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Control of alternative splicing in immune responses: many
... mechanism for regulated gene expression that goes beyond turning genes ‘on’ and ‘off’. In broad terms, AS refers to any case of variable inclusion of an exon, intron, or portion thereof in some fraction of transcripts derived from a given gene. As such, AS results in the generation of multiple disti ...
... mechanism for regulated gene expression that goes beyond turning genes ‘on’ and ‘off’. In broad terms, AS refers to any case of variable inclusion of an exon, intron, or portion thereof in some fraction of transcripts derived from a given gene. As such, AS results in the generation of multiple disti ...
Generation of the podocyte and tubular components
... In most current models of metanephric nephron formation, podocytes as well as tubular epithelium are thought to be derived from a uniform pool of undifferentiated cells that constitutes the PTA and that is subsequently patterned to form the different nephron segments (Costantini and Kopan, 2010). Ho ...
... In most current models of metanephric nephron formation, podocytes as well as tubular epithelium are thought to be derived from a uniform pool of undifferentiated cells that constitutes the PTA and that is subsequently patterned to form the different nephron segments (Costantini and Kopan, 2010). Ho ...
2. Fredriksson, R., et al., The G-protein
... you to everyone who has been a friend and colleague throughout this process. I could not have it without you all. ...
... you to everyone who has been a friend and colleague throughout this process. I could not have it without you all. ...
Generation of the podocyte and tubular components
... In most current models of metanephric nephron formation, podocytes as well as tubular epithelium are thought to be derived from a uniform pool of undifferentiated cells that constitutes the PTA and that is subsequently patterned to form the different nephron segments (Costantini and Kopan, 2010). Ho ...
... In most current models of metanephric nephron formation, podocytes as well as tubular epithelium are thought to be derived from a uniform pool of undifferentiated cells that constitutes the PTA and that is subsequently patterned to form the different nephron segments (Costantini and Kopan, 2010). Ho ...
Connecting muscles to tendons - Development
... Thus, the initial determination of Drosophila tendon progenitor cells in the ectoderm takes place sequentially. The initial weak signal is initiated by segment polarity genes, such as hh and wg. Then, the signal is strengthened as a result of StripeB activity, which is positively autoregulated, but ...
... Thus, the initial determination of Drosophila tendon progenitor cells in the ectoderm takes place sequentially. The initial weak signal is initiated by segment polarity genes, such as hh and wg. Then, the signal is strengthened as a result of StripeB activity, which is positively autoregulated, but ...
fulltekst
... formation the CTD is phosphorylated on Ser 5 by CDK7/TFIIH. The hyperphosphorylation on Ser 5 is necessary for promoter clearance and the transition from the initiation to the elongation stage of transcription [94]. Soon after PIC formation the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor, DSIF, is recruited, wh ...
... formation the CTD is phosphorylated on Ser 5 by CDK7/TFIIH. The hyperphosphorylation on Ser 5 is necessary for promoter clearance and the transition from the initiation to the elongation stage of transcription [94]. Soon after PIC formation the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor, DSIF, is recruited, wh ...
Ubiquitination and Auxin Signaling: A Degrading Story
... (Deshaies, 1999). A good example is that of NF- B activation in mammals. NF-B normally is sequestered in the cytoplasm, because its nuclear localization signal is masked by the IB family of inhibitors. In response to inflammation and other stress stimuli, IB is phosphorylated quickly, ubiquitina ...
... (Deshaies, 1999). A good example is that of NF- B activation in mammals. NF-B normally is sequestered in the cytoplasm, because its nuclear localization signal is masked by the IB family of inhibitors. In response to inflammation and other stress stimuli, IB is phosphorylated quickly, ubiquitina ...
Functional analysis of a novel baculovirus envelope fusion protein
... replicate in mammalian cells nor does it cause a cytopathic effect, but it does express foreign genes with levels of expression that are dependent on the strength of the promoter used. To improve the exploitation of baculoviruses as bioinsecticides, eukaryotic expression vector or as gene delivery s ...
... replicate in mammalian cells nor does it cause a cytopathic effect, but it does express foreign genes with levels of expression that are dependent on the strength of the promoter used. To improve the exploitation of baculoviruses as bioinsecticides, eukaryotic expression vector or as gene delivery s ...
Mesoderm induction: from caps to chips - UNC
... biology. Various developmental biology approaches, particularly in Xenopus and zebrafish, have identified many of the key factors that are involved in this process and have provided major insights into how these factors interact as part of a signalling and transcription-factor network. These data ar ...
