McFil: metabolic carbon flow in leaves
... RGR + uy(1 - y), where uy is turnover rate and y is recycled fraction); syx is the consumption ...
... RGR + uy(1 - y), where uy is turnover rate and y is recycled fraction); syx is the consumption ...
Cellular respiration
... converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, ferme ...
... converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, ferme ...
The effects of calcium ions on the activites of hexokinase
... brought about by reabsorption of the Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The dependence of muscular contraction on a supply of ATP from catabolic processes (particularly glycolysis) suggested the possibility that the increased sarcoplasmic concentration of Ca2+ might stimulate the activities of the ...
... brought about by reabsorption of the Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The dependence of muscular contraction on a supply of ATP from catabolic processes (particularly glycolysis) suggested the possibility that the increased sarcoplasmic concentration of Ca2+ might stimulate the activities of the ...
Slide 1
... Chemical reactions pass through a transition state and enzymes speed-up reactions by lowering the nrg needed to get there ...
... Chemical reactions pass through a transition state and enzymes speed-up reactions by lowering the nrg needed to get there ...
Enzyme Structure
... Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work fastest. For mammalian enzymes this is about 40°C, but there are enzymes that work best at very different temperatures, e.g. enzymes from the arctic snow flea work at -10°C, and enzymes from thermophilic bacteria work at 90°C. Up to the optimum ...
... Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work fastest. For mammalian enzymes this is about 40°C, but there are enzymes that work best at very different temperatures, e.g. enzymes from the arctic snow flea work at -10°C, and enzymes from thermophilic bacteria work at 90°C. Up to the optimum ...
Aerobic respiration
... Utilize the Krebs cycle (and which can’t) Utilize an electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation (and which can’t) Can use a fermentation pathway (and which can’t) Which p[athway produces the most ATP? Which produces the least? Name an electron carrier used in each pathway (for one pathway, t ...
... Utilize the Krebs cycle (and which can’t) Utilize an electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation (and which can’t) Can use a fermentation pathway (and which can’t) Which p[athway produces the most ATP? Which produces the least? Name an electron carrier used in each pathway (for one pathway, t ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 21: Fatty acid synthase
... catalytic sites. After the acetyl group is first attached to the KS HS-Enz site, the intermediates remain covalently bonded to the enzyme unitl palmitate is finally released. This confines the intermediates to remain within close range of their target catalytic sites and eliminates the inefficiency ...
... catalytic sites. After the acetyl group is first attached to the KS HS-Enz site, the intermediates remain covalently bonded to the enzyme unitl palmitate is finally released. This confines the intermediates to remain within close range of their target catalytic sites and eliminates the inefficiency ...
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration
... 2. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to form acetate. An enzyme transfers the pair of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH. 3. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form the very reactive molecule acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is now ready to feed its acetyl group into the citric acid cycle for furth ...
... 2. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to form acetate. An enzyme transfers the pair of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH. 3. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form the very reactive molecule acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is now ready to feed its acetyl group into the citric acid cycle for furth ...
P3- Biochemical Processes
... groups and is called ADP (adenosine diphosphate). This reaction is sped up by the enzyme ATPase. ...
... groups and is called ADP (adenosine diphosphate). This reaction is sped up by the enzyme ATPase. ...
Chapter 26
... – Weight in pounds x 0.37 = estimate of RDA of protein – Higher intake recommended under conditions of stress, infection, injury, and pregnancy – Excessive intake overloads the kidneys with nitrogenous waste and can cause kidney damage ...
... – Weight in pounds x 0.37 = estimate of RDA of protein – Higher intake recommended under conditions of stress, infection, injury, and pregnancy – Excessive intake overloads the kidneys with nitrogenous waste and can cause kidney damage ...
SIRT3 - Safic-Alcan Italia
... white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT, respectively) and overexpression of SIRT3 in HIB1B brown adipocytes increases the expression of PGC-1α and UCP1, suggesting a role for SIRT3 in adaptive thermogenesis BAT. BAT is different from WAT because it harbors large numbers of mitochondria and is i ...
