Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Berkeley MCB
... Mechanism. The lactone is opened by hydrolysis, the addition of water to cleave a bond, usually a type of amide or ester. In this case, since the lactone (by definition) is intramolecular, then 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone is opened up to the acid form, gluconate. ...
... Mechanism. The lactone is opened by hydrolysis, the addition of water to cleave a bond, usually a type of amide or ester. In this case, since the lactone (by definition) is intramolecular, then 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone is opened up to the acid form, gluconate. ...
Complex III
... electron transfers from the reduced flavin to the series of three iron–sulfur clusters In those species with a cytochrome b anchor, the heme group is not part of the electron transfer pathway. ...
... electron transfers from the reduced flavin to the series of three iron–sulfur clusters In those species with a cytochrome b anchor, the heme group is not part of the electron transfer pathway. ...
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
... All three isozymes of pyruvate kinase are allosterically inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA and long chain fatty acids (all signs of an abundant energy supply). The liver isoenzyme (L form), but not the muscle isoenzyme (M form) is further regulated by phosphorylation. When the glucose level in blood decr ...
... All three isozymes of pyruvate kinase are allosterically inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA and long chain fatty acids (all signs of an abundant energy supply). The liver isoenzyme (L form), but not the muscle isoenzyme (M form) is further regulated by phosphorylation. When the glucose level in blood decr ...
Role of NAD+-Dependent Malate Dehydrogenase in the Metabolism
... phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, ADP, AMP, glucose-1-phospate, fructose-1-phosphate, fructose-1,6bisphosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, ribose-1-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate (at a concentration of 5 mM), glycerate, lactate, α-ketoglutarate, citrate, serine, pyrophosphate (1 mM) or КH2PO4 (10 mM) were tested ...
... phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, ADP, AMP, glucose-1-phospate, fructose-1-phosphate, fructose-1,6bisphosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, ribose-1-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate (at a concentration of 5 mM), glycerate, lactate, α-ketoglutarate, citrate, serine, pyrophosphate (1 mM) or КH2PO4 (10 mM) were tested ...
Are You Getting It??
... ______________________Answer_______________________ Which of the following mechanisms could be used by an enzyme to catalyze a reaction? a) The substrate is exactly complementary to the active site. b) A histidine residue donates a proton to the substrate. c) A ferric ion prosthetic group stabilizes ...
... ______________________Answer_______________________ Which of the following mechanisms could be used by an enzyme to catalyze a reaction? a) The substrate is exactly complementary to the active site. b) A histidine residue donates a proton to the substrate. c) A ferric ion prosthetic group stabilizes ...
Enzyme -3. Factors affecting enzyme activity Lecture NO: 1st MBBS
... Irreversible inhibitor modifies the E chemically and : makes covalent bonds with the specific functional groups: of the enzyme (Aminoacyl residues) These groups are essential for S binding ,maintenance of enzyme conformation and catalysis • The covalent bonds are stable and inactivate the enzyme per ...
... Irreversible inhibitor modifies the E chemically and : makes covalent bonds with the specific functional groups: of the enzyme (Aminoacyl residues) These groups are essential for S binding ,maintenance of enzyme conformation and catalysis • The covalent bonds are stable and inactivate the enzyme per ...
Kinetics - University of San Diego Home Pages
... Group complementation - the ability to recognize specific regions of the substrate to align reactants with catalytic site. Based on non-covalent molecular interactions. Lock and key vs. induced fit - both occur. Induced fit takes place when binding of one part of the substrate to the enzyme alters t ...
... Group complementation - the ability to recognize specific regions of the substrate to align reactants with catalytic site. Based on non-covalent molecular interactions. Lock and key vs. induced fit - both occur. Induced fit takes place when binding of one part of the substrate to the enzyme alters t ...
Nature of Enzymes
... 4) Water soluble :- All enzymes are soluble in water and perform its catalytic in aquas 5) (of water) medium. 6) Active in small amounts:- Even small amount of an enzyme can bring about the change in a large amount of substrate. 7) Specificity: - Enzymes are very specific in then action; Normally an ...
... 4) Water soluble :- All enzymes are soluble in water and perform its catalytic in aquas 5) (of water) medium. 6) Active in small amounts:- Even small amount of an enzyme can bring about the change in a large amount of substrate. 7) Specificity: - Enzymes are very specific in then action; Normally an ...
Lecture 36
... When fatty acid oxidation produces more acetyl-CoA than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the "extra" acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, including acetone. Ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone bodies) takes place primarily in the liver. The ketone bodies are expor ...
... When fatty acid oxidation produces more acetyl-CoA than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the "extra" acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, including acetone. Ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone bodies) takes place primarily in the liver. The ketone bodies are expor ...
10.25-11.3.11 Glycolysis
... •Cells are far away from equilibrium and far away from standard state conditions. We have much more ATP than would be dictated by equilibrium; the ratio of ATP to ADP+Pi in some cells is as high as 200/1 rather than 1/200,000. •This means that a cell can be far from equilibrium w.r. to this ratio, a ...
... •Cells are far away from equilibrium and far away from standard state conditions. We have much more ATP than would be dictated by equilibrium; the ratio of ATP to ADP+Pi in some cells is as high as 200/1 rather than 1/200,000. •This means that a cell can be far from equilibrium w.r. to this ratio, a ...
