Vitamin B12 deficiency, methylmalonic acidemia
... intermediate (see previous numbered equation) is probably a reduced cobalamin, and the reducing agent is likely FADH2 4. The methyl-trap hypothesis Even though the lack of activity of 5-methyl THF-homocysteine methyltransferase is secondary to a primary defect in the synthesis of cobalamin methyl, ...
... intermediate (see previous numbered equation) is probably a reduced cobalamin, and the reducing agent is likely FADH2 4. The methyl-trap hypothesis Even though the lack of activity of 5-methyl THF-homocysteine methyltransferase is secondary to a primary defect in the synthesis of cobalamin methyl, ...
Small-molecule metabolism: an enzyme mosaic
... catalytic mechanism because enzymes hydrolyse glucosidic linkages. Similarly, the two phosphorylase domains (shown in blue) conserve reaction chemistry because both glycogen phosphorylase (glgP) and maltodextrin phosphorylase (malP) are phosphorylases acting on different substrates. Recent studies h ...
... catalytic mechanism because enzymes hydrolyse glucosidic linkages. Similarly, the two phosphorylase domains (shown in blue) conserve reaction chemistry because both glycogen phosphorylase (glgP) and maltodextrin phosphorylase (malP) are phosphorylases acting on different substrates. Recent studies h ...
Synthetic biology for engineering acetyl coenzyme a
... can be used as biofuels, e.g., farnesene, pharmaceuticals, e.g., the antimalarial drug artemisinic acid, perfumes, and fine fragrances, e.g., santalene, and nutraceutical ingredients, e.g., -carotene and lycopene. ● Sterols such as ergosterol that can be used as dietary supplements. ● Polyketides t ...
... can be used as biofuels, e.g., farnesene, pharmaceuticals, e.g., the antimalarial drug artemisinic acid, perfumes, and fine fragrances, e.g., santalene, and nutraceutical ingredients, e.g., -carotene and lycopene. ● Sterols such as ergosterol that can be used as dietary supplements. ● Polyketides t ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Background - Rose
... 1) A single reaction would not allow the recovery of much energy in usable form (a single reaction might result in one NADH molecule, or one ATP, or at most, one of each, while the TCA cycle results in several reduced cofactors and therefore in much more conservation of the energy in the acetyl-CoA ...
... 1) A single reaction would not allow the recovery of much energy in usable form (a single reaction might result in one NADH molecule, or one ATP, or at most, one of each, while the TCA cycle results in several reduced cofactors and therefore in much more conservation of the energy in the acetyl-CoA ...
28 Gluconeogenesis In animals, glucose is required by the brain
... The muscle has the ability to take up vast quantities of glucose. Because it lacks glucose-6-phosphatase, it cannot release glucose directly. Instead it releases either lactate or alanine, which can be converted to glucose by the liver. ...
... The muscle has the ability to take up vast quantities of glucose. Because it lacks glucose-6-phosphatase, it cannot release glucose directly. Instead it releases either lactate or alanine, which can be converted to glucose by the liver. ...
Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism
... culture, but is found in sediments in the coastal waters of Namibia measuring up to 0.75 mm in size, which is about 100 times bigger than a normal sized bacterium. In addition to the acidophilic and neutrophilic sulfur bacteria, alkalophilic sulfur bacteria thrive in alkaline soda lakes. These are s ...
... culture, but is found in sediments in the coastal waters of Namibia measuring up to 0.75 mm in size, which is about 100 times bigger than a normal sized bacterium. In addition to the acidophilic and neutrophilic sulfur bacteria, alkalophilic sulfur bacteria thrive in alkaline soda lakes. These are s ...
Regulation of enzyme activity
... • Repressors are low molecular weight substances that decrease the rate of enzyme synthesis at the level of gene expression. • Repressors are usually end products of biosynthetic reaction, so repression is sometimes called feedback regulation. • For example, dietary cholesterol decreases the rate of ...
... • Repressors are low molecular weight substances that decrease the rate of enzyme synthesis at the level of gene expression. • Repressors are usually end products of biosynthetic reaction, so repression is sometimes called feedback regulation. • For example, dietary cholesterol decreases the rate of ...
Enzyme Kinetics
... • Certain compounds interact with enzyme so tightly that their effect is irreversible. – Any agent that covalently modifies the amino acid side chain in a protein can potentially act as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor. ...
... • Certain compounds interact with enzyme so tightly that their effect is irreversible. – Any agent that covalently modifies the amino acid side chain in a protein can potentially act as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor. ...
Incomplete citric acid cycle obliges aminolevulinic
... The enzymic activities of the citric acid cycle and the connected pathway of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) formation in the methylotroph Methyfophifusrnethyfotrophus (strain AS1) have been studied. The organism has the enzymes required for conversion of pyruvate to 2-oxoglutarate. Of these, isocitrate ...
... The enzymic activities of the citric acid cycle and the connected pathway of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) formation in the methylotroph Methyfophifusrnethyfotrophus (strain AS1) have been studied. The organism has the enzymes required for conversion of pyruvate to 2-oxoglutarate. Of these, isocitrate ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... RDA is 3 mg; deficiencies include night blindness, immune system repression, and slowed growth. Sources are meats and beta-carotenes in plants, yellow and green fruits and vegetables. H3C ...