... biology. Various developmental biology approaches, particularly in Xenopus and zebrafish, have identified many of the key factors that are involved in this process and have provided major insights into how these factors interact as part of a signalling and transcription-factor network. These data ar ...
The paradox of elongation factor 4: highly conserved, yet of no
... by deacylated tRNA from the E site and 30S subunit P site is therefore maintained by a tRNA, which is a prerequisite for the ribosome to maintain the correct reading frame in all intermediate states of translocation [6]. EF4•GTP binds not only to the POST complex, but also to the PRE complex, compet ...
... by deacylated tRNA from the E site and 30S subunit P site is therefore maintained by a tRNA, which is a prerequisite for the ribosome to maintain the correct reading frame in all intermediate states of translocation [6]. EF4•GTP binds not only to the POST complex, but also to the PRE complex, compet ...
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... et al., 2001). Despite receiving two signals that promote opposing fates, the cell is still able to resolve these inputs into a robust cell-fate decision. Commonly, this is resolved into a WntON/Notch-OFF response (Uyttendaele et al., 1998). However, how this occurs mechanistically is poorly underst ...
... et al., 2001). Despite receiving two signals that promote opposing fates, the cell is still able to resolve these inputs into a robust cell-fate decision. Commonly, this is resolved into a WntON/Notch-OFF response (Uyttendaele et al., 1998). However, how this occurs mechanistically is poorly underst ...
The PadR-like transcriptional regulator LftR ensures efficient
... Invasion of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes into human host cells requires specialized surface molecules for attachment and induction of phagocytosis. However, efficient invasion is also dependent on factors with house-keeping functions, such as SecA2-dependent secretion of autolysins ...
... Invasion of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes into human host cells requires specialized surface molecules for attachment and induction of phagocytosis. However, efficient invasion is also dependent on factors with house-keeping functions, such as SecA2-dependent secretion of autolysins ...
A Buoyancy-Based Screen of Drosophila Larvae for Fat
... increased body fat levels To identify genes that regulate the storage and utilization of energy at the level of the entire organism, we devised an indirect assay for body fat content in Drosophila larvae, based on the premise that individuals with a higher fat content float better in a solution of f ...
... increased body fat levels To identify genes that regulate the storage and utilization of energy at the level of the entire organism, we devised an indirect assay for body fat content in Drosophila larvae, based on the premise that individuals with a higher fat content float better in a solution of f ...
Osteoblasts and Wnt Signaling
... action on in vitro bone mineralization. From these observations, the authors concluded that the interaction between sclerostin and LRP4 is required for the inhibitory effect of sclerostin on bone formation, and that LRP4 is a potent target for controlling bone formation. The Wnt Signaling Pathway, M ...
... action on in vitro bone mineralization. From these observations, the authors concluded that the interaction between sclerostin and LRP4 is required for the inhibitory effect of sclerostin on bone formation, and that LRP4 is a potent target for controlling bone formation. The Wnt Signaling Pathway, M ...
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... n=137) looping defects (Fig. 1E). Injection of 3-OST-5 MOresistant ‘rescue’ mRNA alone did not alter heart and gut orientation (4% and 5%, respectively, n=171; Fig. 1E). The similar phenotype seen with two distinct morpholinos and the ability to rescue the phenotype indicate that these effects are s ...
... n=137) looping defects (Fig. 1E). Injection of 3-OST-5 MOresistant ‘rescue’ mRNA alone did not alter heart and gut orientation (4% and 5%, respectively, n=171; Fig. 1E). The similar phenotype seen with two distinct morpholinos and the ability to rescue the phenotype indicate that these effects are s ...
A Patch of Surface-Exposed Residues Mediates
... PtiI and Pti4 are substrates of Pto in vitro (Gu et al., 2000), although it is unknown whether these proteins interact with Pto in vivo. Protein kinases are frequent points of control in diverse signaling pathways, and their structure and enzymology are well understood (Huse and Kuriyan, 2002). Ther ...
... PtiI and Pti4 are substrates of Pto in vitro (Gu et al., 2000), although it is unknown whether these proteins interact with Pto in vivo. Protein kinases are frequent points of control in diverse signaling pathways, and their structure and enzymology are well understood (Huse and Kuriyan, 2002). Ther ...
Bound by Fate: The Role of Reactive Oxygen
... entire organism. The perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins. The RLKs are a ...
