![calcium, kinases and nodulation signalling in legumes](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/015018592_1-bb59ad927d9a66d4ef66bd14aefc1f6c-300x300.png)
calcium, kinases and nodulation signalling in legumes
... Rhizobial mutants that generate altered Nod factors have provided much information on the relative importance of the diverse moieties on the Nod-factor molecule in relation to its perception by plants. Sinorhizobium meliloti strains that are mutated in the O-sulphur transferase gene, nodH, generate ...
... Rhizobial mutants that generate altered Nod factors have provided much information on the relative importance of the diverse moieties on the Nod-factor molecule in relation to its perception by plants. Sinorhizobium meliloti strains that are mutated in the O-sulphur transferase gene, nodH, generate ...
A differential response element for the homeotics at the Antennapedia P1 promoter of Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7420-7424 .pdf
... and ABD-A activation element, as it is not bound by purified UBX protein; it is described in detail elsewhere (16). These results establish several important points with respect to homeotic regulatory specificity. (i) All three homeoproteins can act through the downstream binding sites. (ii) The hom ...
... and ABD-A activation element, as it is not bound by purified UBX protein; it is described in detail elsewhere (16). These results establish several important points with respect to homeotic regulatory specificity. (i) All three homeoproteins can act through the downstream binding sites. (ii) The hom ...
Nuclear-fallout, a Drosophila protein that cycles from the cytoplasm
... cytoplasmic organelles, centrosomes are unique because they are precisely duplicated with each division cycle. In addition to organizing microtubules, centrosomes influence actin dynamics. In many instances, the effect of centrosomes on microfilament distribution occurs indirectly through their effe ...
... cytoplasmic organelles, centrosomes are unique because they are precisely duplicated with each division cycle. In addition to organizing microtubules, centrosomes influence actin dynamics. In many instances, the effect of centrosomes on microfilament distribution occurs indirectly through their effe ...
The Plant Cell - Semantic Scholar
... date, FtsH is the best-characterized protease in thylakoid membranes involved in the turnover of photosynthetic protein complexes. It comprises a protein family that is encoded by 12 different nuclear genes in Arabidopsis. We show here that nine FtsH proteins are located in the chloroplasts. Mutatio ...
... date, FtsH is the best-characterized protease in thylakoid membranes involved in the turnover of photosynthetic protein complexes. It comprises a protein family that is encoded by 12 different nuclear genes in Arabidopsis. We show here that nine FtsH proteins are located in the chloroplasts. Mutatio ...
Dendritic refinement of an identified neuron in the
... of dendritic arbors. Dendritic refinement and maturation of the aristal-derived presynaptic inputs are temporally coincident, suggesting that these neurons could trigger activation of the CSDn. Consistent with this observation, phenotypes observed in mutants lacking aristal neurons can be rescued by ...
... of dendritic arbors. Dendritic refinement and maturation of the aristal-derived presynaptic inputs are temporally coincident, suggesting that these neurons could trigger activation of the CSDn. Consistent with this observation, phenotypes observed in mutants lacking aristal neurons can be rescued by ...
Specific Interaction of the PDZ Domain Protein PICK1 with the
... LIN-7 PDZ domain, which has been shown to mediate clustering of the receptor tyrosine kinase LET-23 (28). The PDZ domain in PICK1 appears to be relatively divergent when compared with other PDZ domains in general. As we reported previously (25), the sequence of mouse PICK1 shares significant homolog ...
... LIN-7 PDZ domain, which has been shown to mediate clustering of the receptor tyrosine kinase LET-23 (28). The PDZ domain in PICK1 appears to be relatively divergent when compared with other PDZ domains in general. As we reported previously (25), the sequence of mouse PICK1 shares significant homolog ...
FGF signaling controls caudal hindbrain specification through Ras
... vHnf1 operates upstream of FGF signaling in this regulation: vHnf1 not only cooperates with Fgf3 in the induction of Krox20 and MafB , but also regulates Fgf3 expression [1]. Analyses of the Krox20 and MafB regulatory regions in mice have shown that they contain functional vHNF1binding sites, sugges ...
... vHnf1 operates upstream of FGF signaling in this regulation: vHnf1 not only cooperates with Fgf3 in the induction of Krox20 and MafB , but also regulates Fgf3 expression [1]. Analyses of the Krox20 and MafB regulatory regions in mice have shown that they contain functional vHNF1binding sites, sugges ...
Developmental regulation of the Hox genes during axial
... Developmental regulation of the Hox genes during axial morphogenesis in the mouse Jacqueline Deschamps* and Johan van Nes Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands ...
... Developmental regulation of the Hox genes during axial morphogenesis in the mouse Jacqueline Deschamps* and Johan van Nes Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands ...
