamine: non-toxic transport form of NH4+ and also source of amino group in many biosynthesis reactions. - The amide nitrogen of glutamine ...
... NH4+ from metabolic processes as nucleotide degradation. -This toxic ammonia is converted into amino group of glutamine that transported to liver or kidneys. - Glutamine: non-toxic transport form of NH4+ and also source of amino group in many biosynthesis reactions. - The amide nitrogen of glutamine ...
Evolution of Metabolisms - Theoretical and Computational
... known that are related to electron transfer. Table 2 previews a subset of 15 selected pathways out of the total 69. The con dence level (De nition 2) for pathways in Table 2 is t D 1. Four members of the set of 15 selected electron transfer pathways are present in organisms of all three domains: D ...
... known that are related to electron transfer. Table 2 previews a subset of 15 selected pathways out of the total 69. The con dence level (De nition 2) for pathways in Table 2 is t D 1. Four members of the set of 15 selected electron transfer pathways are present in organisms of all three domains: D ...
Nucleotide Metabolism - Oregon State University
... Phosphorylates or Nucleosidases Release Bases and Sugars Adenine-Containing and Guanine Nucleotide Breakdown Processes are Similar, but Deaminases Convert AMP to IMP and Adenosine to Inosine Inosine is Converted to Hypoxanthine and Ribose-1P by a Purine Phosphorylase Hypoxanthine (Xanthine Oxidase) ...
... Phosphorylates or Nucleosidases Release Bases and Sugars Adenine-Containing and Guanine Nucleotide Breakdown Processes are Similar, but Deaminases Convert AMP to IMP and Adenosine to Inosine Inosine is Converted to Hypoxanthine and Ribose-1P by a Purine Phosphorylase Hypoxanthine (Xanthine Oxidase) ...
chapter_14_respiration_in_plants
... value is one for carbohydrates. However, it is always less than one for fats as fats consume more oxygen for respiration than carbohydrates. It can be illustrated through the example of tripalmitin fatty acid, which consumes 145 molecules of O2for respiration while 102 molecules of CO2are evolved. T ...
... value is one for carbohydrates. However, it is always less than one for fats as fats consume more oxygen for respiration than carbohydrates. It can be illustrated through the example of tripalmitin fatty acid, which consumes 145 molecules of O2for respiration while 102 molecules of CO2are evolved. T ...
Nucleotide Metabolism
... Phosphorylates or Nucleosidases Release Bases and Sugars Adenine-Containing and Guanine Nucleotide Breakdown Processes are Similar, but Deaminases Co Inosine is Converted to Hypoxanthine and Ribose-1P by a Purine Phosphorylase Hypoxanthine (Xanthine Oxidase) and Guanine (Guanase) are Converted to Xa ...
... Phosphorylates or Nucleosidases Release Bases and Sugars Adenine-Containing and Guanine Nucleotide Breakdown Processes are Similar, but Deaminases Co Inosine is Converted to Hypoxanthine and Ribose-1P by a Purine Phosphorylase Hypoxanthine (Xanthine Oxidase) and Guanine (Guanase) are Converted to Xa ...
Nucleotides: Synthesis and Degradation
... – If endergonic reaction released energy into cell as heat energy, wouldn’t be useful – Must be coupled to an exergonic reaction ...
... – If endergonic reaction released energy into cell as heat energy, wouldn’t be useful – Must be coupled to an exergonic reaction ...
발효화학-8.
... 8.1 Electron acceptors used in anaerobic metabolism 8.1.1 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration Respiration : the reduction of oxygen by electrons from the electron transport chains coupled to the generation of a proton motive force through electron transport phosphorylation (ETP, Sec.5.*) Ana ...