... RDA is 3 mg; deficiencies include night blindness, immune system repression, and slowed growth. Sources are meats and beta-carotenes in plants, yellow and green fruits and vegetables. H3C ...
Redox cycling”
... donated by electron donors, and they can never “disappear” and can thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce other compounds and are therefore often called reductants Compounds that easily take up electrons can often oxidiz ...
... donated by electron donors, and they can never “disappear” and can thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce other compounds and are therefore often called reductants Compounds that easily take up electrons can often oxidiz ...
Chem 32 Solutions to Section 15.4 – 15.6 Homework Problems
... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
Direction of Krebs cycle Which way does the citric acid cycle turn
... (Des Rosiers C. et al., 1994), (Comte et al., 2002) which is NAD+-dependent, and considered irreversible (Gabriel et al., 1986). Splice variants have also been identified (Okamoto et al., 2003), (Kim et al., 1999). IDH1, which is NADP+-dependent and reversible (Londesborough and Dalziel, 1968) is ex ...
... (Des Rosiers C. et al., 1994), (Comte et al., 2002) which is NAD+-dependent, and considered irreversible (Gabriel et al., 1986). Splice variants have also been identified (Okamoto et al., 2003), (Kim et al., 1999). IDH1, which is NADP+-dependent and reversible (Londesborough and Dalziel, 1968) is ex ...
Water Soluble Vitamin
... • N.B.: the conversion is inefficient and most people required dietary sources of both tryptophan and niacin. ...
... • N.B.: the conversion is inefficient and most people required dietary sources of both tryptophan and niacin. ...
... euglenoids and higher fungi. The AAA pathway is unique to fungi and is thus can be a potential target for the rational design of antifungal drugs.25,26 A key step in biosynthesis of lysine AAA biosynthetic pathway in fungus like Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enzymatic reduction of R-aminoadipate to th ...
AP Bio Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 1. What is the term for
... 6. The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by a. substrate-level phosphorylation. b. electron transport. c. photophosphorylation. d. chemiosmosis. e. oxidation of NADH to NAD . 7. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? a. glycolysis b. acc ...
... 6. The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by a. substrate-level phosphorylation. b. electron transport. c. photophosphorylation. d. chemiosmosis. e. oxidation of NADH to NAD . 7. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? a. glycolysis b. acc ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... CELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy-Releasing Pathways Anaerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the cell cytoplasm that does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Aerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the mitochondria using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. ...
... CELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy-Releasing Pathways Anaerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the cell cytoplasm that does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Aerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the mitochondria using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. ...
reaction
... 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized by the transfer of two hydrogen atoms to NAD + to form NADH. The enz ...
... 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized by the transfer of two hydrogen atoms to NAD + to form NADH. The enz ...
Properties and Kinetic Analysis of UDP
... noethylcellulose that had been preequilibrated with buffer A. The column was washed with buffer A (50 ml) and then eluted with buffer A containing 200 mM NaCl (50 ml). Active fractions were pooled and concentrated (to 6.7 ml) using Centriprep-10 concentrators and dialyzed against 1 liter of buffer B ...
... noethylcellulose that had been preequilibrated with buffer A. The column was washed with buffer A (50 ml) and then eluted with buffer A containing 200 mM NaCl (50 ml). Active fractions were pooled and concentrated (to 6.7 ml) using Centriprep-10 concentrators and dialyzed against 1 liter of buffer B ...
Electron transport chain
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
Student Study Guide
... Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. Describe the form and fate of the carbons in the Krebs cycle. Note the role of oxaloacetate in making this a cycle. Describe the point at which glucose is complet ...
... Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. Describe the form and fate of the carbons in the Krebs cycle. Note the role of oxaloacetate in making this a cycle. Describe the point at which glucose is complet ...
Cofactors
... Homologous enzymes catalyze related reactions; this is how trp and his biosynthesis enzymes seem to have evolved Variant: recruit some enzymes from another pathway without duplicating the whole thing (example: ubiquitination) ...
... Homologous enzymes catalyze related reactions; this is how trp and his biosynthesis enzymes seem to have evolved Variant: recruit some enzymes from another pathway without duplicating the whole thing (example: ubiquitination) ...
Introduction to Enzymes - Worthington Biochemical
... Between A and B, the curve represents a zero order reaction; that is, one in which the rate is constant with time. As substrate is used up, the enzyme's active sites are no longer saturated, substrate concentration becomes rate limiting, and the reaction becomes first order between B and C. To measu ...
... Between A and B, the curve represents a zero order reaction; that is, one in which the rate is constant with time. As substrate is used up, the enzyme's active sites are no longer saturated, substrate concentration becomes rate limiting, and the reaction becomes first order between B and C. To measu ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
... Abstract: Modifying substrate uptake systems is a potentially powerful tool in metabolic engineering. This research investigates energetic and metabolic changes brought about by the genetic modification of the glucose uptake and phosphorylation system of Escherichia coli. The engineered strain PPA31 ...
... Abstract: Modifying substrate uptake systems is a potentially powerful tool in metabolic engineering. This research investigates energetic and metabolic changes brought about by the genetic modification of the glucose uptake and phosphorylation system of Escherichia coli. The engineered strain PPA31 ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.