Pax3
... Point mutations were introduced into each of the three CdxBS of NCE2 by using the QuikChange multisite-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sequences of the oligonucleotides used for sitedirected mutagenesis were as follows: CdxBS1, 5⬘-CAGCAGTTTAGTCTGA ...
... Point mutations were introduced into each of the three CdxBS of NCE2 by using the QuikChange multisite-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sequences of the oligonucleotides used for sitedirected mutagenesis were as follows: CdxBS1, 5⬘-CAGCAGTTTAGTCTGA ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... a full characterization of the dynamics of COPI at the Golgi apparatus in living plant cells has yet to emerge. It has been shown that Arf1 localizes at the Golgi apparatus (Takeuchi et al., 2002) with the coatomer (Movafeghi et al., 1999; Pimpl et al., 2000; Ritzenthaler et al., 2002). However, a d ...
... a full characterization of the dynamics of COPI at the Golgi apparatus in living plant cells has yet to emerge. It has been shown that Arf1 localizes at the Golgi apparatus (Takeuchi et al., 2002) with the coatomer (Movafeghi et al., 1999; Pimpl et al., 2000; Ritzenthaler et al., 2002). However, a d ...
The role of c-di-GMP signaling in an Aeromonas veronii biovar
... pSB536, which preferentially detects N-(butanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), was used (Swift et al., 1997; Winson et al., 1998). To estimate the amount of HSL in the culture, a standard curve of relative light units as a function of C4-HSL concentration was constructed using E. coli JM109 (pSB53 ...
... pSB536, which preferentially detects N-(butanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), was used (Swift et al., 1997; Winson et al., 1998). To estimate the amount of HSL in the culture, a standard curve of relative light units as a function of C4-HSL concentration was constructed using E. coli JM109 (pSB53 ...
Scarface, a secreted serine proteaselike protein, regulates polarized
... protein in AS cells using the available antibodies nor address the role of Scarf in the polarized distribution of other BM proteins, such as Perlecan or Collagen IV, as these two proteins were not expressed in AS cells (supplementary Fig S7 online). These results indicate that Scarf depletion causes ...
... protein in AS cells using the available antibodies nor address the role of Scarf in the polarized distribution of other BM proteins, such as Perlecan or Collagen IV, as these two proteins were not expressed in AS cells (supplementary Fig S7 online). These results indicate that Scarf depletion causes ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... a full characterization of the dynamics of COPI at the Golgi apparatus in living plant cells has yet to emerge. It has been shown that Arf1 localizes at the Golgi apparatus (Takeuchi et al., 2002) with the coatomer (Movafeghi et al., 1999; Pimpl et al., 2000; Ritzenthaler et al., 2002). However, a d ...
... a full characterization of the dynamics of COPI at the Golgi apparatus in living plant cells has yet to emerge. It has been shown that Arf1 localizes at the Golgi apparatus (Takeuchi et al., 2002) with the coatomer (Movafeghi et al., 1999; Pimpl et al., 2000; Ritzenthaler et al., 2002). However, a d ...
The Development of an Efficient Somatic Embryogenesis System in
... Plant Conversion Growing emblings resembled seedlings for their small-rounded leaves, vine like growth, rooting pattern in contrast to growth features observed in microplants (figure-3j). Transplantation of emblings to glasshouse conditions resulted in potato plants and tubers with normal morphology ...
... Plant Conversion Growing emblings resembled seedlings for their small-rounded leaves, vine like growth, rooting pattern in contrast to growth features observed in microplants (figure-3j). Transplantation of emblings to glasshouse conditions resulted in potato plants and tubers with normal morphology ...
Meiotic and Mitotic Recombination in Meiosis
... and Roeder 1994; Hollingsworth et al. 1995). In Caenorhabditis elegans, however, Msh4 and Msh5 seem to be essential for all meiotic crossovers (Zalevsky et al. 1999; Kelly et al. 2000). To reconcile these organismal differences and explain the remaining crossovers in S. cerevisiae msh4 and msh5 muta ...
... and Roeder 1994; Hollingsworth et al. 1995). In Caenorhabditis elegans, however, Msh4 and Msh5 seem to be essential for all meiotic crossovers (Zalevsky et al. 1999; Kelly et al. 2000). To reconcile these organismal differences and explain the remaining crossovers in S. cerevisiae msh4 and msh5 muta ...
Essays41 Chap03 - Essays in Biochemistry
... exhibiting chymotrypsin-like specificity. However, within protein substrates, peptide-bond cleavage occurs after almost every amino acid. During evolution, the number of active sites was reduced from 14 in archaeal proteasomes to six in eukaryotic proteasomes, since only subunits 1, 2 and 5 still ...
... exhibiting chymotrypsin-like specificity. However, within protein substrates, peptide-bond cleavage occurs after almost every amino acid. During evolution, the number of active sites was reduced from 14 in archaeal proteasomes to six in eukaryotic proteasomes, since only subunits 1, 2 and 5 still ...