... entire organism. The perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins. The RLKs are a ...
Xenopus ADAM13 and ADAM19 are Important for Proper
... embryo reduces the level of ADAM19 protein by 50%. In the opposite experiment, a loss of ADAM19 protein in the embryo reduces the level of ADAM13 protein by 50%. This suggests that both ADAM13 and ADAM19 are required to maintain proper protein levels in the embryo. This might be explained through th ...
... embryo reduces the level of ADAM19 protein by 50%. In the opposite experiment, a loss of ADAM19 protein in the embryo reduces the level of ADAM13 protein by 50%. This suggests that both ADAM13 and ADAM19 are required to maintain proper protein levels in the embryo. This might be explained through th ...
COP9 signalosome turns the key on protein degradation
... CSN as a regulator of protein turnover by the 26S proteasome A number of early or circumstantial pieces of evidence suggested that the CSN is a regulator of protein turnover. First, mutations in CSN genes inhibit the turnover of the Arabidopsis LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and HY5 HOMOLOG (HYH) basic leuci ...
... CSN as a regulator of protein turnover by the 26S proteasome A number of early or circumstantial pieces of evidence suggested that the CSN is a regulator of protein turnover. First, mutations in CSN genes inhibit the turnover of the Arabidopsis LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and HY5 HOMOLOG (HYH) basic leuci ...
The Development of Radial and Biradial Symmetry: The Evolution of
... attaches to the substrate via the basal discs located at the aboral pole. Numerous tentacles surround the mouth. B. Cross section of the pelagic medusa morph. These animals swim with their mouths trailing behind. C. Lateral view of a tentaculate stage ctenophore (e.g., Mnemiopsis) with the aboral po ...
... attaches to the substrate via the basal discs located at the aboral pole. Numerous tentacles surround the mouth. B. Cross section of the pelagic medusa morph. These animals swim with their mouths trailing behind. C. Lateral view of a tentaculate stage ctenophore (e.g., Mnemiopsis) with the aboral po ...
Transcriptional Control of Endothelial Cell Development
... The transcription factors that regulate endothelial cell development have been a focus of active research for several years, and many players in the endothelial transcriptional program have been identified. This review discusses the function of several major regulators of endothelial transcription, ...
... The transcription factors that regulate endothelial cell development have been a focus of active research for several years, and many players in the endothelial transcriptional program have been identified. This review discusses the function of several major regulators of endothelial transcription, ...
Bound by Fate: Reactive Oxygen Species in
... perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptorlike protein kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). The RLKs are a large ...
... perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptorlike protein kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). The RLKs are a large ...
Supplementary Online Materials
... Figure S1. Comparison of topological determinants of NHB1-CNC factors within membranes. (A) Comparison of the TM1 helices within Nrf1, Nrf3, CncC and Skn-1. The -helices of NHB1-CNC factors were wheeled using the HeliQuest programme. Some of the polar and charged amino acids in the membrane-spannin ...
... Figure S1. Comparison of topological determinants of NHB1-CNC factors within membranes. (A) Comparison of the TM1 helices within Nrf1, Nrf3, CncC and Skn-1. The -helices of NHB1-CNC factors were wheeled using the HeliQuest programme. Some of the polar and charged amino acids in the membrane-spannin ...
Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... 2008, 2010; Shimada et al., 2007). The sco and cyo1 (shiyo-u means cotyledon in Japanese) mutants are able to develop almost normally on soil, but their vitality is reduced compared with wild type as measured by reduced seed set. Since all of the SCO genes identified to date are unique and not only ...
... 2008, 2010; Shimada et al., 2007). The sco and cyo1 (shiyo-u means cotyledon in Japanese) mutants are able to develop almost normally on soil, but their vitality is reduced compared with wild type as measured by reduced seed set. Since all of the SCO genes identified to date are unique and not only ...
Pancreas or liver choice within endoderm
... Temporal and spatial relation between pancreas and liver specification We first sought to define the exact time and place where the earliest markers of the pancreas and liver are activated. RT-PCR was used to investigate Pdx1 gene expression in endoderm fragments dissected from the ventral foregut o ...
... Temporal and spatial relation between pancreas and liver specification We first sought to define the exact time and place where the earliest markers of the pancreas and liver are activated. RT-PCR was used to investigate Pdx1 gene expression in endoderm fragments dissected from the ventral foregut o ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.