... 8.1 Electron acceptors used in anaerobic metabolism 8.1.1 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration Respiration : the reduction of oxygen by electrons from the electron transport chains coupled to the generation of a proton motive force through electron transport phosphorylation (ETP, Sec.5.*) Ana ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... the arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms. Compounds that can participate in exergonic reactions can act as fuels. With the help of enzymes, a cell systematically degrades complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy to simpler waste products that have less energy. ...
... the arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms. Compounds that can participate in exergonic reactions can act as fuels. With the help of enzymes, a cell systematically degrades complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy to simpler waste products that have less energy. ...
22. pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
... molecular oxygen. Since only Mg and an adenylic acid (ATP, ADP or AMP) had to be added, this finding meant that mitochondria contain not only all the enzymes and coenzymes required for the citric acid cycle but also those needed to transport the electrons from the substrate to molecular oxygen. Late ...
... molecular oxygen. Since only Mg and an adenylic acid (ATP, ADP or AMP) had to be added, this finding meant that mitochondria contain not only all the enzymes and coenzymes required for the citric acid cycle but also those needed to transport the electrons from the substrate to molecular oxygen. Late ...
Biosynthesis of Phenylpropane
... The predominant pathway for monolignol biosynthesis in xylem cells is outlined in black, with the dark arrows showing the primary substrates and products and the gray arrows showing the minor substrates and products. The blue shading indicates the pathway that is conserved between angiosperms and g ...
... The predominant pathway for monolignol biosynthesis in xylem cells is outlined in black, with the dark arrows showing the primary substrates and products and the gray arrows showing the minor substrates and products. The blue shading indicates the pathway that is conserved between angiosperms and g ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... Formation of a double bond in a fatty acid involves the following endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in mammalian cells: NADH-cyt b5 Reductase, a flavoprotein with FAD as prosthetic group. Cytochrome b5, which may be a separate protein or a domain at one end of the desaturase. Desaturase, ...
... Formation of a double bond in a fatty acid involves the following endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in mammalian cells: NADH-cyt b5 Reductase, a flavoprotein with FAD as prosthetic group. Cytochrome b5, which may be a separate protein or a domain at one end of the desaturase. Desaturase, ...
Case Study 5 Literature - Department of Chemistry
... been concluded that the enzymes fulfill mainly biosynthetic purposes by supplying NADPH for anabolic reactions or in serine biosynthesis (10, 13, 14). Sequence analyses of the genes encoding GAPN of pea and maize, as well as of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans, indicated that GAPN enzymes are not ...
... been concluded that the enzymes fulfill mainly biosynthetic purposes by supplying NADPH for anabolic reactions or in serine biosynthesis (10, 13, 14). Sequence analyses of the genes encoding GAPN of pea and maize, as well as of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans, indicated that GAPN enzymes are not ...
Evolution of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the
... to other thiamine-dependent enzymes that perform biochemically similar reactions: transketolase, which catalyzes the transfer of two-carbon units in the Calvin cycle and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, 1-deoxyxylulose5-phosphate synthase, which transfers a C2 unit from pyruvate to D-glyceraldeh ...
... to other thiamine-dependent enzymes that perform biochemically similar reactions: transketolase, which catalyzes the transfer of two-carbon units in the Calvin cycle and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, 1-deoxyxylulose5-phosphate synthase, which transfers a C2 unit from pyruvate to D-glyceraldeh ...
Pyruvic Acid and Formic Acid Metabolism in Sarcina
... elsdenii ferredoxin in the reduction of sulphite by hydrogen in extracts of that organism. Role of ferredoxin in hydrogen production from pyruvate. When ferredoxin was removed from active extracts, hydrogen production from pyruvate was abolished. Activity was restored by the addition of coenzyme A t ...
... elsdenii ferredoxin in the reduction of sulphite by hydrogen in extracts of that organism. Role of ferredoxin in hydrogen production from pyruvate. When ferredoxin was removed from active extracts, hydrogen production from pyruvate was abolished. Activity was restored by the addition of coenzyme A t ...
carbohydrate metabolism
... What is the significance of Gluconeogenesis? Gluconeogenesis produces glucose when carbohydrate is not available in sufficient amounts from the diet Glucose produced is for maintenance of blood glucose levels during starvation or during vigorous exercise Brain and Red Blood Cells depend almost ...