Article Opsin Clines in Butterflies Suggest Novel Roles for Insect
... the wingless and EF-1 alpha loci, and from neutral amplified fragment length polymorphisms, which show no evidence of significant locus-specific or genome-wide structure among populations. Using a combination of functional genetic and physiological approaches, including expression in cell culture, t ...
... the wingless and EF-1 alpha loci, and from neutral amplified fragment length polymorphisms, which show no evidence of significant locus-specific or genome-wide structure among populations. Using a combination of functional genetic and physiological approaches, including expression in cell culture, t ...
Full and Partial Agonists of Muscarinic M3 Receptors Reveal Single
... measured for 5 to 10 s to establish a baseline. After this, a muscarinic receptor agonist or vehicle control (HBSS) was added (30 –50 l; 30 – 40 l 䡠 s⫺1), and fluorescence was recorded for 130 to 180 s. In the continued presence of muscarinic receptor agonists or buffer control, an addition of eit ...
... measured for 5 to 10 s to establish a baseline. After this, a muscarinic receptor agonist or vehicle control (HBSS) was added (30 –50 l; 30 – 40 l 䡠 s⫺1), and fluorescence was recorded for 130 to 180 s. In the continued presence of muscarinic receptor agonists or buffer control, an addition of eit ...
The generation and diversification of spinal motor neurons: signals
... Although these findings supported the idea that a gradient of Shh signalling activity controls neuronal subtype ...
... Although these findings supported the idea that a gradient of Shh signalling activity controls neuronal subtype ...
The presence of monoglucosylated N196
... Glycosylation is an important cellular modification, and it is related to many human diseases and developmental defects [1]. It introduces diversity into a biological system because of its inherent structural heterogeneity, and thus plays critical roles during a variety of cellular processes, such a ...
... Glycosylation is an important cellular modification, and it is related to many human diseases and developmental defects [1]. It introduces diversity into a biological system because of its inherent structural heterogeneity, and thus plays critical roles during a variety of cellular processes, such a ...
hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide as part of the
... Small reactive compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been studied as components of cell signaling pathways for nearly thirty years1. Such compounds include hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen (O21) and superoxide anions (all considered as ROS), and ni ...
... Small reactive compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been studied as components of cell signaling pathways for nearly thirty years1. Such compounds include hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen (O21) and superoxide anions (all considered as ROS), and ni ...
Loss of MicroRNAs in Neural Crest Leads to Cardiovascular
... DiGeorge syndrome–like phenotype.5–7 However, signals downstream of Tbx1 that mediate DiGeorge syndrome phenotype remain unclear. Genetic studies have linked ⬇50% of ...
... DiGeorge syndrome–like phenotype.5–7 However, signals downstream of Tbx1 that mediate DiGeorge syndrome phenotype remain unclear. Genetic studies have linked ⬇50% of ...
Synthetic Physical Interactions Map Kinetochore
... 2B and Figure S2A). There are no growth defects with outer kinetochore components, the growth defect with Cse4 remains (Figure S2G), and only weak growth defects are seen with CPC members. In addition, the effect of Cdc20 linked to wild-type Mad2-GBP is striking when compared with Cdc20 linked to th ...
... 2B and Figure S2A). There are no growth defects with outer kinetochore components, the growth defect with Cse4 remains (Figure S2G), and only weak growth defects are seen with CPC members. In addition, the effect of Cdc20 linked to wild-type Mad2-GBP is striking when compared with Cdc20 linked to th ...
Role of hsp90 and the hsp90-binding immunophilins in signalling
... and they showed that FKBP52 selectively potentiates GRdependent reporter gene activation. The potentiation was due to an increase in GR hormone binding affinity that required both the hsp90 binding activity and the PPIase activity of FKBP52. Co-expression of FKBP51 with FKBP52 blocked the potentiati ...
... and they showed that FKBP52 selectively potentiates GRdependent reporter gene activation. The potentiation was due to an increase in GR hormone binding affinity that required both the hsp90 binding activity and the PPIase activity of FKBP52. Co-expression of FKBP51 with FKBP52 blocked the potentiati ...
FOXO1 Plays an Essential Role in Apoptosis of Retinal
... siRNA-B had a partial effect and scrambled siRNA was not able to decrease FOXO1 DNA-binding activity (Figure 3A). To further investigate the functional role of FOXO1 activity on TNF-α- or CML-collagen-induced apoptosis, we measured pericyte apoptosis in the presence of different siRNAs. In the absen ...
... siRNA-B had a partial effect and scrambled siRNA was not able to decrease FOXO1 DNA-binding activity (Figure 3A). To further investigate the functional role of FOXO1 activity on TNF-α- or CML-collagen-induced apoptosis, we measured pericyte apoptosis in the presence of different siRNAs. In the absen ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.