... white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT, respectively) and overexpression of SIRT3 in HIB1B brown adipocytes increases the expression of PGC-1α and UCP1, suggesting a role for SIRT3 in adaptive thermogenesis BAT. BAT is different from WAT because it harbors large numbers of mitochondria and is i ...
Figure legends Figure 1. Biosynthesis and catabolism of NAD+ in
... Figure legends Figure 1. Biosynthesis and catabolism of NAD+ in higher plants. De novo NAD+ synthesis starts in the chloroplast with quinolinate synthesis from aspartate by aspartate oxidase (AO) and quinolinate synthase (QS). Quinolinate is metabolised by QPT (EC 2.4.2.19), which catalyses the tran ...
... Figure legends Figure 1. Biosynthesis and catabolism of NAD+ in higher plants. De novo NAD+ synthesis starts in the chloroplast with quinolinate synthesis from aspartate by aspartate oxidase (AO) and quinolinate synthase (QS). Quinolinate is metabolised by QPT (EC 2.4.2.19), which catalyses the tran ...
Enzyme - kyoussef-mci
... changes conformation (shape) to make a better fit. • Interactions between chemical groups on substrate and those of the amino acids as well as the shape of the active site cause the induced fit ...
... changes conformation (shape) to make a better fit. • Interactions between chemical groups on substrate and those of the amino acids as well as the shape of the active site cause the induced fit ...
Metabolic Fate of Glucose Metabolic Fate of Fatty Acids
... Central Themes of Metabolic Pathways • Acetyl CoA is a common intermediate of all metabolic pathways. It interconnects glucose, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. • Oxidation of dietary fuel leads to the capture of energy in the form of ATP and NADH / FADH2. • NADH / FADH2 transfer their electron ...
... Central Themes of Metabolic Pathways • Acetyl CoA is a common intermediate of all metabolic pathways. It interconnects glucose, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. • Oxidation of dietary fuel leads to the capture of energy in the form of ATP and NADH / FADH2. • NADH / FADH2 transfer their electron ...
video slide - Green River Community College
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
cellular respiration
... gradually in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. • At key steps, hydrogen atoms are stripped from glucose and passed first to a coenzyme, like NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). ...
... gradually in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. • At key steps, hydrogen atoms are stripped from glucose and passed first to a coenzyme, like NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). ...
hapter 11
... intermediates of the pathways used in glucose metabolism • Few pathways greatly increase metabolic efficiency ...
... intermediates of the pathways used in glucose metabolism • Few pathways greatly increase metabolic efficiency ...
An Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle
... Stoichiometry of the Citric Acid Cycle 1. Two carbon atoms enter the cycle in the condensation of an acetyl unit (from acetyl CoA) with oxaloacetate. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 in the successive decarboxylations catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate deh ...
... Stoichiometry of the Citric Acid Cycle 1. Two carbon atoms enter the cycle in the condensation of an acetyl unit (from acetyl CoA) with oxaloacetate. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 in the successive decarboxylations catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate deh ...
Glycogen Metabolism Gluconeogenesis
... Gα is irreversibly modified by addition of ADP-ribosyl group; Modified Gα can bind GTP but cannot hydrolyze it ). As a result, there is an excessive, nonregulated rise in the intracellular cAMP level (100 fold or more), which causes a large efflux of Na+ and water into the gut. Pertussis (whooping c ...
... Gα is irreversibly modified by addition of ADP-ribosyl group; Modified Gα can bind GTP but cannot hydrolyze it ). As a result, there is an excessive, nonregulated rise in the intracellular cAMP level (100 fold or more), which causes a large efflux of Na+ and water into the gut. Pertussis (whooping c ...
Document
... An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration • During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence: glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making ...
... An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration • During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence: glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.