... What is the significance of Gluconeogenesis? Gluconeogenesis produces glucose when carbohydrate is not available in sufficient amounts from the diet Glucose produced is for maintenance of blood glucose levels during starvation or during vigorous exercise Brain and Red Blood Cells depend almost ...
Respiratio
... Protons are released in matrix and electrons pass to CoQ. Electrons then pass through cytochromes b, c, c1, a and a3. Finally electrons are accepted oxygen to form ionic oxygenic which combines with 2H+ from matrix to form metabolic water. This is called terminal oxidation. 6. During electron transp ...
... Protons are released in matrix and electrons pass to CoQ. Electrons then pass through cytochromes b, c, c1, a and a3. Finally electrons are accepted oxygen to form ionic oxygenic which combines with 2H+ from matrix to form metabolic water. This is called terminal oxidation. 6. During electron transp ...
Gluconeogensis
... b. transfers CO2 to N forming molecule on the right c. Biotin is covalently bound to enzyme d. Enzyme also binds pyruvate & deprotonates it i. Adds CO2 to pyruvate resulting in oxaloacetate e. Process requires energy (ATP) f. Takes place in mitochondria!!! – very easy exam question i. Pyruvate Carbo ...
... b. transfers CO2 to N forming molecule on the right c. Biotin is covalently bound to enzyme d. Enzyme also binds pyruvate & deprotonates it i. Adds CO2 to pyruvate resulting in oxaloacetate e. Process requires energy (ATP) f. Takes place in mitochondria!!! – very easy exam question i. Pyruvate Carbo ...
Transamination and Reductive Amination
... enzymes following various mechanisms, e.g. by pyridoxal 5¢-phosphate (PLP) dependent transaminases (see Section 2.4.3) or by amino acid dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.–) using NADH or NADPH as cofactor. The synthetic usefulness of the transaminase reaction is diminished by the position of the equilibrium ...
... enzymes following various mechanisms, e.g. by pyridoxal 5¢-phosphate (PLP) dependent transaminases (see Section 2.4.3) or by amino acid dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.–) using NADH or NADPH as cofactor. The synthetic usefulness of the transaminase reaction is diminished by the position of the equilibrium ...
Chapter 23
... double bond, and reduction of the alcoholic carbon to a ketone by an NAD +-dependent enzyme. In -oxidation (Figure 23.10), a similar series operates but with an acyl-CoA as substrate and thiolysis of the product to release acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA, two carbons shorter. The FAD-dependent enzy ...
... double bond, and reduction of the alcoholic carbon to a ketone by an NAD +-dependent enzyme. In -oxidation (Figure 23.10), a similar series operates but with an acyl-CoA as substrate and thiolysis of the product to release acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA, two carbons shorter. The FAD-dependent enzy ...
Ch. 3: Vitamins, Cofactors, Coenzymes, Enzymes
... needed in small amounts for normal body functions that the body cannot synthesize in adequat amounts enzyme: a protein that is a catalyst metalloenzyme: an enzyme that has a tightly bound metal ion cofactor: an organic molecule or a metal ion that certain enzymes need in order to catalyze a reaction ...
... needed in small amounts for normal body functions that the body cannot synthesize in adequat amounts enzyme: a protein that is a catalyst metalloenzyme: an enzyme that has a tightly bound metal ion cofactor: an organic molecule or a metal ion that certain enzymes need in order to catalyze a reaction ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... • The products are then released, allowing another substrate molecule to bind the enzyme - this cycle can be repeated millions (or even more) ...
... • The products are then released, allowing another substrate molecule to bind the enzyme - this cycle can be repeated millions (or even more) ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.