ID_4450_General principles of metaboli_English_sem_5
... They are unstable, free radicals that can react to form toxic substances They polymerize easily and can cause the cytosol to become too gel-like They inhibit the uptake of pyruvate by mitochondria All of the above They are amphipathic and act as detergents that can degrade membranes Why are triacylg ...
... They are unstable, free radicals that can react to form toxic substances They polymerize easily and can cause the cytosol to become too gel-like They inhibit the uptake of pyruvate by mitochondria All of the above They are amphipathic and act as detergents that can degrade membranes Why are triacylg ...
Enzyme Properties
... Okay. Having reminded you that not all proteins are enzymes, we can now zero in on enzymes Understanding a bit about enzymes makes it possible for us to characterize the kinetics of biochemical reactions and how they’re controlled ...
... Okay. Having reminded you that not all proteins are enzymes, we can now zero in on enzymes Understanding a bit about enzymes makes it possible for us to characterize the kinetics of biochemical reactions and how they’re controlled ...
Chapter 9 PP - Jones-Bio
... • All eukaryotes and many prokaryotes use oxygen as the final electron acceptor of electron transport chains in the process of ...
... • All eukaryotes and many prokaryotes use oxygen as the final electron acceptor of electron transport chains in the process of ...
Enzymes–II
... low, medium and high) on enzyme activity is studied (Fig. 17−6), it may be observed that the initial velocity of the reaction (given by the shape of the curves at t = 0) steadily increases with temperaure. However, after a certain temperature is passed, the cessation of activity comes earlier and ea ...
... low, medium and high) on enzyme activity is studied (Fig. 17−6), it may be observed that the initial velocity of the reaction (given by the shape of the curves at t = 0) steadily increases with temperaure. However, after a certain temperature is passed, the cessation of activity comes earlier and ea ...
Lecture 35 - Lipid Metabolism 1
... citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation generates lots of ATP. 106 ATP - WOW! ...
... citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation generates lots of ATP. 106 ATP - WOW! ...
1 Glucose: evolution`s favorite flavor… In any metabolism course
... and the “no hydrogen” version (on the left) is unambiguous because the use of Hs in fulfilling the valence requirements of carbon in these organic molecules is so predictable. Organic chemists use either the middle representation, or the “no hydrogen” versions a lot, or some hybrid of those two to g ...
... and the “no hydrogen” version (on the left) is unambiguous because the use of Hs in fulfilling the valence requirements of carbon in these organic molecules is so predictable. Organic chemists use either the middle representation, or the “no hydrogen” versions a lot, or some hybrid of those two to g ...
Bil 255 – CMB
... • molecules (mostly protein) that accelerate or catalyze chemical reactions (A--->B) in cells by breaking old covalent bonds and ...
... • molecules (mostly protein) that accelerate or catalyze chemical reactions (A--->B) in cells by breaking old covalent bonds and ...
Section 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
... • Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken down and combined with other carbon compounds. • Each time the carbon-carbon bonds are rearranged during the Krebs cycle, energy is released. • The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs cycle is one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH ...
... • Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken down and combined with other carbon compounds. • Each time the carbon-carbon bonds are rearranged during the Krebs cycle, energy is released. • The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs cycle is one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH ...
NITROGEN METABOLISM: An Overview
... • NH3 from Brain is converted to Glutamine because of High activity of Glutamine Synthetase, • Glutamine so formed is transported in the blood to the Liver, ...
... • NH3 from Brain is converted to Glutamine because of High activity of Glutamine Synthetase, • Glutamine so formed is transported in the blood to the Liver, ...
Changes in cardiac metabolism: a critical step from stable angina to
... of the rate of fatty acid oxidation removes inhibition of flux through PDH by NADH and acetyl-CoA, and results in more pyruvate oxidation and thus more glucose and lactate uptake. tissue, resulting in a decrease in ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 4)[1,2,17]. The reduction in aerobic ...
... of the rate of fatty acid oxidation removes inhibition of flux through PDH by NADH and acetyl-CoA, and results in more pyruvate oxidation and thus more glucose and lactate uptake. tissue, resulting in a decrease in ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 4)[1,2,17]. The reduction in aerobic ...
Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu
... terminal step of AdoCbl synthesis. Purified PduQ enzyme was identified as an oxygen-sensitive iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) that catalyzes the interconversion between propionaldehyde and 1-propanol in vitro. The propionaldehyde reduction activity of PduQ was about 45 times higher than t ...
... terminal step of AdoCbl synthesis. Purified PduQ enzyme was identified as an oxygen-sensitive iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) that catalyzes the interconversion between propionaldehyde and 1-propanol in vitro. The propionaldehyde reduction activity of PduQ was about 45 times higher than t ...
Chapter 1
... produce acetone – This process can result in “acetone breath” often associated with ...
... produce acetone – This process can result in “acetone breath” often associated with ...
PURINE & PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM
... the first and second enzymes. In pyrimidine synthesis, carbamoyl phosphate synthase II is inhibited by UTP and purine nucleotides, but activated by PRPP. Aspartate transcarbamoylase inhibited by CTP but activated by ATP. ...
... the first and second enzymes. In pyrimidine synthesis, carbamoyl phosphate synthase II is inhibited by UTP and purine nucleotides, but activated by PRPP. Aspartate transcarbamoylase inhibited by CTP but activated by ATP. ...
cellrespiration power pointtext
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
... • The electron transport chain – Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction – Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.